Hybrid Installation Research Articles

On the Effect of Current Stabilizer on Dynamics of a Small Hybrid Wind Power Generator

The use of small wind power generators remains quite relevant. In particular, they can be efficient for charging batteries in remote locations where there is no centralized power supply (including in the Arctic, Far East, etc.). They can also be used as part of missions to planets with atmospheres. One of the promising design solutions for a small wind power generator with a vertical axis of rotation is a hybrid device. It consists of two wind turbines that have a common axis of rotation: external (Darrieus wind turbine) and internal (Savonius rotor). This scheme represents a compromise between the relatively high power coefficient of the Darrieus turbine and the good startup characteristics the Savonius rotor. It is known that one of the typical battery charging modes is constant current charging. Here we consider a hybrid installation, the generator of which is connected to a current stabilizer. The load is simulated with an active resistance. It is assumed that the generator is a DC generator. A closed mathematical model of the studied system is constructed. The aerodynamic load is described using the quasi-steady approach. It is assumed that the characteristic time of electrical processes is much smaller than the characteristic time of mechanical processes. The influence of load resistance on the behavior of the system is investigated. It is shown that, under certain conditions, several steady modes (up to five) exist in the system. In this case, at least two of them are attracting. Therefore, the hysteresis of the angular speed of the steady mode is possible when the load resistance changes. It should be noted that in a number of situations, an unstable steady mode (which corresponds to a lower angular speed of the turbine than a stable one) may be preferable (for example, to reduce the load on bearings). In this regard, a resistance control strategy has been proposed to ensure stabilization of the unstable stationary regime.

Biomass-Solar Energy: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Energy Generation

India is the world's most populous country and plays a crucial role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. SDG No. 7 (affordable and clean energy) and climate change reduction goals are essential for sustainable development. This review discusses clean energy potential, obstacles and stimulants, and renewable energy policies in India, focusing on solar and biomass resources. With biomass resources, the nation can generate 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent annually, and it can generate 5,000 trillion kWh of solar energy annually. For the production of renewable energy, biomass resources such as Jatropha, sweet sorghum, cassava, rice, coconut, and agricultural leftovers can be employed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits of using bioenergy to achieve a sustainable energy future through financial incentives, enhanced research, public awareness, social amenities, strategic replenishment, and productive intergovernmental collaborations. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems offer great possibilities for grid-connected, off-grid, and hybrid installations. Site-specific considerations such as incentives, financing, research, public awareness, government regulations, and private investments influence the techno-economic viability and environmental relevance of solar power and bioenergy for India's sustainable development.

INTEGRATION OF HYBRID ENERGY PLANT OPERATION

Integrated use means the use of several energy sources, all at the same time or in some combination. At the same time, it is possible to use exclusively renewable sources, which significantly limits user capabilities. More common and justified from many points of view is the use of both renewable and traditional sources, autonomous (universal boilers, diesel generators, gas turbine units, etc.) or centralized (power grid) sources. A correct assessment of such a combined energy system also requires taking into account the main component of the system - the consumer, that is, taking into account the features of the local network and nearby consumers, which will have a direct or tangible indirect effect on the operating mode of the complex of renewable sources. To ensure adequate power quality, energy storage systems can be used, and the need for them depends on the discreteness of energy flows and the requirements for power quality. In foreign terminology, combined systems are often called hybrid, reflecting the diversity of both energy sources and methods of combining them (sometimes this name extends to arbitrary complexes). However, the term “hybrid power supply” usually refers to a combination of installations using renewable and traditional energy sources. The article presents a new hybrid energy system that provides private households with electricity, hot water supply, heating and hot air in the required temperature range for comfortable living. Together with a wind power generator and an electric water heater, a heat pump, electricity and heat accumulators are used, which allows: - reducing the cost of thermal energy by reducing material consumption and equipment costs, saving organic fuel; produce electricity and send the excess to the state power grid; reduce heat load and environmental pollution. The automation system allows you to control the hybrid installation without human intervention all year round.

