Perception Of Hunger Research Articles

“An invisible map” - maternal perceptions of hunger, satiation and ‘enough’ in the context of baby led and traditional complementary feeding practices

Mothers' responsiveness to hunger and fullness cues has been implicated in the development of infant overweight, and baby led weaning (BLW) is argued to be one way to protect against overfeeding. Whilst studies have examined maternal perceptions of hunger, fullness and adequate intake to some degree in traditional weaning (TW) contexts, less is known about this in BLW. This study therefore aimed to understand and compare maternal perceptions of cues and intake in BLW and TW. Eleven mothers of infants (7–24m) participated in semi-structured interviews based on discussions of short videos featuring participants feeding their infants. Interviews were read and transcribed in full. Data were selected for coding which addressed mothers' perceptions of infant hunger, fullness and sufficient consumption and subsequently subjected to template analysis. A sample of data was coded to produce an initial template which was applied to all interviews and revised in an iterative process to produce a final template for interpreting findings. Mothers in the study were adept at recognising fullness cues and gauging feeding state. Both groups perceived similar hunger cues although TW mothers reported a wider range of fullness cues. Both groups used numerous strategies for judging the adequacy of their babies’ intake. These included the use of infant cues, however perceived adequacy of intake was also influenced by factors such as infant tiredness and maternal worries about over and under-eating. Findings have implications for the development of responsive feeding interventions while also highlighting the utility of video elicited interviews for understanding feeding interactions.

Fatores associados à insegurança alimentar e nutricional em comunidade carente

Objective: To verify the factors associated with Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) in a needy community. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2018 with 150 people from a needy community in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Participants were 18 years old, of both sexes, and lived in households in the chosen community. No more than one person per household was included. A questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data (sex, age, education, income, skin color, number of people living in the household, marital status and occupation). Food and nutrition insecurity status was assessed by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, which measures family’s perception and experience of food security, insecurity and hunger in the household and classifies the household as either food security or food insecurity (mild, moderate or severe). Multivariate analysis was performed using the Poisson regression model. Results: The prevalence rate of FNI was 94% (n=141) in the people analyzed. Regarding income, 70.7% (n=106) of the participants had a monthly income of less than one minimum wage. As for education, 50.7% (n=76) of the participants reported having less than eight years of study. There was an association between household income of less than one minimum wage (IRR=1.07; CI=1.07-1.31) and FNI. Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity was high among the people analyzed and it was associated with lower income.

Eating behavior and weight gain during pregnancy

ObjectivesLittle is known about the relationship between eating behavior and weight gain during pregnancy. PurposeOur objective was to assess the relationship among self-reported cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger, and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) as defined by the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) 2009 guidelines. Based on previous research examining eating behaviors and weight gain in non-pregnant women, we hypothesized that excessive GWG would be related to higher cognitive restraint, higher disinhibition, and higher perception of hunger. Methods190 pregnant women from the Glowing study completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) at the enrollment visit, which included subscales assessing restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Participants' height and weight from <10 weeks through 36 weeks gestation were measured, allowing classification within or in excess of the IOM guidelines adjusted for the week of the final measurement. ResultsThe odds that a participant would gain weight above IOM recommendations was 1.2 times higher (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05–1.29) for each one-unit increase in the disinhibition subscale in the unadjusted logistic regression. However, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline BMI categories, participants' TFEQ scores were not associated with the likelihood of having GWG above IOM guidelines. Eating behaviors subscales were modestly correlated with baseline BMI categories (all rs < 0.50 with p-values ranging from <0.001 to 0.619). ConclusionsAlthough disinhibition scores had a significant relationship with excessive GWG, the significance of this relationship was not sustained after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline BMI categories.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ РАБОТЫ С ПОДРОСТКАМИ С РАССТРОЙСТВАМИ ПИЩЕВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ

