Hybrid Electromagnetic Suspension Research Articles

Neural Network Predictive Control for Superconducting Hybrid MagLev Conveyor Systems in Smart Factory

Recently, various technologies such as automated guided vehicles, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of things are being applied to smart factories. In this paper, a hybrid-type magnetic levitational conveyor system is dealt with for a dust-free and highly-clean process. The in-track type magnetic levitation system with superconducting hybrid electromagnetic suspension has advantages of rapidly controlling the current and transferring sensitive materials to electromagnetic elements. The proposed control method has two parts, a prediction model based on deep learning and an optimizer to minimize the system performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to a MagLev conveyor system.

Upper Bound of Power Harvested by an On-Off Electrical Damping in a State Space System

Abstract This paper presents the theoretical upper bound of the harvested power, which is amplified by a generalized electrical damping switching controller in a linear time invariant system. The upper bound is found by maximizing a single-variable function with respect to the switching time. The upper bound shows the possibility of raising the power–frequency curve over the optimal passive curves reported in literature. The optimal switching time of the upper bound shows the mechanics that determine the optimality. The upper bound solution is not only a good benchmark to evaluate but also a clear guide to design any other practical controllers. To demonstrate these two benefits, four examples in literature were revisited: the single-degree-of-freedom electromagnetic and piezoelectric energy harvesters, the dual-mass vibration energy harvester and the quarter car hybrid electromagnetic suspension. A demonstration controller is proposed in all examples. The upper bound is used to evaluate the demonstration controller. The optimal switching time is used to explain the reason of a good or bad controller.

Intelligent switching control of hybrid electromagnetic active suspension based on road identification

The hybrid electromagnetic actuator integrates a magnetorheological damper, and a linear motor can effectively reduce the energy consumption of linear electromagnetic active suspension by switching the control parameters with the same dynamic performances. Thus, the intelligent switching control of hybrid electromagnetic active suspension (HEMAS) is investigated with a fast–slow switching method for full road conditions for the first time, which uses the road level and system state variables as the switching rules. First, the intelligent switching control system architecture of HEMAS is designed, and the switching logic is refined. Then, the modified skyhook control strategy is adopted, and the control parameters (including overfull and transient objective control parameters) are optimized for different driving conditions. Then, the simultaneous estimation method of road profile and system state variables and the identification method of road level are studied. The identification result is used as a prerequisite for intelligent switching of system control parameters. Last, a road adaptive intelligent switching control system is designed, and the stability of the switching system is analyzed. Furthermore, a hardware-in-the-loop bench test is performed. The test results verify the effectiveness of the intelligent switching control system in improving the comprehensive performances (dynamic and energy-saving performances) of HEMAS.

Multi-mode switching control of hybrid electromagnetic suspension based on road conditions adaptation

1. Asadi E., Ribeiro R., Khamesee M.B., Khajepour A., 2017, Analysis, prototyping, and experimental characterization of an adaptive hybrid electromagnetic damper for automotive suspension systems, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66, 5, 3703-3713. CrossRef Google Scholar

Energy consumption sensitivity analysis and energy-reduction control of hybrid electromagnetic active suspension

Abstract A hybrid electromagnetic active suspension (HEMAS), which integrates a linear motor and magneto-rheological damper, is considered a potential solution to address the high electrical energy consumption of electromagnetic active suspension. The control objectives of HEMAS for different driving conditions are determined according to the dynamic responses of passive suspension (PS). The sensitivity of dynamic performance and electrical energy consumption of HEMAS to controllable and uncontrollable parameters is analyzed for different control objectives. On this basis, the electrical energy-reduction mechanism and control method are obtained. A new hybrid electromagnetic actuator and its control system are designed. The PS and linear electromagnetic active suspension (LEMAS) are taken as comparison objects. A hardware-in-the-loop comparative test, including dynamic performance and energy-reduction tests, is performed. Test results show that in comparison with PS, the suspension working space and dynamic tire load of HEMAS on Grade B are reduced by 88.1% and 6.6%; the suspension working space and body acceleration on Grade D are reduced by 15.9% and 29.4%; and the body acceleration, dynamic tire load, and suspension working space are reduced by 18.3%, 3.7%, and 43.5% on Grade C, respectively. In comparison with LEMAS, the electrical energy consumption of HEMAS for three different roads is reduced by 45.9%, 44.2%, and 39.9%, which proves the effectiveness of HEMAS in coordinating the system dynamic performance and electrical energy consumption.

