Hungarian Perspective Research Articles

موقف الدبلوماسیة والصحافة المجریة من حرب 1948م

تعد حرب 1948م من أهم محطات التاريخ الحديث التي جلبت آثارا سياسية وعسکرية واقتصادية واجتماعية کبيرة على العالم العربي. فخلال السنوات العشرة التالية لها، ونتيجة للعواقب التي خلفتها، تغيرت المنطقة والأنظمة السياسية بشکل شبه کامل: فقد وقعت عدة انقلابات عسکرية في سوريا، واندلعت في مصر ثورة 23 يوليو 1952، وطرد جلوب باشا Glubb Pasha، القائد العام لما کان يسمى آنذاک بالفيلق العربي، من عمان سنة 1956م، وقامت ثورة 14 يوليو 1958م بالعراق، فضلا عن حرکة نوفمبر 1958م بالسودان. احتلت إسرائيل بهذه الحرب جزءا کبيرا من الأراضي الفلسطينية، بما في ذلک الجزء الغربي من القدس. في هذا البحث نسلط الضوء على تفاصيل الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية الأولى معتمدين على وثائق وزارة الخارجية المجرية، بالإضافة إلى الصحافة المجرية (نيبصافا Nepszava وصاباد نيب SzabadNep وماجار نامزات MagyarNemzet) وبعض المصادر العربية الأخرى. تابعت الخارجية المجرية عبر سفارتها بالقاهرة، وأيضا الصحافة المجرية اليومية باستمرار الأحداث والأخبار والتحليلات المتعلقة بهذه الحرب. يتألف هذا البحث من محورين أساسيين: 1) حرب 1948م في وثائق الخارجية المجرية؛ 2) حرب 1948م في الصحافة المجرية. Abstract: The War of 1948 is one of the most important foci of modern history as it had serious effects on the politics, military, economy and society of the Arab world, as well as the entire Middle East region. During the ten years following the war, owing to the emerging consequences, the region and the political systems of that time almost completely transformed. As a result of the War of 1948, Israel occupied most of the territory of Palestine including West Jerusalem. In this research, we present the major details of the First Arab-Israeli War from the Hungarian perspective based on archival documents from the State Archives of Hungary, articles from Hungarian newspapers (Magyar Nemzet, Nepszava, Szabad Nep), and some Arab sources. How Hungarian diplomats, journalists and editors saw the War and reflected on the contemporary events. The Hungarian diplomacy and press continually followed the news and gave detailed reports on developments. This piece is composed of two principal points: 1) Traces of the War of 1948 in the Hungarian archive records 2) The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 in the Hungarian Press.

Willy Servais and Tamás Varga A Belgian Hungarian perspective on teaching school mathematics

Willy Servais and Tamás Varga had a major influence on the development of mathematics education during the 1960s and 1970s, both in their home countries and internationally. In 1971 they jointly published Teaching School Mathematics–A Unesco Source Book, a review of curriculum reforms that were under way in different parts of the world. The book, presenting several modern syllabuses as well as examples of classroom techniques and segments of teacher-student dialogues, provided an often consulted guide to the field of mathematics education. We re-read this book and in this way acquire a unique insight into the modernization efforts of school mathematics during the 1960s and early 1970s. We take this opportunity to discuss the sometimes partly divergent views of Servais and Varga on modern mathematics education as reflected in this book.
 Subject Classification: 97-03

Twilight of Empire: The Brest-Litovsk Conference and the Remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917–1918

Twilight of Empire: The Brest-Litovsk Conference and the Remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917–1918

Technical assistance and socialist international health: Hungary, the WHO and the Korean War

ABSTRACT From the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948, the question of technical assistance was hotly debated by Eastern European countries. Recuperating from the war and undergoing radical political change, they were both recipients and donors of technical assistance in a newly forming system of international health. These countries had specific ideas about the obligations of states and the role of technical aid that did not necessarily map on the dominant, US-led interpretation. While there is a growing literature on technical assistance between Eastern Europe and the so-called Third World, the role of technology and expertise at the intersection of liberal and socialist international health has been little explored. Through the case of hospital-building projects and expert networks from a Hungarian perspective, this paper asks how we can understand socialist engagement in international health, and how technical assistance among the Second and Third worlds fitted into broader systems.