The growth of addictive behavior in the teenage environment is caused by a number of reasons (economic, political, demographic, social stability). One of the groups of addictive behavior is eating disorders of adolescents: anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The problem of eating disorders in adolescence is gaining worldwide scope because it leads to impaired health, death, which necessitates a comprehensive study of it and the search for modern, effective methods of work in this direction, which is the aim of the study. My theoretical research allowed me to identify modern, effective methods of working with adolescents with eating disorders (group therapy, family, rational, behavioral, hypnosis); identify risk factors for eating disorders of adolescents (genetic, family, biological, age, personality, cultural, factors of stressful events); consider types of food addictions in adolescents (anorexia nervosa and bulimia). A common symptom for adolescents with food addiction is dysmorphomania; loss of perception of hunger and satiety; low self-esteem; decrease in the circle of interests; violation or loss of social ties; the predominance of depressed, depressive mood; the appearance of obsessive thoughts on food and calories; decreased interest in the opposite sex and sexual sphere. Types of food addiction in adolescents are: anorexia nervosa and bulimia – a common concern is the control of one’s body weight, a distortion of his image, a change in nutritional value in the hierarchy of values, the formation of a stable vomiting reflex, irritability of the intestines, and nervousness. Difference: anorexia leads to severe weight loss; represents a complete rejection of food (bulimia – a constant desire to consume food); is deadly. Prevention of addiction is early prevention; effective working methods: group therapy, family, rational, behavioral, hypnosis.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ РАБОТЫ С ПОДРОСТКАМИ С РАССТРОЙСТВАМИ ПИЩЕВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ

The growth of addictive behavior in the teenage environment is caused by a number of reasons (economic, political, demographic, social stability). One of the groups of addictive behavior is eating disorders of adolescents: anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The problem of eating disorders in adolescence is gaining worldwide scope because it leads to impaired health, death, which necessitates a comprehensive study of it and the search for modern, effective methods of work in this direction, which is the aim of the study. My theoretical research allowed me to identify modern, effective methods of working with adolescents with eating disorders (group therapy, family, rational, behavioral, hypnosis); identify risk factors for eating disorders of adolescents (genetic, family, biological, age, personality, cultural, factors of stressful events); consider types of food addictions in adolescents (anorexia nervosa and bulimia). A common symptom for adolescents with food addiction is dysmorphomania; loss of perception of hunger and satiety; low self-esteem; decrease in the circle of interests; violation or loss of social ties; the predominance of depressed, depressive mood; the appearance of obsessive thoughts on food and calories; decreased interest in the opposite sex and sexual sphere. Types of food addiction in adolescents are: anorexia nervosa and bulimia – a common concern is the control of one’s body weight, a distortion of his image, a change in nutritional value in the hierarchy of values, the formation of a stable vomiting reflex, irritability of the intestines, and nervousness. Difference: anorexia leads to severe weight loss; represents a complete rejection of food (bulimia – a constant desire to consume food); is deadly. Prevention of addiction is early prevention; effective working methods: group therapy, family, rational, behavioral, hypnosis.

Effects of a High-Protein/Moderate-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Gut Peptides, and Endocannabinoids-A Preview Study.

Favorable effects of a high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate (HP/MCHO) diet after weight loss on body weight management have been shown. To extend these findings, associations between perception of hunger and satiety with endocannabinoids, and with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) were assessed. At approximately 34 months after weight loss, 22 female and 16 male participants (mean age 64.5 ± 5.9 years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed a 48 h respiration chamber study. Participants were fed in energy balance with a HP/MCHO diet with 25%:45%:30% or a moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate (MP/HCHO) diet with 15%:55%:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Endocannabinoids and related compounds, relevant postprandial hormones (GLP-1, PYY), hunger, satiety, and ad libitum food intake were assessed. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO reduced hunger perception. The lower decremental area under the curve (dAUC) for hunger in the HP/MCHO diet (−56.6% compared to MP, p < 0.05) was associated with the higher AUC for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations (p < 0.05). Hunger was inversely associated with PYY in the HP/MCHO group (r = −0.7, p < 0.01). Ad libitum food intake, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and incremental AUCs for gut peptides were not different between conditions. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO diet-induced reduction in hunger was present after 34 months weight maintenance in the post-obese state. HP/MCHO diet-induced decrease of hunger is suggested to interact with increased 2-AG and PYY concentrations.

Hunger and satiety perception in patients with severe anorexia nervosa.