Hybrid electromagnetic suspension for high-speed vacuum transport

<span>The given paper presents a hybrid electromagnetic suspension designed for high-speed vacuum transport, where the main levitation force is generated by permanent magnets, while the electromagnet controls the air gap. The computer model is designed by means of MATLAB/Simulink software package, which allows us to simulate the dynamic operational modes of the system. The calculated studies are carried out when the vehicle accelerating to 1000 km/h with account of track irregularities. Permanent magnets incorporated in the system of electromagnetic suspension make it possible to reduce the energy consumption needed for levitation force generation. </span>

Study on coordinated control of the energy regeneration and the vibration isolation in a hybrid electromagnetic suspension

A type of hybrid electromagnetic suspension is proposed in this study to improve the reliability of a conventional active electromagnetic suspension. A motor with the proposed hybrid electromagnetic suspension linear can regenerate the vibration energy; the coordination relationship between the energy regeneration and the vibration isolation of the hybrid electromagnetic suspension is studied. A dynamic model is established, and a modified skyhook control strategy is designed. A passive energy regeneration control system and an active control system are developed. The effect of the damping on the energy regeneration and the vibration isolation is discussed. The best damping, which can consider the energy regeneration and the vibration isolation simultaneously, is determined. Comparative simulations of a passive suspension, a hybrid electromagnetic suspension and an active electromagnetic suspension are carried out, and the results verify the effectiveness of the control strategy. Finally, an energy regeneration experiment and an isolation comparative experiment of a quarter-suspension are conducted. The findings show that the hybrid electromagnetic suspension with a modified skyhook control strategy can efficiently facilitate coordination between the energy regeneration and the vibration isolation.

Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid electromagnetic suspension system for ride comfort, road holding and regenerated power

This paper reports work on the optimization and performance evaluation of a hybrid electromagnetic suspension system equipped with a hybrid electromagnetic damper. The hybrid damper is configured to operate with hydraulic and electromagnetic components. The hydraulic component produces a large fail-safe baseline damping force, while the electromagnetic component adds energy regeneration and adaptability to the suspension. For analyzing the system, the electromagnetic component was modeled and integrated into a 2DOF quarter-car model. Three criteria were considered for evaluating the performance of the suspension system: ride comfort, road holding and regenerated power. Using the genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization (NSGA-II), the suspension design was optimized to improve the performance of the vehicle with respect to the selected criteria. The multi-objective optimization method provided a set of solutions called Pareto front in which all solutions are equally good and the selection of each one depends on conditions and needs. Among the given solutions in the Pareto front, a small number of cases, with different design purposes, were selected. The performances of the selected designs were compared with two reference systems: a conventional and a nonoptimized hybrid suspension system. The results show that the ride comfort and road holding qualities of the optimized hybrid system are improved, and the regenerated power is considerably increased.

Hybrid active suspension system of a helicopter main gearbox

This paper considers experiments on the control of a helicopter gearbox hybrid electromagnetic suspension. As the new generation of helicopters includes variable engine revolutions per minute (RPMs) during flight, it becomes relevant to add active control to their suspension systems. Most active system performance derives directly from the controller construction, its optimization to the system controlled, and the disturbances expected. An investigation on a feedback and feedforward filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) control applied to an active DAVI suspension has been made to optimize it in terms of narrow-band disturbance rejection. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficiency of a new hybrid active suspension by combining the advantages of two different approaches in vibration control: resonant absorbers and active suspensions. Here, a hybrid active suspension based on the passive vibration filter called DAVI is developed. The objective of this paper is to prove the relevancy of coupling a resonant vibration absorber with a control actuator in order to create an active suspension with larger bandwidth efficiency and low energy consumption. The simulations and experimentation achieved during this suspension system development support this hypothesis and illustrate the efficiency and low energy cost of this smart combination.

Application of hybrid electromagnetic suspension in vibration energy regeneration and active control

To improve the reliability of active electromagnetic suspension and reduce energy consumption, a hybrid electromagnetic suspension that consists of linear motor and passive damper in parallel is proposed in this paper. First, a dynamic model is established and passive energy regeneration and active control systems are built. Thereafter, energy regeneration, ride comfort, and driving safety are taken as control objects. The effect of damping values on different control objects are studied, and the best values are determined. Passive suspension is taken for comparison, and comparative simulation analysis is conducted. Finally, a bench test of 1/4 suspension is performed to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.

Robust Zero Power Levitation Control of Quadruple Hybrid EMS System

This paper presents the improved zero power levitation control algorithm for a quadruple hybrid EMS (Electromagnetic Suspension) system. Quadruple hybrid EMS system is a united form of four hybrid EMS systems one on each corner coupled with a metal plate. Technical issue in controlling a quadruple hybrid EMS system is the permanent magnet's equilibrium point deviation caused by design tolerance which eventually leads to a limited zero power levitation control that only satisfies the zero power levitation in one or two hybrid EMS system among the four hybrid EMS system. In order to satisfy a complete zero power levitation control of the quadruple hybrid EMS system, the proposed method presented in this paper adds a compensating algorithm which adjusts the gap reference of each individual axe. Later, this paper proves the stability and effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm via experiment and disturbance test.

