Humus Reserves Research Articles

Characteristics of humus content on different soil types of Zdolbuniv district of Rivne Region

The dynamics of changes in the humus state of the soils of Zdolbuniv district during the V–XI rounds of agrochemical survey were analyzed. The state of biologization of agriculture, in particular the plowing of siderates, the introduction of straw and manure and the use of peat over the last 8 years in the studied area, is highlighted. Mandatory biologization of agriculture, taking into account the biological features of each crop, in particular, plant needs for nutrients, indicators of potential and effective soil fertility, its physical and chemical properties, assortment and chemistry of fertilizers, climatic conditions in a zonal section — comprehensive implementation of these measures will contribute to a significant increase soil fertility of the district’s agricultural lands, in particular improving its humus condition. Since an important reason for the lack of accumulation of humus reserves in the studied soils is the unsatisfactory state of biologicalization of agriculture in the area. Conclusions and suggestions on improving the humus condition of the soils of the studied area have been prepared. It is established that according to the results of agrochemical studies of agricultural lands of Zdolbuniv district of Rivne region for the XI round of agrochemical certification of agricultural lands, the weighted average humus content is 2.6% and corresponds to the average content. It was found that the studied soils of the district are characterized by very low and low (less than 2.1%) — 0.86 thousand hectares (10.0%), medium (from 2.1 to 3.0%) — 6.14 thousand hectare (71.7%), elevated (from 3.1 to 4.0%) — 1.5 thousand hectare (17.5%), high and very high (> 4%) — 0.06 thousand hectare (0.7%) humus content. In terms of the main types of soils, the highest humus content in meadow soils, meadow and chernozem soils, chernozem and meadow soils with content of 3.3% and on chernozems typical and chernozems strongly degraded of different degrees of erosion with an average humus content of 2.8%. It should be noted that the dynamics of humus content in the soils of Zdolbuniv district of Rivne region for the last 10 years of research shows the process of its stabilization and increase from 2.2% in 2007 to 2.6% in 2017. Comparing only the area of land plots, which were surveyed in three rounds — 2007, 2012 and 2017, the humus content is 2.5; 2.5 and 2.6%, respectively, which confirms the stabilization of the humus content over the past ten years of agrochemical research. An important reason for the lack of accumulation of humus reserves in the studied soils is the unsatisfactory state of biologization of agriculture in the area.

ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT AND HUMUS RESERVES IN NATURAL SOILS OF ROSTOV AGGLOMERATION

The research aims to study the content of organic matter in typical chernozem, its distribution in the soil profile under herbaceous and wooden phytocenoses. Organic matter plays a key role in the functioning of soils and their stable performance of ecological functions, including – the protection function. This is particularly relevant in the growing urbanization. The research analysis includes 40 full-profile sections of migration-segregated chernozems (typical carbonate) laid on the upland soil of the Rostov agglomeration. We determined organic matter by high-temperature catalytic combustion on a TOC-L CPN Shimadzu in an SSM-5000A solid sample combustion unit. Based on the data obtained, we calculated the organic carbon reserves. Statistical analysis included the calculation of the Mann-Whitney U-test to consider significant differences in the samples of indicators under wooden and herbaceous phytocenoses and descriptive statistics. The research results showed the influence on the organic carbon content of such a widespread type of anthropogenic impact as planting trees in the steppe zone. Comparison of the total organic carbon content values in similar genetic horizons under herbaceous and wooden phytocenoses indicates the spatial heterogeneity of this indicator, associated primarily with the type of land use. The supply of humus for Rostov chernozems under herbaceous phytocenoses was assessed as low and under wooden phytocenoses – as average. In the one-meter layer of natural chernozems of the Rostov agglomeration, humus reserves are 387 t/ha, which corresponds to the average supply level. Thus, the park and recreational zone, where wooden vegetation grows, plays a special ecological role in the city as a place of accumulation of an increased amount of organic matter of natural origin compared to other soils of the Rostov agglomeration.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FEATURES OF DEHUMIFICATION OF CHERNOZEMS OF THE PRYDNISTERSKA UPLAND