Appetite is a subjective essential sense. In patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN), controversy remains whether this sensation is altered. The objectives were to clarify, in patients with severe AN: (1) Whether the appetite changes during partial weight restoration, (2) Whether potential changes in appetite are related to (i) diagnostic subtype of AN, (ii) psychopharmacological treatment, (iii) disease duration, (iv) duration of hospitalization, and (v) baseline body mass index (BMI). The study consisted of 39 patients, with a mean age of 23.7 ± 8 and an admission mean BMI of 13.1 ± 2.0kg/m2. The patients were consecutively admitted to a specialized somatic nutrition unit between 2015 and 2016. They were asked to rate their hunger and satiety on a numeric visual analog scale (VAS), before and after a lunch meal at admission and at discharge in the same standardized environment. The patients could participate more than once if readmitted, resulting in a total of 119 observed meals. Data were analyzed in a regression model for repeated measures. At admission, changes in hunger and satiety perception were weak. After weight gain of 10.4% ± 8.5% within a median of 26 (IQR: 25) days, there was a slight increase in hunger perception, p = 0.049. However, there was no detectable change in satiety perception. There was no noticeable correlation between appetite change and psychopharmacological treatment, diagnostic subtype, BMI, duration of hospitalization, and disease duration. Hospitalized patients with severe AN exhibit strikingly weak changes in hunger and satiety perception during standardized and supervised meals. Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis.

Perioperative changes in prouroguanylin hormone response in severely obese subjects after bariatric surgery

BackgroundProuroguanylin is a gut hormone converted into uroguanylin in the hypothalamus. Uroguanylin induces satiety through guanylyl-cyclase-2C receptor signaling. However, little is known about the role of this hormone in regulating human food intake. MethodsIn prospective-cohort study, prouroguanylin profile changes were determined during meal stimulation in obese patients 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. We also investigated whether these changes play a role in the anorexigenic effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. ResultsThe study enrolled 8 healthy lean volunteers and 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Prouroguanylin levels were postprandially decreased at 30 minutes (P = .04) and 60 minutes (P = .008) in obese patients before surgery, and they were increased at 60 minutes (P = .003), 90 minutes (P = .008), and 120 minutes (P = .009) after surgery. We observed a significant difference (P = .001) in fasting prouroguanylin levels before (8.82 ± 1.2 ng/mL) and after (6.05 ± 1.2 ng/mL) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Hunger ratings in the fasted state did not change after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Instead, subjects demonstrated significantly (P = .01) lower hunger visual analog scale scores than before Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. No correlations between circulating prouroguanylin levels and hunger perception were found before or after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. ConclusionProuroguanylin levels decrease after meal stimulation in obese patients, and they increase after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but no correlations exist with hunger visual analog scale scores.

유산소운동 강도가 비만 유·무에 따른 주관적 식욕인식과 에너지보상에 미치는 영향

The study was conducted to identify the effects of aerobic exercise intensity on subjective appetite recognition and energy compensation due to obesity.Obesity group consisted of 10 persons with body fat percentage of 25% or more and non-obesity group consisted of 10 persons with body fat percentage of 10% or less. The results of the repeated measure ANOVA were as follows. Both non-obese men and obese men showed an increase in AgRP, NPY after high intensity exercise, but for non-obese men, PYY were also shown to have increased. In addition, for non-obese men, PYY were shown to increase after one hour of meal after high-intensity aerobic exercise. However, the obese men found PYY to be low even after one hour of meals after high-intensity aerobic exercise. In the case of subjective appetite, the non-obese men had a very low perception of hunger immediately before the meal, just after aerobic exercise, and the caloric intake actually was lower when exercise was not performed. However, in the obese men, hunger perception was very low immediately after the high intensity exercise, but before the meal, the hunger was higher than when the exercise was not performed, and the calorie intake actually was higher than when the exercise was not performed. These results suggest that exercise with high intensity in obese men compared with non-obese men induces subjective hunger perception right before eating, unlike the level of appetite suppressing hormone immediately after exercise, and energy intake is higher than energy consumption.

Caregivers’ perceptions of household hunger and adequacy of dietary intake in a resource limited community in the Bronkhorstspruit District (Gauteng)

This paper describes households’ perceptions of hunger and adequacy of dietary intake by caregivers. A descriptive cross-sectional study in the quantitative research paradigm was conducted to collect data from caregivers (N=50) who were responsible for buying and preparing food for school aged children, residing in different households in Bronkhorstspruit in the Gauteng Province South Africa. Caregivers were individually interviewed using structured questionnaires (socio-demographic, Hunger Scale and the 24 hour-recall questionnaires, respectively). The majority (68%) of the caregivers had good nutrition knowledge but they did not know how to apply the knowledge in their dietary lifestyle. The socio-economic status and nutrition knowledge and attitudes of the caregivers were found to be possible factors that influenced dietary intakes of the households. The mean Household Food Variety Score (FVS) was 4.38 (± 1.0) and the Household Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 4.28 (±1.0). The results indicated an average of eight food items were consumed in the households during the 24-hour period of the maximum of 24 food items, identified by the 24-hour recalls. It was concluded that there is a need to eradicate the problem of low food diversity and there is a need to increase micronutrient intakes of children. The DDS of households showed that the food groups that were consumed by the households were ranging from an average of three (food items which incorporated a number of food groups from one) to seven groups. It can also be concluded that the households had a limited variety and diversity of diet since the food items and food groups were limited. This study showed that there is a limited food access by the households due to low incomes. Caregivers should be encouraged to get involved in food production activities; such as greenery projects, brick making projects, etc. that they can use the money they get from the projects to buy food for their families. This would help the caregivers in improving the dietary diversity and variety of their households. Keywords: Household hunger, dietary adequacy, food accessibility, Hidden hunger, Nutrition education Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev . 2019; 19(3): 14541-14554