Advanced Technology for Energy, Plant Nutrients and Water Recovery at Wastewater Treatment Plants

In present times, with increasing emphasis on circular economies, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered resource recovery facilities. The targeted resources are water, biogas, and sludge, organic residuals containing nutrients and elements needed by plants (nitrogen and phosphorus). Sludge is a byproduct that constitutes the largest volume of all other byproducts obtained in wastewater treatment plants. Its processing and disposal are challenging for environmental engineers because of its complexity. Thus, quick development and implementation in industrial practice of sludge valorization and utilization technologies is required, where high nutrient content must be taken into account. Also, the occurrence of a variety of pathogens in sewage sludge is a matter of concern, even in the case of developed countries. The use of untreated sludge or wastewater in agricultural activities poses a serious risk of bacterial and parasitic infection in human beings. To overcome such issues, the application of ionizing radiation processing, especially electron beam (EB), can be considered a promising method. Its effectiveness in pathogen removal has been proven by researchers. Water radiolysis products created during irradiation of water are highly reactive and cause some effects such as DNA damage, OH • radical production, etc. Additionally, ionizing radiation technologies in sewage sludge treatment enhance the efficiency of the methane fermentation process. Depending on specific needs, different types of ionizing radiation sources can be discussed. Based on the review information and our research results, the basic engineering parameters of hybrid installation have been presented as the conclusion of the report. In this technical solution, a notably effective additional step would be the use of EB irradiation, combined with conventional wastewater treatment, to achieve efficient removal of pollutants.

СВЧ ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ МИКРОВОЛНОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПИЛОМАТЕРИАЛОВ И ПОЛИКАПРОАМИДНЫХ НИТЕЙ

Research was carried out to determine the optimal modes for the simultaneous processing of lumber and polycaproamide threads in a hybrid microwave electrotechnological installation. The work was carried out on an installation with a hybrid-type chamber with adjustment of the microwave power level of the magnetrons and the duration of exposure. Two possible designs of a hybrid installation for processing lumber and polycaproamide threads are presented, differing in that in one the lumber was processed inside the chamber, and the polycaproamide threads were pulled through waveguides using bobbins and an electric motor installed outside the chamber, and in the second, both materials were processed inside the installation chamber. The object of research is lumber and polycaproamide threads. Lumber was loaded into the working chamber in the form of a stack, which rotated along its axis, and a structure was examined in which polycaproamide threads were pulled through a waveguide extending from a source of microwave energy outside the chamber. The time of exposure to microwave radiation on lumber and half-caproamide threads was measured using electronic stopwatches; temperature and humidity were measured using a Testo 905T2 thermometer, a Testo 830T1 pyrometer, and a Testo 606-1 digital hygrometer. The use of a hybrid microwave electrotechnological installation reduced the processing time of lumber due to rotation in the microwave field to 15 hours, while ensuring the required quality of the dried material (final moisture content - 7.1%, reduction in chipping and impact bending strength within 5%). The relative breaking elongation of polycaproamide threads increased by 48.2%, and the breaking load – by 27.6%. Thanks to the simultaneous processing of lumber and polycaproamide threads, it is possible to reduce metal consumption and increase the energy efficiency of the installation.

ENERGY SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SMALL PORTS

The purpose of the article is to describe a prototype system for managing energy security in small ports based on the use of IT technology. Additional evaluation of the usability of the described sytem will be carried out based on the main pillars of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which include the integration of advanced information technology (IT), automation (OT), "Internet of Things" (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. This affects IT systems, which are becoming more complex and sophisticated all the time. This causes an increase in dependencies - the more complex the information system, the more complex the security must be.In the described system there will be the use of a modular system of hybrid installation of renewable energy sources mainly from wind energy, photovoltaics and biogas, stored in an energy storage. Based on the use of energy storage and management of technology through a secure intelligent information network, the needs for storage and secure transmission of information and data, green electricity production, in accordance with the priorities of the European Union (green energy, green transformation European data strategy) will be described. The article also presents the types of renewable energy sources (RES) in relation to the use of systems supporting their management. The author will also try to answer the question whether such measures will significantly strengthen the energy security of a modern organization.