Purpose. In the structure of the soil cover of the Prydnisterska upland, the area of chernozems is 4 060 km2. The overall rate of plowing up of the territory reaches 80%. The agricultural use of chernozems led to the transformation of almost all processes and properties, but these changes were most reflected in the humus state. A decrease in the intake of organic matter and an increase in its mineralization led to an active manifestation of dehumification. Therefore, the study of this problem will provide a scientific basis for effective fertility management, analyze the current state and propose measures to restore the ecological stability of chernozems at the regional level. The purpose of the research is to characterize the dynamics of the humus content in the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland during the industrial period (from the beginning of the 20th century to the present), as well as to analyze the extent of the manifestation of dehumification of chernozems in flat and slope areas. To achieve this goal, the following were carried out: the field stage of work on the selection of soil samples, laboratory analytical studies of the humus content, analysis of data from archival materials and the results of preliminary studies on the relevant topic. The object of the research comprises typical chernozems and podzolized chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland. The subject of the study is the humus content of the arable horizon (0–20 cm) of chernozems of flat and slope relief with varying degrees of erosion. Data & Methods. The study of the problem of dehumification of chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland was carried out using generally accepted methods: comparative-geographical, comparative-analytical and comparative-profile. Archival materials of soil science expeditions, statistical data of preliminary agrochemical surveys and our own research results obtained during 2019–2020 (research sites “Savyntsi», «Ruda», «Basivka» and «Kadyivtsi») were used for a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the humus content in chernozems over the last century. Results. Analysis of the data on the humus content in the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland during the industrial period, at different times, confirmed the active manifestation of dehumification. The intensification of agriculture in the region, neglect of soil protection technologies and insufficient application of organic fertilizers have led to the formation of a negative humus balance. For 106 years (from 1914 to 2020), the humus content of the chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland has decreased by 30–45%. The most intense losses of the organic component have been recorded by the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century. The total loss of humus by chernozems during this period amounted to 36–48 t/ha. According to the accepted estimates of the humus content, the chernozems of the study area in modern soil management conditions are characterized as low-humus with a humus content (3–4%). Statistical data indicate that the intensity of dehumification has decreased over the past 6 years, but the negative humus balance remains. Losses of humus (in the 0–20 cm layer) decreased to the level of 0.28–0.36 t/year, however, these data are correlated depending on the structure of crop rotations, soil cultivation technologies and fertilization rates. According to the results of the study, it has been found that the variability of the humus content within the arable horizon (0–20 cm) increases with a change in the morphometric parameters of the relief and the intensity of manifestation of erosional degradation. In particular, a critical situation is observed on slopes with a steepness of 5–6 °, which are distinguished by the lowest reserves of humus. Dehumification of chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland is the result of an unbalanced anthropogenic impact. Optimization of this problem requires the widespread introduction of soil protection technologies on slope areas of the relief, the introduction of an appropriate amount of organic fertilizers, sowing green manure crops, conservation of eroded areas.

Project of basin nature management of the Vorskla river within the boundaries of Prokhorovsky district

Belgorod Oblast, which occupies 0.2% of the country’s territory, is among the leading subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of agricultural production. At present, about 61% of the oblast’s territory is occupied by arable land, at least half of which, to varying degrees, is eroded. High agricultural load combined with accelerated water erosion of soils has led to a significant deterioration of the resource and environmental condition of agricultural landscapes. Negative changes affected almost all components of agro-ecosystems. First of all, it affected their central component - the soil cover: as a result of long-term exploitation and increasing water erosion, the reserves of humus and mineral nutrients decreased significantly. The region’s river network has also undergone significant changes: over the last century, its length has decreased by 35% from its original state. The above trends in the development of degradation processes determine the need for geoplanning solutions to ensure the soil conservation organization of nature management in the Belgorod region. In the current situation it is necessary to scientifically justified transformation of agricultural landscapes into sustainable agro-ecosystems. In this case, it is necessary to use a comprehensive geo-ecological approach to the organization of the landscape envelope with a rational spatial combination of natural and economic components. This idea is the basis of a new synthetic direction of socio-economic geography - geoplanning. Geo-planning approach will allow to embody geo-ecological aspects of ecosystems functioning through a set of design solutions.