Sliding-Mode Control of an Electromagnetic Actuated Conveyance System Using Contactless Sensing

A microcontroller-based conveyance system using a hybrid electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system and a linear synchronous motor (LSM) is proposed. Unique placements of the hybrid EMS and LSM integrated with an array of infrared sensors, embedded microcontroller, and electronics switching circuits are designed to maintain the air gaps and the propulsion. To improve the air-gap stability, a robust sliding-mode feedback controller is used. The entire control system is implemented, simulated, and verified by experimental measurements. As compared to different control schemes such as the H-infinity and the proportional-integral-derivative controller, it has shown to give reasonable performance under certain parametric uncertainties.

A Study on the Shape of Iron-Core for a Hybrid Electro-Magnetic Suspension System

This paper deals with the shape design of the iron-core of a hybrid EMS (electro-magnetic suspension) system. A proto-type hybrid EMS system was developed by Yonsei University in 2010 [1], [2]. It is the first step of study on fundamental technology for advanced railroad systems development. The hybrid EMS system requires cooling systems because it uses superconducting magnets [3], [4]. These cooling systems can influence costs to making and operating the hybrid EMS system. Therefore, a study to reduce the number of cooling systems needs to be carried out in order to economically commercialize the hybrid EMS system. In this paper, a method that reduces the number of cooling systems of the hybrid EMS system was proposed. To achieve this, a small-scale iron-core and coils assembly was fabricated. Using this system, characteristics of levitation force according to the structure of the iron-core was evaluated. Also, numerical analysis using the FEM tool in order to evaluate the levitation force and net force of a full-scale model was performed. This paper can be expected to suggest useful data for the design of a hybrid EMS system.

A Study on the Loss in a Superconducting Magnet by the Control Current in a Hybrid Electro-Magnetic Suspension System

A proto-type hybrid electro-magnetic suspension system (hybrid EMS system) was developed by Yonsei university . It is the first step of study on fundamental technology for advanced railroad system development. The proto-type hybrid EMS system consists of a ferromagnetic-core, a superconducting magnet (Bi-2223) for generating magneto-motive force (MMF) and a control coil for levitation control. This system has the characteristic of a control coil generating a magnetic flux to keep the levitation gap in constant value when the gap is attempted to be varied by external physical factors. In doing so, the induced current by the magnetic flux generate loss to the superconducting magnet inducing the possibility of an unstable system. Therefore, we have experimented and documented the results of evaluating the loss in the superconducting magnet generated by the control coil. This paper can be expected to suggest useful data for the design and operation of a hybrid EMS system.

Design, manufacture and performance evaluation of HTS electromagnets for the hybrid magnetic levitation system

A high speed electromagnetic suspension (EMS) maglev has emerged as the solution to speed limit problem that conventional high-speed railroad has. In the EMS maglev, small levitation gap needs uniform guide-way which leads to increase the construction cost. The large levitation gap can reduce the construction cost. However it is hard for normal conducting electromagnet to produce larger magneto-motive force (MMF) for generating levitation force as increased levitation gap. This is because normal conductors have limited rating current to their specific volume. Therefore, the superconducting electromagnet can be one of the solutions for producing both large levitation gap and sufficient MMF. The superconducting electromagnets have incomparably high allowable current density than what normal conductors have. In this paper, the prototype of high temperature superconducting (HTS) electromagnets were designed and manufactured applicable to hybrid electromagnetic suspension system (H-EMS). The H-EMS consists of control coils for levitation control and superconducting coils for producing MMF for levitation. The required MMF for generating given levitation force was calculated by both equations of ideal U-core magnet and magnetic field analysis using the finite element method (FEM). The HTS electromagnets were designed as double pancakes with Bi-2223/Ag tapes. Experiments to confirm its operating performance were performed in liquid nitrogen (LN2).

Halbach 배열 영구자석을 이용한 자기 부상계의 해석에 관한 연구

Typically, three types of levitation technologies are applied to magnetic levitation systems: electromagnetic suspension, electrodynamic suspension, and hybrid electromagnetic suspension. A Halbach array is a special arrangement of permanent magnets which augments the magnetic field on one side of the device while cancelling the field to near zero on the other side. The application of this Halbach array magnet to the electrodynamic suspension has been recently studied in order to increase the levitation capability. This paper is focused on an analytical method of the magnetic levitation system using Halbach array magnet. The suitability of the proposed method is verified with comparing to the finite element method. In addition, dynamic stability of the magnetic levitation system is discussed. From this study, it is confirmed that the proposed method provides a reasonable solution with less computation time compared to the finite element method and the magnetic levitation system using Halbach array magnet is stable dynamically.