Increase of energy self-consumption in hybrid RES installations 1 with PV panels and air-source heat pumps

In recent years, European countries have experienced a noteworthy surge in the interest surrounding renewable energy sources, particularly the integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels with various types of heat pumps. This study aims to evaluate the energy performance of a grid19 connected hybrid installation, combining a PV array with an air-source heat pump (AHP), for domestic hot water preparation in a residential building located in Cracow, Poland. The primary focus of this evaluation is to assess the extent to which self-consumption (SC) of energy can be increased. The study utilizes Transient System Simulation Tool 18 software to construct and simulate various system models under different scenarios. These scenarios include building electricity consumption profiles, PV power systems, and the specified management of AHP. Analyses were conducted over a period of 1 year to assess the operational performance of the systems. In the considered installations, the differences in SC values between PV installation ranged from 9 to 25%. Notably, the highest SC values were observed during the winter months. AHP with operation control allows to obtain in some months of the year up to 35% higher value the SC parameter compared to systems without AHP. The highest annual 29 SC value recorded reached 83.9%. These findings highlight the crucial role of selecting an appropriate PV system size to maximize the SC parameter.

Aerodynamic and Aerostatic Performance of a Long-Span Bridge with Wide Single Box Girder Installed with Vertical and Horizontal Stabilizers

The continuous increase in traffic volume requires wider single box girders for long-span cable-supported bridges. Flutter and aerostatic instability are challenging issues for these flexible bridges, especially when they are located in typhoon-prone regions. Aerodynamic countermeasures such as vertical and horizontal stabilizers, which are convenient in operation, saving in cost, and effective in the enhancement of flutter performance, are usually employed to withstand the wind environment requirement. This study investigates the aerodynamic and aerostatic effects of upper central vertical stabilizers (UCVS), lower central vertical stabilizers (BCVS), horizontal stabilizers (HS), and their combinations on two wide single box girders with an aspect ratio larger than 12 at various angles of attack (AOAs). The optimal layouts of stabilizers for the enhancement of flutter performance are studied using a series of wind tunnel tests. Their control mechanisms are examined and discussed using flutter derivatives and step-by-step (SBS) method. A new index of nominal torsional center (NTC) is proposed to intuitively describe the flutter modality. The correlations among different indexes of flutter modality, flutter derivatives, and Ucr are further analyzed. The static coefficients of the bridge girders and the aerostatic performance of the bridge with or without stabilizers are also analyzed. Experiment results show that the values of Ucr for 4- and 5-m-high single box girders increased by 13.9% and 46.3%, respectively, after the hybrid installation of UCVS, BCVS, and HS at their optimal conditions. The analytical solutions indicate that the installation of different stabilizers changes the variation trend of the aerodynamic damping ratio with the wind speed to increase or reduce the flutter boundary. Four flutter modality indexes including amplitude ratio (Ψ), phase difference (ψ), energy participation level (Ph), and NTC are all found that have no obvious correlations with Ucr. The static analysis on a three-dimensional bridge showed that the optimal stabilizer schemes for flutter have insignificant effects on aerostatic performance.

A mixed integer linear programming-based simple method for optimizing the design and operation of space heating and domestic hot water hybrid systems in residential buildings

The hybridization of energy systems is based on the combined integration of both renewable and non-renewable technologies and thermal energy storage. These hybrid installations improve cost effectiveness and energy efficiency when they are correctly designed and the operation strategy is suitable. Despite the relevance of achieving the optimal configuration, sizing and control strategy of hybrid thermal systems, there is no simple and generic methodology which allows this type of installations to be optimized in the project phase. In response to this issue, in this work, a mixed integer linear programming-based simple model is carried out with the aim of obtaining the optimal design, sizing and operation of thermal energy systems in residential buildings. To do so, a superstructure is defined that includes the main technologies commercialized for thermal energy systems in buildings. Technical, economic, environmental and legal constraints are determined in the proposed generic model. In order to validate the method, it is applied to a central space heating and domestic hot water installation of a residential building located in a cold climate in Spain. Optimal solutions are obtained considering three different perspectives —economic, environmental and multicriteria— and are compared to the current installation. According to the results, the overall cost of the economic optimal configuration is reduced by 15%, whereas the greenhouse gas emissions decrease by 56% in the environmental optimal solution. It is thus demonstrated that the proposed generic and simple model is a useful tool for determining the optimal hybridization of the plant and for analysing the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of these systems in the project phase.