Обґрунтування підходів і стратегічних напрямів щодо секвестрації й збільшення органічного вуглецю в ґрунтах зони Полісся

Goal. To scientifically substantiate zonal approaches and directions of organic carbon management in the soils of the Polissia zone and search for ways of its sequestration, restoration of soil fertility, and reduction of carbonic acid production in the atmosphere, which will be taken as a basis for the formation of key carbon farming systems in this area. Methods. System approach, scientific analysis of information, comparison, theoretical and practical generalization, abstract-logical. Results. Problems of restoration of humus reserves in low-yielding sod-podzolic soils of the Polissia zone, and preservation of their ecological and energy potential are analyzed. The possibilities and expediency of organic carbon management at the regional level and its sequestration in the soils of the Polissia zone are highlighted. Scientific approaches and strategic directions for the reproduction, absorption, and retention of organic carbon in sod-podzolic soils to ensure neutral land degradation are considered. The main ways of development of carbon agriculture at the regional level to achieve the stabilization of organic carbon in the soils of the Polissia zone and its further increase are proposed. Conclusions. Carbon uptake and retention in the soil reservoir are ensured through appropriate zonal farming systems that regulate soil fertility. This problem is solved by arranging arable land, introducing low-carbon use with reforestation, stimulating livestock development, including the creation of hayfields and pastures, increasing production, and applying optimal doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, including secondary organic raw materials and local natural resources. As well as changing the structure of sown areas with a reduction of row crops, increasing the share of perennial grasses, the inclusion of legumes and cover and green crops in crop rotations, increasing crop yields, and introducing technologies of minimal tillage. With the application of anti-degradation measures, agro-technologies of soil cultivation, and involvement of all renewable organic resources, a positive balance of humus is achieved, which is a prerequisite for reducing carbon emissions, restoring and increasing soil fertility and productivity of agrocenoses.

Оценка агроэкологического состояния агроландшафтов для повышения их устойчивости

Introduction. Agricultural land use organized in the dry steppe Kulunda of Altai Krai, with an area of more than 1,8 million hectares, is unsustainable. This is due to many factors, but the main ones are agro-climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation), as well as anthropogenic elements of landscapes, as a result of the joint manifestation of which erosion processes develop. The purpose of the study: to conduct a multicomponent analysis of agricultural lands in the dry steppe Kulunda Altai Krai to optimize their agro- and geo-ecological state, as well as increase the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Research methods: a systematic approach and a comparative geographical method used in the processing of materials characterizing the qualitative and quantitative indicators of agricultural landscapes and the analysis of zonal physical and geographical characteristics of the territory. Relationships and mutual influences within anthropogenic landscapes have been studied using the ecological-landscape approach. Research results. Over a thirty-year period of monitoring the heat and moisture supply of the territory, it was found that only 1-2 years per decade are optimal for growing crops (spring wheat), and agricultural land prevails in the structure of the land fund (seven municipal districts), and their share varies from 47 % to 96 % in Uglovsky and Tabunsky districts, respectively. Examining the structure of sown areas and crop rotations, it was found that arable land is the most common agricultural land, it accounts for more than 70 %, pastures – almost 20 %, hayfields and fallow lands – 8,5 %, perennial plantations – only 0,04%. It was determined that cultivated crop rotations lead to degradation of the soil cover, which occurs due to active dehumification – the loss of humus reserves in the process of deflation and active mineralization on fallows and fields with tilled crops. It was calculated that the rate of humus loss on an area of one hectare is 0,24 tons per year. Conclusion. The calculations made show that the coefficient of environmental stability is much lower than the threshold, and a relatively high indicator of environmental stability in the Mikhailovsky and Uglovsky districts was achieved due to the tape forest and salt lakes located on their territory, which do not have a positive impact on the sustainability of agricultural areas. Improving the sustainability of agricultural land use is possible with the organization of a grass field system by changing the structure of sown areas and crop rotations.

THE MODERN RESEARCHS ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF MOIST SUBTROPICAL SOILS OF AZERBAIJAN

One of the leading areas of modern soil science is the study of groundwater for use in agriculture. The importance of this direction is determined by the development of methods for studying soil processes. In uncultivated soils formed under natural vegetation, the approach of the groundwater level to the surface leads to soil salinization and waterlogging. Long-term and systematic irrigation in the Lerik region creates a completely new water and soil process. The reserves of humus, carbon, nitrogen and the C:N ratio were determined in pseudo-podzolized clayey mountain-forest yellow earth soils (Aric, Staqnic Cleyic Acrisols - Loamic) common in the zone of humid subtropics in the Lerik region located in the southern part of Azerbaijan. In order to turn uncultivated soils into arable land, it is necessary to create a mathematical model of groundwater level fluctuations, to determine the functional relationship between the amount of nutrients and the final product. The application of the results of mathematical calculations ensures the involvement of lands in agriculture and obtaining high productivity from these lands. The results of analyzes of the river waters chosen as the object of study show that there were no serious mineralization processes in the rivers. The mineralization of river waters in the Lerik region varied within 0.439-0.678 g/l. The content of magnesium in water taken from the Lerik region ranges from 0.021-0.037 g/l. The content of sodium and potassium ions in the salinity of water ranges from 0.061-0.083 g/l. According to the results of analyzes, it can be seen that the mineral composition of the Lerik River is useful for drinking and suitable for agriculture, as irrigation water.