Caregivers’ perceptions of household hunger and adequacy of dietary intake in a resource limited community in the Bronkhorstspruit District (Gauteng)

Caregivers’ perceptions of household hunger and adequacy of dietary intake in a resource limited community in the Bronkhorstspruit District (Gauteng)

Satiating Effect of a Ketogenic Diet and Its Impact on Muscle Improvement and Oxidation State in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Background: It was previously established that Multiple sclerosis (MS) generates energy alterations at the mitochondrial level related to the loss of muscle mass. Ketone bodies, mainly beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), re-establish this energy alteration causing satiety, changes in body composition and a decrease in hormone-dependant hunger, such as ghrelin. The aim of this study was to establish possible improvements in body composition and the level of oxidation in patients with MS, by means of the satiating effect of a ketogenic diet. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with 27 MS patients who were given a Mediterranean isocaloric and ketogenic diet for 4 months. Anthropometric measurements, as well as satiety and hunger perception (VAS scale), were taken. In addition, BHB and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as an oxidation marker, were measured by spectrophotometric automated assays, and ghrelin was determined by an enzyme immunoassay in the serum. All measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results: A significant increase in satiety perception at lunch and dinner and of BHB in the blood was obtained. Hunger perception decreased significantly at lunch and dinner with similar levels of ghrelin. In addition, an important increase in lean mass and PON1 was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing improvements in body composition, oxidation state and metabolism in MS patients, based on the satiating effect of a Mediterranean isocaloric diet. Conclusion: A ketogenic diet increases lean mass and decreases inflammation and oxidation possibly as a consequence of an increase in satiety and decrease in hunger in MS patients.

Randomized Clinical Trial: A Normocaloric Low-Fiber Diet the Day Before Colonoscopy Is the Most Effective Approach to Bowel Preparation in Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND:Clinical guidelines recommend either a clear-liquid diet or a low-fiber diet for colonoscopy preparation. Participants in a screening program are usually motivated healthy individuals in which a good tolerability is important to improve adherence to potential surveillance colonoscopies.OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to assess whether or not a normocaloric low-fiber diet followed the day before a screening colonoscopy compromises the efficacy of bowel cleansing and may improve the tolerability of bowel preparation.DESIGN:This is a randomized, endoscopist-blinded, noninferiority clinical trial.SETTINGS:The study was conducted at a tertiary care center.PATIENTS:A total of 276 consecutive participants of the Barcelona colorectal cancer screening program were included.INTERVENTION:Participants were randomly assigned to a clear-liquid diet or a normocaloric low-fiber diet the day before the colonoscopy. Both groups received 4 L of polyethylene glycol in a split-dose regimen.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary outcome was the adequate bowel preparation rate measured with the Boston bowel preparation scale. Secondary outcomes included tolerability, fluid-intake perception, hunger, side effects, and acceptability.RESULTS:Participants in both groups were similar in baseline characteristics. Adequate bowel preparation was achieved in 89.1% vs 95.7% in clear-liquid diet and low-fiber diet groups, showing not only noninferiority, but also superiority (p = 0.04). Low-fiber diet participants reported less fluid-intake perception (p = 0.04) and less hunger (p = 0.006), with no differences in bloating or nausea.LIMITATIONS:The single-center design of the study could limit the external validity of the results. The present findings may not be comparable to other clinical settings.CONCLUSION:A normocaloric low-fiber diet the day before a screening colonoscopy achieved better results than a clear-liquid diet in terms of adequate colon preparation. Moreover, it also improved the perception of hunger and excessive fluid intake. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02401802. See Video at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A829.