Design and Analysis of a Sub-Surface Longline Marine Aquaculture Farm for Co-Existence with Offshore Wind Farm

There has been growing interest recently in hybrid installations integrating the offshore wind farm and aquaculture farm as co-existence while optimizing ocean space use. The offshore marine farms beyond coastal or sheltered areas will require mooring to ensure the station-keeping of the farm system during the storms. In the present work, a sub-surface longline farm is installed in a fixed offshore wind farm at a distance from the wind foundations. The farm is designed to cultivate oysters in multi-compartment bags attached to the longlines vertically. The farm with a cultivating area of 200 m × 200 m is supported by the various farm lines made of polypropylene and buoys that is moored with catenary mooring arrangements. Drag coefficients of a full-scale oyster bag in wave and current are determined using the results of wave basin tests. A lumped model is developed and validated with a complete model for a partial farm. The lumped model is used to simulate the coupled responses of the whole farm in the site extreme waves and currents of a 50-year return period. The strength and fatigue designs of the mooring and farm lines are evaluated against the industry standards and confirmed to comply with the design requirements.

Increasing Energy Self-Consumption in Residential Photovoltaic Systems with Heat Pumps in Poland

Currently, the use of air-source heat pumps (ASHP) in combination with a photovoltaic (PV) installation is a very promising option for a necessary and urgent energy transformation in European countries. It is extremely important to develop solutions that will help maximize the use of energy generated from renewable energy sources. Such issues include the problem of insufficient use of generated electricity in PV on-grid microinstallations in residential buildings. This paper’s aim is to analyse the results of a one-year-round operation of a PV array grid-connected hybrid installation with ASHP for domestic hot water preparation in a residential building in Cracow, Poland, in the context of increasing self-consumption of PV energy. Models of systems are built and simulated in the Transient System Simulation software in release 18.05.0001. Simulations were carried out for different scenarios involving different building electricity consumption profiles, PV system capacity and specified runtime management of ASHP. The novelty of this study lies in the evaluation of the impact of a certain range of conditions on the energy performance of the system and in particular on increasing self-consumption. The results showed that the use of ASHP, with specified runtime management, results in an increase in monthly self-consumption values from 7% to 18%, and annual values up to 13%. Moreover, determining the appropriate size of the used PV system depending on whether it is present ASHP in the installation is crucial to increasing the value of this parameter. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of PV panels and ASHP operating together, particularly on self-consumption values.

HINOTORI and Its Perspectives in the Black-Hole Jet Study

Simultaneous multi-band very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at millimeter wavelengths have huge potential for various science cases. However, there exist difficulties in expanding the scientific targets, as the sensitivity of radio telescopes at millimeter wavelengths is typically lower compared to that at centimeter wavelengths. In order to realize high-sensitivity mm-VLBI observations in the East Asia region, we are promoting the HINOTORI (Hybrid Installation project in NObeyama, Triple-band ORIented) project, which aims to launch the wide-band and simultaneous triple-band (22/43/86 GHz) VLBI system with the Nobeyama 45 m Radio Telescope (NRO45). The simultaneous 22/43 GHz observation mode has already been operated for the open-use program. We have recently completed the performance evaluation of the receiver and observing system at 86 GHz. In addition, a new wide-band VLBI back-end system has been installed on the NRO45 and the performance of this receiving system has been found to be sufficient to meet scientific requirements. Currently, we are performing commissioning observations to establish regular VLBI operation with simultaneous triple-band mode together with the Korean VLBI Network. The participation of the NRO45 is expected to strengthen the mm-VLBI observation network in the East Asia region and to be a very powerful addition with respect to the science of of black hole jets.