Ways to increase the productivity of crop rotation in the forest-steppe conditions of the European part of Russia

Currently, with increasing anthropogenic loads near large industrial cities, soil pollution is observed by chemical elements amid a shortage of plant nutritional elements. The developed agrochemical and agroecological measures will ensure an increase in the reserves of humus and nutrients in the soil, eliminate the unfavorable reaction of the soil environment and, as a result, obtain the planned high yields of agricultural crops with the required quality.

МОНИТОРИНГ АГРОЛАНДШАФТА И ДОЛГОСРОЧНОЕ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВ В ДЕЛЬТЕ РЕКИ КУБАНЬ

The article discusses the issues of monitoring the forecasting of soil fertility and substantiates the methods applied to the agrolandscape of the Kuban River Delta on the example of assessing the initial state of arable land fertility. An analysis of the properties of deltaic geosystems was carried out: openness, integrity, functioning, dynamics, evolution and structure of the geosystem. When considering the geosystems of the Delta, environmental factors are indicated. On the example of the delta of the Kuban River, the dependence of the surface radiation balance on the features of the relief is considered. The need for a comprehensive assessment of the agro-resource potential is justified in connection with the development of degradation processes in the soil. The criteria for long-term forecasting as a single integrated approach to the methodology for assessing the resource potential of agriculture are substantiated. To assess fertility, an integral indicator of soil fertility was used. Specific natural-technogenic complexes of individual parts of deltaic geosystems in relation to the Kuban River have been identified. The impact of human anthropogenic activity has led to a noticeable decrease in soil fertility, a reduction in the reserves of biomass, humus and basic nutrients in the soil, a unified comprehensive monitoring of the assessment of the agro-resource potential of its presence and use as a result of the development of degradation processes is needed. The assessment of land resources to determine the trend of soil formation processes and the dynamics of soil fertility in a particular area is very relevant. It is necessary to substantiate the identification of the main factors influencing the process of changing soil fertility, biomass, humus and basic nutrients.

Баланс гумусу і поживний режим зрошуваного ґрунту за різних систем основного обробітку та удобрення

The article presents an analysis of the results of experimental research in a stationary field experiment to determine the peculiarities of the formation of humus reserves and the nutrient regime in the arable layer of the dark chestnut soil (Haplic Kastanozem) under the influence of different fertilization and main cultivation systems. The purpose of the research: to establish the patterns of transformation of by-products of agricultural crops of crop rotation into humus and the main elements of mineral nutrition of plants under organic and two organo-mineral fertilization systems against the background of five systems of main cultivation in a 4-field row crop rotation on irrigated lands in the area of operation of the Ingulets irrigation plant systems. The research was conducted in the stationary experiment of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences in the Kherson region of Ukraine during 2016-2020. The following indicators were used to analyze the effectiveness of the combined application of fertilization systems and the main tillage: mass of post-harvest residues for each of the crop rotations; stocks of humus in the arable layer; humus balance; the mass of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that reached the soil with plant residues; ecological and economic effect (UAH/ha); energy gain (GJ/ha). As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the formation of humus reserves in the soil depends on the mass of post-harvest residues of crop rotation and the methods and depth of their wrapping. The most favorable conditions for the accumulation of leaf-stem mass of crop rotation crops and the formation of a positive balance of humus with an average annual increase of 2.02 t/ha were provided by the organo-mineral fertilization system using the by-products of crop rotation crops and a dose of mineral fertilizers N120P60 against the background of differentiated main cultivation with one slotting to a depth of 38-40 cm per rotation.