Insulin, ghrelin and early return of hunger in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome

Background & aimsWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have greater predisposition to obesity, but the mechanisms are still unknown. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and low levels of ghrelin are common in this group. For the purposes of the present study, it was assumed that such changes could have an influence on hunger. This study aimed to assess the hunger pattern before and after an ad libitum meal and the association between insulin and plasma ghrelin with hunger perception in women with obesity, with and without PCOS. MethodThis cross-sectional study included 53 women with obesity, 30 with PCOS, and 23 controls (with obesity but without PCOS). Insulin, ghrelin, glucose and subjective ratings of hunger (by 100 mm visual analogue scales) were analyzed in a fasting state, preprandially at 12:00 before the ad libitum meal, and postprandially 15, 45, 75 and 135 min after the beginning of the ad libitum meal. ResultsThere was a significant increase in hunger one hour after the beginning of the ad libitum meal (75 min) in the PCOS group (p = .01) compared to 15 min, whereas this only occurred after 135 min in the control group (2 h later). The usual energy intake adjusted by the intra-individual variability was higher in the PCOS group than in the control group (2309 ± 461 kcal·d−1 × 2124 ± 480 kcal·d−1; p = .04). The concentrations of insulin and ghrelin, in both preprandial and postprandial periods, were not associated with the perception of hunger. ConclusionsWomen with obesity and PCOS had an earlier return of hunger in the postprandial period after an ad libitum meal, but there was not associated with postprandial ghrelin and insulin levels.

From sensory circumventricular organs to cerebral cortex: Neural pathways controlling thirst and hunger.

Much progress has been made during the past 30years with respect to elucidating the neural and endocrine pathways by which bodily needs for water and energy are brought to conscious awareness through the generation of thirst and hunger. One way that circulating hormones influence thirst and hunger is by acting on neurones within sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs). This is possible because the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the sensory CVOs in the forebrain, and the area postrema in the hindbrain lack a normal blood-brain barrier such that neurones within them are exposed to blood-borne agents. The neural signals generated by hormonal action in these sensory CVOs are relayed to several sites in the cerebral cortex to stimulate or inhibit thirst or hunger. The subfornical organ and OVLT respond to circulating angiotensin II, relaxin and hypertonicity to drive thirst-related neural pathways, whereas circulating amylin, leptin and possibly glucagon-like peptide-1 act at the area postrema to influence neural pathways inhibiting food intake. As a result of investigations using functional brain imaging techniques, the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as several other cortical sites, have been implicated in the conscious perception of thirst and hunger in humans. Viral tracing techniques show that the anterior cingulate cortex and insula receive neural inputs from thirst-related neurones in the subfornical organ and OVLT, with hunger-related neurones in the area postrema having polysynaptic efferent connections to these cortical regions. For thirst, initially, the median preoptic nucleus and, subsequently, the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus have been identified as likely sites of synaptic links in pathways from the subfornical organ and OVLT to the cortex. The challenge remains to identify the links in the neural pathways that relay signals originating in sensory CVOs to cortical sites subserving either thirst or hunger.

The Relationship of Appetite-Regulating Hormones in the Development of Cardiac Cachexia.

The physiological control of appetite regulation involves circulating hormones with orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorexigenic (cholecystokinin) properties that induce alterations in energy intake via perceptions of hunger and satiety. We sought to investigate the relationship between appetite-regulating hormones and the cachexia associated with chronic heart failure.We randomized male Sprague-Dawley rats into myocardial infarction (MI) or sham operation (SO) groups. The levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin in the plasma of all rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the expression of BNP, CCK, and ghrelin in the myocardial tissue of all rats were detected by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); myocardial morphology was assessed by microscopy.Plasma BNP and CCK levels in the cardiac cachexia (CC) groups and the heart failure non-cachexia (HF-nc) groups were significantly higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.01), and the expression of BNP and CCK in the myocardial tissue of rats: in CC groups and HF-nc groups were increased compared with the corresponding control groups (P < 0.01). In contrast, Plasma and cardiac expression of ghrelin decreased compared with the sham group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, plasma CCK levels were positively correlated with BNP concentrations (P < 0.001) and significantly negatively correlated with the ejection fraction (P < 0.001) in model animals; plasma ghrelin levels were negatively associated with BNP levels (P = 0.0023) and positively associated with ejection fraction (P = 0.0042).The appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and CCK) may present as a potential significant biomarker for cachexia associated with chronic heart failure.