Innovative Modernization of Building Heating Systems: The Economy and Ecology of a Hybrid District-Heating Substation

Hybrid installations with respect to renewable energy sources are becoming more popular due to the stringent requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings. Therefore, the thermomodernization of a district-heating substation was proposed. Several scenarios, including different renewable energies (an air–water heat pump versus a heat pump with photovoltaics), different investment financing (equity or bank credit), and different purposes for heating demand (central heating or central heating with ventilation and domestic hot water), were analyzed. The economic aspects involved the calculations of the payback time and net present value, while the ecological and environmental characteristics were weighed using emission reduction. Each of the analyses resulted in different proposed modernization methods. However, taking both factors together, the computations proved that the most profitable was the scenario with energy demand for heating, domestic hot water, and ventilation purposes financed by means of bank credit with a thermomodernization bonus.

Design of sustainable multi-source power systems using lithium batteries

This paper introduces a novel configuration by integrating the lithium battery technology (Lithium Iron Phosphate) in the Multi-Source Power Systems in order to optimize the global cost of a hybrid installation, and to protect the environment. In addition, the developments and evaluations of the performance of the battery bank used in the Multi-Source Power System are highlighted. Thus, a lifetime comparison between Lithium Iron Phosphate and lead-acid batteries over twenty-five years has been performed. Moreover, the aging rate of the battery banks has been calculated based on a dynamic simulation model developed in Matlab-Simulink with a real meteorological database and a consumption profile of one year. By using the sensitivity analysis the optimal configuration of the hybrid power system is defined. In order to evaluate the variation of the battery aging rate, mathematical models describing the cycle number in function of Depth-of-Discharge are considered. The obtained simulation results based on the mathematical models show that the aging rate of the lead-acid batteries is at least ten times more than Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries. In fact, one pack of lithium battery can support a consumption load profile over twenty-five years without any replacement. However, the use of lead-acid battery requires up to 7 replacements with high maintenance costs.

Design and calculation of an environmentally friendly carbon-free hybrid plant based on a microgas turbine and a solid oxide fuel cell

This is an overview of a hybrid power plant design and predesign analysis, including a microgas turbine with heat recovery, a high-temperature fuel cell, and a carbon dioxide capture system. A hybrid installation model is presented, taking into account the compatibility and technological limitations of the main components. The material and heat balance calculation of a hybrid power plant is performed depending on the input parameters under partial load conditions. In order to create a decarbonized highly efficient energy production process and in connection with the need to minimize the negative impact of carbon dioxide on the environment, the article presents the developed technologies for carbon dioxide utilization and a carbon adsorption unit as a hybrid power plant part. The hybrid power plant is a carbon-free mini thermal power plant with integrated electricity, steam, and hot water generation and more than 90% total efficiency.

Design and User Experience of a Hybrid Mixed Reality Installation that Promotes Tinian Marble Crafts Heritage

Hybrid physical-digital installations in museums are interactive systems or exhibits that seamlessly combine physical (tangible) artifacts with virtual environments. In the museum, hybrid installations offer direct, hands-on experiences to visitors and thus may enhance their interest and engagement. Moreover, the entanglement of tangible and virtual interfaces may reinforce learning about the respective heritage. This article reports on the design, implementation, and evaluation of an interactive installation that promotes the heritage of Tinian marble crafts that is included in the representative list of intangible heritage by UNESCO and resides in the Museum of Marble Crafts in Tinos, Greece. The installation puts the museum visitor in the role of a crane operator in a virtual reconstruction of a historic quarry and requires them to operate the crane and move marble volumes with safety in cooperation with non-playable characters (NPCs). Our design approach aimed to engage visitors in a playful learning experience, incorporating aspects of the two museum's exhibits (crane, quarry). The empirical evaluation took place at the lab and the museum with promising results on UX and learning. In addition, we identify and discuss several prospects and drawbacks of designing playful tangible interfaces for other practitioners to consider in similar applications.

SiPM-based camera for gamma-ray imaging air Cherenkov telescope

The current status of the equipment development for the new wide-angle gamma-ray imaging air Cherenkov telescope for TAIGA hybrid installation is presented. A front-end electronic and data acquisition system board based on the Zynq family Xilinx FPGA chips specially designed for this project have been produced and are being tested. A detailed description if presented for internal structure of the four main subsystems: four 8-channel 100 MHz ADCs, board’s control system, internal clock and synchronization system and the power supply system. Additionally, the current status of a small scale prototype telescope SIT consisting of 49 SiPM is presented. The telescope includes a digital camera for observing the stars and weather condition. The SIT-HiSCORE synchronization systems and the telemetry information collection had been tested.