The Uncertain Revival of Central Europe – Central European Thought from a Hungarian Perspective

Abstract The recent crisis that, the European Union has had to face certainly raises questions about the current state of Europe. The question about the legacy of regional integration; the debate between the standpoints about the vision on the European Union with the necessity of strong nations or on the contrary, the opportunity of deepening the cohesion that could lead to the united states of europe; in other words, political integration, the deepest step of regional integration. the paper deals with the problem of the concept on central europe from the standpoint of various concepts; the question of mapping, the meaning of borders, the ways of identification appear in this paper. the difference between the concept of mittel europe and central europe also appear in the paper. analysing the question of central europe it is also inevitable to examine the meaning of central europe from historical context. after the end of the cold war and as the consequence of the euro-atlantic integration, the concept of central europe changed a bit. while during the bipolar system this phenomenon served as a differentiation of the groups of countries being located in the soviet sphere of interest. being central european meant something that was much more engaged with progressive approach in democratization, transformation rather than a sign of nostalgia towards the historical past.

The Professional and Economic Development of Individuals with Disabilities in the Hospitality Sector with a Focus on the Importance of Training and Skill Enhancement at all levels: Hungarian Perspective

The Professional and Economic Development of Individuals with Disabilities in the Hospitality Sector with a Focus on the Importance of Training and Skill Enhancement at all levels: Hungarian Perspective

Attitudes and motivation in English language learning amongst multilingual university students in the Balearic Islands: the effect of the L1 and other influential variables

ABSTRACTAttitudes and motivation seem decisive in successful language learning (Dörnyei, Csizér, and Németh 2006. Motivation, Language Attitudes and Globalisation: A Hungarian Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.). Research in Spanish multilingual contexts analysing the influence of the L1 on attitudes and motivation to learn foreign languages (FL) reveals mixed results. In the Basque country attitudes towards the FL were more positive amongst students with the majority language (Spanish) as their L1 than Basque speakers (Lasagabaster 2005. ‘Attitudes towards Basque, Spanish and English: An Analysis of the Most Influential Variables.’ Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26 (4): 296–316.). However, Loredo Gutiérrez et al. (2007. ‘Language Use and Language Attitudes in Galicia.’ In Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts: Language Use and Attitudes, edited by David Lasagabaster, and Angel Huguet, 40–65. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.) in Galicia and Madariaga, Huguet, and Janés (2016. ‘Language Attitudes in Catalan Multilingual Classrooms: Educational Implications.’ Language and Intercultural Communication 16 (2): 216–34.) in Catalonia did not find significant differences among majority and minority language speakers. A later study (Lasagabaster 2016. ‘The Relationship between Motivation, Gender, L1 and Possible Selves in English-Medium Instruction.’ International Journal of Multilingualism 13 (3): 1–18.) targeting motivation in the Basque country determined that the L1 was not influential. This study analyses the effect that the L1 exerts on students’ attitudes and motivation to learn English in the bilingual region of the Balearic Islands. Data from L1 Spanish/Catalan university students (n = 1,021) was collected through a questionnaire. Statistical differences were found with Spanish L1 students displaying slightly more positive attitudes and motivation to learn English than Catalan L1 speakers, yet the effect size was small. This paper concludes that, in the Balearic Islands there are other factors determining attitudes and motivation such as linguistic self-confidence, cultural interest, international posture and instrumentality.

PUBLIC WORK IN AN INTERNATIONAL AND HUNGARIAN CONTEXT

The objective of active labour market policies (providing labour market services and supporting employment) is to channel back those without a job to the labour market as soon as possible. Public work, regarded as an active instrument, is generally criticised for not substantially improving employment rate; most jobs produce low added value; participation decreases the motivation and willingness of those concerned to find a job. In addition, the programmes prove to be expensive and make people more dependent on the unemployment benefit. According to the experts one of the benefits is that in the short and medium term the programmes provide the safety of survival to the participants and can also contribute to implementing the other tasks of improvement while decreasing poverty and inequalities. Another beneficial impact is its suitability to make the disadvantaged groups more dynamic whose primary labour integration is unlikely. It is also suitable for overcoming the challenges of structural unemployment and easing the downsides of global economic crises. The public work programmes are facing similar challenges internationally and in Hungary, as well. Our paper presents the problems of public work (if it is effective enough and able to fulfil its mission) as one of the most frequently applied instruments of employment policies both theoretically and empirically, and also from an international as well as a Hungarian perspective.