ОЦЕНКА ЗАПАСОВ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО УГЛЕРОДА В ПОЧВЕННОМ ПОКРОВЕ ОСТРОВНЫХ ЭКОСИСТЕМ КУЙБЫШЕВСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА

Assessment of organic carbon stocks in soils and other components of ecosystems are becoming increasingly important as a necessary reference point for a reliable determination of the amount of greenhouse gas removals at country scale. The gradual tightening of carbon balance requirements dictates the urgency of the problem under consideration. The aim of the work was to assess the stocks of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kazan region of the variable backwater of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the 0–20 cm layer, and also to determine which type of soils makes the greatest contribution to the sequestration of carbon. The reserves of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kuibyshev water reservoir were determined in the area from the Zelenodolsk – Nizhnie Vyazovye bridge (55°49’27.1 «N; 48°31’05.6″E) to the islands in front of the Teteyevo village (55°24’11.8 «N; 49°07’59.6» E). Surveys of the islands’ soil cover and selection of the soil samples were carried out in 2018-2019. The calculation of the organic carbon content was carried out for the 0–20 cm layer. The calculations took into account the total carbon content in the organogenic, organic-mineral and mineral horizons. It was found that the highest carbon content in the upper soil layer was observed in the profile of marsh-podzolic soils – 51.7 t / ha. The lowest organic carbon content was noted in sod-alluvial soils (12.0 t / ha) and artificial sandy deposits (3.8 t / ha). Carbon stocks in soil profiles and proportion of carbon in organogenic horizons increased with increasing of hydromorphic properties in the following row: 1) sod-podzolic soil < marsh-podzolic soil; 2) light gray forest soil < gray forest gley soil; 3) sod-alluvial soil < alluvial meadow-marsh soil < marsh-alluvial soil. The total reserves of organic carbon in the islands’ soils were calculated taking into account the areas occupied by individual soil contours. The total stock of organic carbon in the 0–20 cm layer of the studied area of the water reservoir was 49,190.9 tons. About 83 % of the total stock of organic carbon stored in the form of humus of accumulative mineral horizons and only 17 % in the organogenic and organic-mineral horizons. It was shown that alluvial meadow-marsh (23,125.9 t) and sod-podzolic soils (8,957.5 t), occupying the largest areas on the territory of the islands, make the largest contribution to the organic carbon reserves. An interesting point is that on the islands of floodplain origin, a greater contribution to the total humus reserves was made by soils with pronounced hydromorphic properties – alluvial meadow-marsh soils and alluvial meadow soils. On the islands of terrace origin, the bulk of carbon was concentrated in automorphic soils. A possible reason is the features of the islands’ relief of different origins. Reasonable data on the rate of organic carbon accumulation were obtained only for alluvial marsh soils, the organogenic horizon of which was formed after the creation of the reservoir – 390 kg / ha annually. Flooded soils are the most promising reservoirs for organic carbon deposition from greenhouse gases. Thanks to the research carried out using accurate GPS referencing of soil profiles, the islands’ soils are becoming a very valuable object for monitoring the rate of organic carbon accumulation, the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases and the increase in total organic carbon stocks.

Humus of the brown soils of the mountain pastures of Uzbekistan

The aim of the study: assessment of humus content and its distribution in the profile of brown soils of mountain pastures in Uzbekistan. Location and time of the study. Soil pits were cut in the Republic of Uzbekistan in seven agricultural regions, widely used in agriculture: Tashkent region, Bustonlik district; Jizzakh region, Zomin district; Samarkand region, Nurabad district; Navoi region, Nurata district; Kashkadarya region, Kitab district; Surkhandarya region, Sherabad district; Namangan region, Papal district. The study was carried out in 2019-2021. Methods. Field studies, sampling and sample preparation were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods: soil organic carbon content was measured by bichromate digestion, carbonate content was determined by acidimetric method and soil inorganic carbon content was calculated by subtracting from the total content of carbonates. Silty fractions were isolated by centrifugation. Humus differentiation into reserves and their estimation was carried out according to the method proposed by one of the authors. Main results. The studied brown soils of mountain pastures of Uzbekistan are characterized by loamy granulometric composition, with a clay fraction not exceeding 20%. The content of carbonates is low (2.5–9%), with the maximum amount in the carbonate horizon. Soils are slightly leached. The total humus content in the upper horizon varies from 1% to 6.6%. The dependence of soil humus content on the slope exposure was noted: the soils of the more humid northern and western slopes contain more humus than the southern and eastern ones. In addition, the humus content is significantly affected by erosion. To assess the nature of changes in the organic matter of the brown soils during their agricultural use, humus of the near, labile and potential reserves (as percentage of the total content) was isolated for the first time. It was revealed that humus of potential reserve prevails in soils (35.5-90%). Its vertical distribution is characterized by a sharp decrease in the sub-humus part, while the humus of the near and labile reserves is distributed evenly in the profile, without a pronounced dependence on external conditions and the degree of disturbance. The proportion of insoluble organic substances in the total humus content ranged from 0.39 to 86%, of sparingly soluble organic substances - from 3 to 100%. There is a relationship between the amount of sparingly soluble and insoluble organic matter in the upper horizon and the degree of soil erosion. Conclusion. The distribution of humus and its reserves in the brown soils of the mountain pastures of Uzbekistan is uneven and strongly affected by erosion. The loss of near and labile humus reserves leads to a decrease in the content of total humus. Further study of humus features, humus accumulation and restoration in brown soils is important for the development of recommendations for the rational use, anti-erosion protection and increasing the productivity of mountain pastures in Uzbekistan.

