Abstract
Favorable effects of a high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate (HP/MCHO) diet after weight loss on body weight management have been shown. To extend these findings, associations between perception of hunger and satiety with endocannabinoids, and with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) were assessed. At approximately 34 months after weight loss, 22 female and 16 male participants (mean age 64.5 ± 5.9 years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed a 48 h respiration chamber study. Participants were fed in energy balance with a HP/MCHO diet with 25%:45%:30% or a moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate (MP/HCHO) diet with 15%:55%:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Endocannabinoids and related compounds, relevant postprandial hormones (GLP-1, PYY), hunger, satiety, and ad libitum food intake were assessed. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO reduced hunger perception. The lower decremental area under the curve (dAUC) for hunger in the HP/MCHO diet (−56.6% compared to MP, p < 0.05) was associated with the higher AUC for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations (p < 0.05). Hunger was inversely associated with PYY in the HP/MCHO group (r = −0.7, p < 0.01). Ad libitum food intake, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and incremental AUCs for gut peptides were not different between conditions. HP/MCHO versus MP/HCHO diet-induced reduction in hunger was present after 34 months weight maintenance in the post-obese state. HP/MCHO diet-induced decrease of hunger is suggested to interact with increased 2-AG and PYY concentrations.
Highlights
In 2016, 39% of the adult population worldwide was considered overweight and 13% obese [1].A positive energy balance is one of the most critical underpinnings for this development, posing a major risk for the development of chronic diseases including type-II diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease [2].While successful dieting and weight maintenance are essential to long-term improvements of metabolic disease, weight maintenance remains especially challenging
This study demonstrates that a hour high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate diet fed in energy energy balance under controlled conditions, reduced the perception of hunger and increased 2-AG
The current study suggests that observed effects on 2-AG, hunger, and the association of polypeptide YY (PYY) and hunger are nutrient-related, since they are especially shown in the HP/MCHO group
Summary
In 2016, 39% of the adult population worldwide was considered overweight and 13% obese [1]. Satiety-related gut peptides such as GLP-1 and PYY, have been reported to be increased [24,25] in response to high-protein intake compared to high-carbohydrate or high-fat intake. Both GLP-1 and PYY have incidentally been linked to increased satiety and reduced food intake [26]. Versus moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate (MP/HCHO) diet in the post-obese state after weight loss, on the association between perception and physiology of hunger and satiety in energy balance, in a controlled respiration chamber setting. We hypothesized that in the post-obese phase, a high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate diet would be more satiating compared to a moderate-protein/high-carbohydrate diet, evidenced by higher satiety ratings and lower hunger ratings, possibly associated with changes in concentrations of endocannabinoids and related compounds, and with increased satiety hormone concentrations
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