Using Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Systems for the Al-Najaf City in Iraq

The findings of a study of a combined wind-photovoltaic installation for use in the Najaf governorate’s energy sector are presented in this article. The suggested hybrid system is for serving community customers in Iraq, as well as for the country's energy sector. Iraqi consumers are constantly short of electricity, and the proposed approach of combining solar and solar installations to generate energy will assist to alleviate this problem. In the presented studies, the authors show a total increase in the efficiency of the mini-energy complex due to the combined generation of electric energy by converting the wind flow and solar radiation. This work is devoted to the analysis and modeling of a small autonomous hybrid wind-photo-energy system. The paper presents a simulation of the operation of a wind power installation. During the study, parameters such as the angle of inclination, rotor diameter, wind speed, etc. are taken into account. The photovoltaic installation is simulated under realistic conditions, such as silicon cell temperature, sun insolation, and so on. The MATLAB computer program was used to solve mathematical models of small horizontal axes of wind turbines and solar systems. An experiment was conducted with low-power installations. The findings reveal that when hybrid wind-solar systems are used to power Iraq's energy complex, the total output of the hybrid installation increases dramatically. Furthermore, the output of electric energy from wind and solar installations varies throughout the year. During summer months, mainly photovoltaic batteries operate, while in winter months, wind turbines make the main contribution to the generation. As a result, the joint work of wind and solar installations to generate electrical energy helps to establish a more uniform generation throughout the year.

Rippling Outwardly: Archives With Augmented And Mixed Reality

In this article I propose that augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) have the potential to expand the notion of a Screendance archive. This takes the form of a hybrid installation, where visitors are invited to download an AR app onto their mobile phones, or tablets, to access a Screendance archive tagged to images in an installation space. This type of archive, is conceived as a piece of artistic work for hybrid installations, and is intrinsically related to collaborative artistic, philosophical and technological research. It has the ability to highlight temporal shifts between past and present and demonstrates how archived somatic states may ripple outwardly across technologies, bodies, and space, to audiences who embody these states within the wider somatic feld. For these MR interactions to work, methods in relation to flming, editing, and archiving are re-examined. Documentation and archiving methods are reviewed through a phenomenological lens and once distributed within the AR/MR archive installation, a postphenomenological perspective reveals how new relations with technology, materials and media are discovered. Furthermore, the use of AI is perceived as enhancing the rippling out of afective somatic states that becomes an embodied materiality1 (orig. emphasis), a relational feminist posthumanist perspective, that, permanently changes ways of seeing and experiencing dance on screens and the notion of a Screendance archive.

Multistage power and energy management strategy for hybrid microgrid with photovoltaic production and hydrogen storage

For several years, microgrids (MGs) integrated with smart grids have been presented as one of the promising solutions for better integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES). As a result, the interest for the development of MGs has increased. Due to the variability of RES as well as the non-synchronization of intermittent RES production and energy consumption, new storage systems have emerged. The integration of hydrogen produced via water electrolysis powered by RES, the production of electricity through fuel cells (FCs) and the storage of hydrogen are becoming more and more attractive. In this paper, a multistage power and energy management strategy (MSPEMS) is presented for a MG with photovoltaic (PV) as a RES and a battery energy storage system, a FC and an Electrolyzer. The objective is to solve a unit commitment problem considering the different constraints of the MG components. The power management system (PMS) is based on a Distributed explicit model predictive control (DeMPC), whereas the energy management system (EMS) relies on a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) optimization problem. The interaction between the power management system (PMS) and the energy management system (EMS) is analyzed in order to improve their effectiveness. The PMS and the EMS are almost always developed separately and their interaction is not investigated. This point is an important contribution to the scientific community and the development of hybrid installations with intermittent sources, especially for hydrogen technologies. The performance of the power and energy management strategy (PEMS) is evaluated using simulation results and different predefined key performance indicators (KPI). The performance analysis shows that the proposed MSPEMS avoid inadequate start-up of the FC and the Electrolyzer.