Smallholder-Based Oil Palm and Rubber Production in the Forest Region of Guinea: An Exploratory Analysis of Household Food Security Outcomes

The Guinean government has promoted the large-scale production of industrial crops such as oil palm and rubber through the Guinean Oil Palm and Rubber Company (SOGUIPAH). Smallholder-based production of these crops has also been promoted to boost rural development but the food security outcomes are unclear. This exploratory study assesses the food security outcomes of smallholder-based oil palm and rubber production at the household level using six standardized metrics of food security. We compare households involved in industrial crop production and households that only grow food crops under subsistence conditions through statistical tools such as Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETER). Overall, results suggest that oil palm and rubber smallholders perform better than subsistence farmers on metrics that capture perceptions of hunger and coping behaviors but perform worse for food diversity metrics. We hypothesize that this discrepancy can possibly be explained by the strong sense of security that steady income provides across time, which outweighs the shortcomings of diet diversity. The results of this exploratory study can inform the development of more detailed assessments of the food security outcomes of interventions implemented by SOGUIPAH in the area (and the mechanism through which these impacts emerge).

Subjective Lowering of Preprandial Blood Glucose and Cancer Prevention by Planning and Recognizing Initial Hunger

We recently described the training of the passage from scheduled to demanded meals in infants and adults. Subjects reduced energy intake by subjectively abolishing conditioned meals and by allowing intake only after demand by the infant or after hunger perception by the adult (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern; IHMP). Conditioned meals were those scheduled and/or presented to the infant as well to the adult by sight, smell, mentioning, gesturing or simply at a fixed mealtime. During IHMP instead, meals were suspended until the first infant’s demand or until an adult’s self-noticing arousal of hunger. IHMP was checked by measuring blood glucose before three meals per day (MBG) and was associated with significant decreases in diary-reported energy-intake, MBG, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, insulin AUC in glucose tolerance tests and in days with diarrhea as compared to randomized control subjects who maintained conditioned meals. Although generalized, conditioned eating is a modern aberration that is associated with development of insulin resistance and overall inflammation. These associations are well demonstrated independently from the implicated mechanism. A state of Overall Subclinical Inflammation greatly increases cell and DNA replications and replication errors. After decades of DNA errors, oncogenic cells arise and cumulate. A prevention of malignancies is possible by interrupting the development of conditioned eating, insulin resistance and associated overall inflammation.

Perception of Hunger/Satiety and Nutrient Intake in Women Who Regain Weight in the Postoperative Period After Bariatric Surgery.

To investigate the perception of hunger and satiety and its association with nutrient intake in women who regain weight in the postoperative period after bariatric surgery. Cross-sectional study of adult women divided into three groups: weight regain (n = 20), stable weight (n = 20) (both at least 24months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery), and non-operated obesity (n = 20). A visual analogue scale measured hunger/satiety perception while fasting, immediately after finishing a test meal, and 180min after finishing the test meal. The incremental area above or under the curve was calculated. Food intake was analyzed by 3days of food recall and adjusted for intraindividual variation. To make between-group comparisons, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and independent-samples T tests and Pearson's correlation were used. There were no between-group differences in incremental areas of hunger/satiety, but protein intake was significantly lower among patients who regained weight compared with those who had stable body weight (0.99 ± 0.23g/kg body weight vs. 1.17 ± 0.21g/kg body weight, p = 0.047). In the group that regained weight, satiety was correlated positively with usual dietary protein density (r = 0.541; p = 0.017) and negatively with usual carbohydrate intake (r = - 0.663; p = 0.002). Women who regained weight presented similar perceptions of hunger/satiety to those of patients without weight regain and with non-operated obesity. In patients who regained weight postoperatively, satiety perception was correlated positively with usual dietary protein density and inversely with usual carbohydrate intake.

The moral and psychological state of the German population of the South of Ukraine during the famine of the 20s in the XXth century

The article offers a psychological approach to the analysis of the situation of ethnic Germans in the South of Ukraine in 1920s. It was a period when the policy of the new power intended to change the self-consciousness of the Germans. The legislative actions of the Russian state and then of the Soviet power had a negative consequences for both local economic and political-moral position of this category of population. The famine had objective reasons: history, policy, natural disaster. The author uses sources from the state region archives of Nikolaev, Kherson, Dnipro and Kiev to show her personal perceptions of the events. She tells about the policy of the Soviet government, its often criminal actions, biased attitude, manifested against German speaking population. The new approach is to identify the perception of hunger and all that was associated with it by the German population themselves. The author shows that the mobilization of the German communities was their way to overcome the tragedy and survivе. The time period of the famine has been clarified.