Topsoil Humus Reserve on Agricultural Lands Affected by Hydric Erosion. Hillslopes Scale Assessment in Central Romania

Topsoil Humus Reserve on Agricultural Lands Affected by Hydric Erosion. Hillslopes Scale Assessment in Central Romania

PHYSIC-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEMS OF PRYDNISTERSK PODILLYA

This article analyzes the physic-chemical properties of typical chernozems. According to the methods, a laboratory study was performed. Physic-chemical parameters that are typodiagnostic for subfacial classification division of typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya are determined. Typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya are low-humus (2.78–3.98%). With depth, the humus content decreases by an average of 0.2% for every 10 cm, which indicates a uniformly accumulative type of distribution of organic matter in the profile of chernozems. In the same direction, humus reserves are declining. There is a spatial correlation between the humus content and the amount of physical clay in the fine soil.
 Humic acids predominate in the humus to a depth of 90–100 cm (Sgk: Sfk is 1.12–1.78). The general tendency of relative “fulvatization” of the arable layer as a result of its agrotechnical depletion is noticed. In relation to SGC to total organic C, chernozems of the study area are characterized by a high and very high degree of humification of organic matter. It is highest (62–70%) in the soils of the key section “Humentsi”, decreasing to 52–62% and 43–63% in the western direction.
 The humic acids of typical chernozems are dominated by calcium humates (GK-2). The largest number of them (29–35%) is concentrated on the contact boundary of humus and carbonate profiles. The convex nature of the distribution curves of the fraction of 2 humic acids and a sharp decrease in its content deeper than 100 cm, indicates their high migration capacity and the possibility of significant deposition of only a significant excess of calcium carbonates. The intensity of migration processes of the GK-2 fraction decreases in the direction of increasing the stiffness of hydrothermal conditions, due to the pulling of carboxylic acid salts closer to the soil surface, supersaturation of the solution with calcium bicarbonate, and as a consequence, increasing the total alkalinity in the humus horizon.
 The capacity of cation exchange (ECO) of typical chernozems is quite high (29–32 mmol-eq / 100 g of soil) with the dominance of calcium and magnesium cations in the composition of the soil-absorbing complex (GVC). There is a general tendency to increase these indicators in chernozems with low values ​​of SCC of the territory.
 The pH of the aqueous extract of typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya increases with depth from weakly acidic in the arable horizon to weakly and medium-alkaline within the carbonate profile. The reasons for such changes in the increase with the depth of the concentration of Ca2 + bicarbonates, which in their dissociation leads to an increase in the amount of hydroxyl ion and increase the alkalinity of the soil.
 The carbonate profile of typical chernozems is dominated by migratory forms of carbonate neoplasms - mold, carbonate plaque, veins. The vertical curve of carbonate content has an eluvial-illuvial type of profile structure. The content and reserves of carbonates in the 1.5-meter layer of typical chernozems increase from the west (434–714 t / ha) to the east (979–1847 t / ha).
 Key words: physic-chemical properties, typical chernozems, humic horizon, humic acids, carbonate profile.