Impact of greening on the upgrading of manufacturing subsidiaries’ technological capabilities – A Hungarian perspective

JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies , Seite 426 - 446

Listy Jerzego Giedroycia do György’a (George’a) Gömöriego (1958–1968)

JERZY GIEDROYC’S LETTERS TO GYORGY (GEORGE) GOMORI (1958–1968) The most important contributor discussing Hungarian affairs in the Parisian Kultura was a 1956 immigrant Gyorgy (George) Gomori, a Polish studies specialist living in England, a literary scholar, poet and translator. Thanks to Gomori Hungarian affairs were discussed for decades in Kultura (and, to a lesser degree, in the periodical Zeszyty Historyczne ). An important background for the Hungarian affairs discussed in the publications of the Instytut Literacki is provided by the correspondence between Gyorgy Gomori and Jerzy Giedroyc, who exchanged letters, at varying frequency, from 1958 to 2000 (most letters were written in the 1950s and 1960s). The cooperation of Jerzy Giedroyc and Gyorgy Gomori has proved beneficial to both of them. Giedroyc had at his disposal an expert, correspondent and specialist in Hungarian matters willing to contribute to Kultura and Zeszyty Historyczne , while the Hungarian specialist in Polish studies and literature gained a platform to voice his thoughts in one of the most important periodicals of the Polish emigre community where he could present “the Hungarian perspective,” which made him relatively well-known among the Poles living in exile.

РАЗРАБОТКА МНОГОКРИТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ШКАЛЫ ОТБОРА СОТРУДНИКОВ В КАДРОВЫЙ РЕЗЕРВ АО «ВНИИ ГАЛУРГИИ»

Important resources of any organisation are knowledge, experience, skills, initiative and enterprise of a staff. These resources contribute to the competitiveness and productivity of an organization, and, moreover, create a favorable climate in a team. When we admit a crucial role of education and qualification levels of employees in a firm, we realize an importance to manage a staff flexibly. Purposeful work with a personnel reserve avoids unreasonable staff promotion, but at the same time basic principles of staff management, planned character, scientific validity, effectiveness and other aspects of staff decisions should be considered. In addition, the development of an effective system of a personnel reserve allows to identify employees with high potential for career making and, as a result, to increase their competence systematically preparing them to fill vacancies. The article defines peculiarities and trends in the field of efficiency of personnel reserve management in the case study of JSC Institute of Hulurgy. This institute is considered to be one of the leading research and planning institutes in the potash industry in Perm region. While conducting the research we have revealed, that there is a number of disadvantages in the current system of staff evaluation at the enterprise: 1) high formality degree of the evaluation criteria, underestimation of the staff competencies; 2) the lack of ranking criteria to applicants; 3) united criteria are applied to the assessment of different categories of the organization staff. To mitigate the identified disadvantages, a multi-criteria scale to select employees in the personnel reserve has been suggested. This scale includes indicators confirming the staff adequacy to their professional requirements and the assessment of his or her scientific potential. It also involves sociometry data and the level of an applicant of motivation. The developed scale allows to consider a wide list of personal and professional characteristics of reservists taking into account the importance of each of them and to make an objectified decision to nominate employees for the vacant seat. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used in the solution of complex practical problems to form and develop a personnel reserve of any organization. Further we are planning to monitor the dynamics of employees’ efficiency who have passed a personnel reserve. Also we will monitor the dynamics of the organization activity on the basis of the results of multi-criteria scale implementation for the selection of applicants. Keywords an organization staff management, personnel reserve, a multi-criteria scale, applicants selection, professional competences, career growth, motivation, scientific potential of an employee.

Banking union through Hungarian eyes–assessment of a possible close cooperation

Legislation laying down the first two pillars of the institutional system of the Banking Union was finalised in April 2014. In accordance with the regulations, non-euro area Member States, including Hungary, may notify the ECB at any time if they wish to participate in the common system even before the euro is adopted. The paper aims at summarising the possible pros and cons vis-à-vis the Banking Union from a Hungarian perspective. It highlights the reasons for not opting in at the inception of the new supervisory system and also gives indications about those major milestones that could give rise to the reconsideration of the present position. In its existing form, the single supervisory and crisis management mechanism has not achieved the initial target, i.e. the separation of the stability of national banking systems and the fiscal capacity of Member States and the elimination of interdependencies. In addition, close cooperation implies weaker powers than those provided by actual membership, and the separation of central bank and supervisory functions carries risks in non-euro area countries. By contrast, the attraction of Banking Union membership lies in the opportunity to join a uniform European system, a wider analyst base and ultimately, the “ammunition” of the EUR 98 billion available for crisis management in comparison to the Hungarian banking system. In October 2013, a uniform supervisory system integrated into the central bank was set up in Hungary, and the domestic resolution institutional system was complete by the end of 2014. Therefore, until the finalisation of the Banking Union through the creation of the common deposit insurance fund and a common fiscal backstop, it is reasonable to put the decision to join on hold; indeed, such a decision should be made in light of several factors presented in this study.

UDVARI ÉS POPULÁRIS KULTÚRA A KORA MODERN ANGLIÁBAN

A tanulmány a készülő Az angol irodalom magyar története (szerk. Kállay Géza et al.) kora modern irodalommal foglalkozó részébe illeszkedik, a populáris és elit kultúrát tárgyaló Kulturális regiszterek című fejezet elméleti bevezetőjeként szolgál. Amellett érvel, hogy a populáris–elit, illetve az udvari–népi dichotómia a kora modern Angliára nem abban az értelemben vonatkozik, hogy két különböző kultúrával rendelkező réteget feltételez: a társadalmi csoportok átalakulóban voltak, és a rétegek között intenzív volt az átjárás, lényeges ugyanakkor, hogy a kialakulóban levő új társadalmi elit tudatosan és fokozatosan elhatárolódott attól, amit bizonyos értelemben maga teremtett meg populáris kultúraként. Ismerteti a „popular”, azaz populáris kifejezés szakirodalmi változatait és dilemmáit; kitér a vallás és a reformáció szerepére, az írott és orális kultúra dinamikájára, valamint a domináns hatalom és az azt potenciális szubverzióval fenyegető populáris réteg viszonyára.

History of Phases in Textbook Revisions at the 1928 Oslo Conference from the Hungarian Perspective

This study is focused on phases of the textbook revision movement and textbook debates from the Oslo Conference organized by the International Committee of Historians in 1928. It is based on interviews by the contemporary Norwegian newspaper “Aftenposten” and on reports to the Hungarian Ministry of Education written by the Hungarian conference delegate, Sandor Domanovszky, one of the greatest Hungarian historians and authors of textbooks. Further, the author examines Kuno Klebelsberg’s (leader of the Hungarian Ministry of Education between 1922 and 1931) attitudes to the textbook issue. After World War I the Hungarian textbook revision movement was examined in depth by the institutions of the League of Nations, and at events of the International Committee of Historical Science (Comité International des Sciences Historiques – CISH). The textbook revision movement aimed to filter out tendentious and distorted prejudices towards other nations in history textbooks.

The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law Before and After the EU Directive – a Hungarian Perspective

The paper explores the changes the EU Directive on harmonizing certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions will bring about in Hungary, with a special focus placed on damages liability rules, the interaction of public and private enforcement of these rules, and the importance of class actions. Amendments of the Competition Act introduced in 2005 and 2009 had created new rules to promote the idea of private enforcement even before the Directive was adopted. Some of these rules remain unique even now, notably the legal presumption of a 10% price increase for cartel cases. However, subsequent cases decided by Hungarian courts did not reflect the sophistication of existing substantive and procedural rules. There has only ever been one judgment awarding damages, while most stand-alone cases involved minor competition law issues relating to contractual disputes. The paper looks at the most important substantial rules of tort law (damage, causality, joint and several liability), the co-operation of competition authorities and civil courts, as well as at (the lack of) class action procedures from the perspective of the interaction of public and private enforcement of competition law.

O PAVLOVEM A SZLOVÉN IRODALOM VÁZLATOS ÁTTEKINTÉSE

The entry is a short overview of the history of Slovenian literature A szloven irodalom vazlatos attekintese by Avgust Pavel. It is likely the text was written during the 2nd World War though it was published in 1976. Its formation is associated with the author's lectures at the University of Szeged. When writing the text, Pa ul relied on the then latest summary review of Slovenian Literature by Ivan Pregelj and France Tomsic, but the concept of the text intended for Hungarian students differs from the concept of the handbook written for Slovenian schoolchildren. Pavel's short overview is extremely important because it is the first synthesis of Slovenian literature written from the Hungarian perspective.

The Most Important Developments in Common Foreign and Security Policy Since 2004 from Hungarian Perspective

The Most Important Developments in Common Foreign and Security Policy Since 2004 from Hungarian Perspective

Arbitration in standardized consumer contracts: a Hungarian perspective in a European context

This article analyses, through the prism of the Hungarian Supreme Court’s recent decision, the treatment of arbitration clauses in standardized consumer contracts under European unfair terms legislation. After examining the focal points of the Unfair Terms Directive and the national models of implementation, Hungarian law and the Hungarian Supreme Court’s decision is presented and examined. The article ends with the assessment of the decision .

The Crisis in Europe: The Hungarian Perspective

The concept of “PC,” which is, of course, an abbreviation for “politically correct” or “political correctness,” usually prevents European politicians from describing things as they are and prevents...

The Development of Freedom of the Media in a Newborn Democracy – The Hungarian Perspective

One can say that in the last two decades (1989-2010) Hungarian media law joined the European legal tradition again, and has been trying to imitate the latest developments in this field. Consequently, it now faces the same difficulties the converged and digitalised new media world brought with itself. In the near future — as a result of the digital switch-over and the compulsory implementation of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive — Hungarian law also faces a comprehensive and in some ways foundational change. It takes a long time to learn how to treat freedom well, and how to make democracy work. Hopefully, we will have the time needed, and will make enough efforts to achieve our aims.