The influence of edaphic factors on the vital state of large-flowered magnolia (<i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> L.). in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens

The most widespread magnolia on the Southern coast of the Crimea and, in particular, in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens is the evergreen Magnolia grandiflora L., introduced in 1817. Currently, 28 generative specimens of Magnolia grandiflora of different ages grow in the Arboretum, including garden forms with different vital state. There are very few data on the relation of this species to soil conditions. For this reason, we have studied the influence of edaphic factors on the vital state of Magnolia grandiflora growing in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens. A number of limiting edaphic factors have been identified, the main of which is the high skeletal structure of the soil. The humus reserves in the soil have a positive effect on the vital state of trees. A high level of agricultural technology is the main method of improving the vital state of Magnolia grandiflora .

Productivity Of Grain Crops In The Conditions Of The Training And Experimental Field Of Orenburg State Agricultural University

The relevance of the topic of scientific research is associated with the biological characteristics of the studied grain crops in specific natural and climatic conditions. The purpose of this work was to identify the potential capabilities of various grain crops in terms of yield and quality indicators of grain in the central zone of the Orenburg region. Food security of the population in the overwhelming majority of countries is most often associated with the provision of grain. At present, despite the active introduction of modern agricultural equipment and innovative technologies into the world agricultural production, it is not possible to achieve a significant increase in gross grain harvests. The level of its production is still insufficient to fully meet the growing needs of the rapidly growing population. According to the expert assessment of domestic scientists, in the conditions of modern natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment, Russia can play an important role in stabilizing the world grain production, which has sufficiently high natural, intellectual and technical resources for this. Their effective and rational use on the basis of nature-like, ecologically-oriented agricultural technologies can make a significant contribution to increasing food stability. Meeting the needs of cultivated plants in the elements of mineral nutrition was reduced mainly to the mobilization of soil fertility, i.e. depletion of humus reserves. As a result, in most of the grain-sowing regions of Russia, and primarily in the regions of the steppe zone, its negative balance has developed. It is quite obvious that these circumstances are a serious obstacle to sustainable grain production and can lead to even greater degradation of disturbed soils, disruption of the biological balance in agroecosystems and a reduction in biological diversity.

Influence of different fertilization and chemical recruitment systems on the phosphorus regime of gray forest soil

Phosphorus is extremely important in agriculture. This is due to the fact that without its participation in the plant body does not undergo any biochemical reaction, because it is part of the ATP molecule, which provides energy. It is an essential element of nucleic acids, phospholipids and the others is actively involved in the regulation of enzymatic reactions. It is part of human, animal, plant and bacterial cells. The research was conducted on the basis of a stationary experiment conducted in 1992 on gray forest coarsegrained light loam soil, studied the effect of long-term chemical reclamation and various fertilization systems (mineral, organic, organic-mineral) on the transformation of Optimal phosphorus nutrition promotes the development of the root system, which improves the supply of plants with moisture and nutrients, increases the share of marketable products in the organic crop, increases the starch content in potatoes, sugar in roots, vegetables and fruits, oilseeds, oilseeds the output of a long fiber, its strength increases. That is why the management of phosphorus nutrition of plants is one of the key issues. Changes in various forms of phosphorus (gross, mobile, water-soluble) under the influence of the above factors are analyzed. For a more objective assessment of these factors on the phosphate regime of the soil on the variant results of the analysis were compared not only with absolute control, but also tied to baseline (age of fallow 28 years), located next to the experimental field. It was found that the content of gross phosphorus, which characterizes the genetic characteristics of the soil, depends almost entirely on the total humus reserves and clearly repeats the parameters of the profile accumulation of carbon, taking into account the depth and thickness of humus horizons. The particle size distribution is of great importance in the processes of gross phosphorus accumulation, as defects are quite easily adsorbed on the surface of soil structures. Evaluation of the results of the analysis shows a large gap in the gross forms of phosphorus and low concentration of its mobile forms, the content of which is 4.7% of the total. According to our data, water-soluble salts of phosphoric acid in gray forest soil are generally found in very small quantities (0.62 mg / kg in the horizon NOT with a gradual decline down the profile), which often becomes a limiting factor in phosphorus nutrition of crops. Lime, by reducing the activity of one and a half oxides, weakens the adsorption bonds of phosphorus and increases the relative amounts of calcium phosphates. The application of mineral fertilizers replenished the pool of gross phosphorus (by 0.08% of the control dock), but mobile forms of phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) increased by only 23 mg/kg, which was second only to liming. In general, the effect of liming significantly increases the use of soil phosphates and fertilizers.

Influence of conditions of mineral nutrition, clean and occupied fallows on the fertility of the chestnut soil of the Eastern Ciscaucasia

In conditions of a shortage of manure and high prices for mineral fertilizers, the preservation and improvement of soil fertility is an urgent problem of agriculture. The studies were carried out at the Prikumsk experimental selection station in two 6-field crop rotations from 1969 to 2019 The purpose of the research is to study, in a long­ term stationary experiment on various nutritional backgrounds, the effect of grain crop rotations with clean and busy fallow on the fertility of the chestnut soil in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory. In the grain-and-row crop rotation with 16.6% of pure fallow, the decrease in the humus content in the control was 0.10%, the humus reserves were 2.6 t/ha, against the fertilized background — 0.09%, 2.3 t/ha, and with the occupied fallow on the contrary, it increased by 0.10%, 2.6 t/ha and 0.11%, 2.8 t/ha. The content of mobile phosphorus in the topsoil in the control with clean fallow increased by 1.7 mg/kg, stocks — by 4.3 kg/ha, with occupied fallow — 3.4 mg/kg and 8.7 kg/ha, and on the fertilized variant — 7.5 mg/kg, 19.1 kg/ha and 7.4 mg/kg and 18.9 kg/ha. The content and reserves of exchangeable potassium increased by 3 — 46 mg/kg and 8 — 115 kg/ha. In the crop rotation with clean fallow, they were 4.2-4.1 times lower on the control, and 13.7-13.0 times lower on the fertilized background, compared with the occupied fallow. The application of fertilizers contributed to a decrease in the potassium content in the crop rotation with clean fallow by 3.7 times, reserves by 3.5 times, and with busy fallow by only 12.2 and 10.6%. Sainfoin fallow significantly increased the content and reserves of potassium in the soil in the control and significantly reduced its consumption in the fertilized variant.

THE IMPACT OF THE GRASSLANDS FERTILIZATION. CASE STUDY –FERTILISATION IN THE LOWER PLAIN OF BANAT ROMANIA

In the case of meadows, it is very important to correlate the productive capacity (given by the rating notes) and the correct animal load. Thus, the rating notes indicate the average potential in the current state of exploitation and conservation of soils, potential that can be improved considering the fact that some indicators such as reaction, humus reserve, and porosity are properties that in case of applying measures that widen the area. Manifestation of them as well as of other properties of the environmental factors taken in the calculation of the rating notes. The detailed knowledge of the factors that contribute to the increase or decrease of the production capacity of each part of the territory can ensure for the decision maker an effective tool for choosing working procedures that favor an efficient use of land resources. Nutrient-rich grasslands are dominated by fast-growing species, and nutrient-poor grasslands are dominated by slow-growing conservative species. Traditionally managed grasslands have been widely used in mowing and grazing and have hardly received artificial fertilizers, providing a wide range of habitats that support high biological diversity. But due to the intensive management of pastures, the high intake of nutrients and the increased frequency of defoliation, on the one hand, and the abandonment of marginal pastures, on the other hand, the biodiversity of grasslands has suffered a dramatic decline in recent years. Human activities have significantly altered the availability of nitrogen (N) in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning.

К вопросу об эволюции почв археологических памятников эпохи раннего железного века (Республика Башкортостан)

The study examined the physico-chemical parameters on the example of soils of archaeological sites Akberdinsky-II, Shipovsky and Okhlebininsky-II settlements (Kara-abyss culture of the early iron age IV century BC to the turn of the II-I centuries BC). Archaeological sites and the background area of the Park named after M. I. Kalinin (Ufa) are located within the forest-steppe zone on the territory of right-Bank Pribelsky district of the Ufa-Simsky region of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The soil cover of the monuments is represented by dark gray forest loamy soils. Humus reserves and the uniformity coefficient Cu of elementary soil particles are calculated based on physico-chemical parameters. The humus reserves and the uniformity coefficient showed that the modern soils on the surface of archaeological sites are close to the soils of the background undisturbed territory. For buried soils and urbanized horizons on the territory of archaeological sites over the past 2200 – 2400 years, there is no approximation to the background soil in the main parameters. In general, the soil cover of archaeological sites of different ages is a valuable source of information not only about natural phenomena and events of ancient historical epochs, but also about the features of the evolution and genesis of soils. Keywords: SOIL COVER, SOIL EVOLUTION, HUMUS RESERVES, GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE