Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells Research Articles

Fabrication of enamel-like structure on polymer-infiltrated zirconia ceramics

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to improve the biological and mechanical properties of zirconia-based PICN (polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network) materials by fabrication an enamel-like structure on its surface. MethodsFluorapatite (FA) arrays were fabricated on zirconia discs by hydrothermal treatment. After polymer infiltration, an enamel-like structure was obtained on zirconia-based PICN materials. Effects of hydrothermal treatment conditions on the FA arrays were investigated by XRD, FTIR and SEM. Human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFs) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used to evaluate the cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Nanoindentation method was employed to determine elastic modulus and hardness. ResultsA facile and pervasive method was developed in this study to fabricate an enamel-like structure constituted of controlled FA arrays and interstitial resin on zirconia-based PICN materials. The obtained FA arrays can significantly promote the adhesion and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and further effectively inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. Owing to the hierarchical structure, the enamel-like structure has achieved a hardness of 1.79 GPa and a lower Young’s modulus of 37.4 GPa. SignificancesThe enamel-like structure, with excellent biological and mechanical properties, is promising for various applications in dentistry.

Combination of Polydopamine Coating and Plasma Pretreatment to Improve Bond Ability Between PEEK and Primary Teeth.

Preformed crowns are preferred to reduce the failure risk of restoration of primary teeth, but some drawback of conventional material is still a main barrier for their clinical use. Polyether etherketone (PEEK), a tooth colored, high-performance thermoplastic polymer, has been recognized as a promising alternative to manufacture the restoration of primary teeth. However, the hydrophobic surface and low surface energy of PEEK make it hard to establish a strong and durable adhesion. In this study, we have evaluated a modification method of polydopamine (PDA) coating with plasma pretreatment for the PEEK films by physical and chemical characterization, bonding properties, and biocompatibility. The surface properties of PEEK were well-characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesive strength of the PEEK films was greatly improved without significant reduction of the proliferation rate of human gingival fibroblast cells in MTT and Live/Dead assays. Therefore, PDA coating with plasma pretreatment may give a new solution for effective clinical application of PEEK in primary performed crowns.

Extract of Herba Anthrisci cerefolii: Chemical Profiling and Insights into Its Anti-Glioblastoma and Antimicrobial Mechanism of Actions.

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. is a plant traditionally used around the globe since antiquity. Although widely used in many traditional medicines in different cultures, from the scientific point of view it is poorly investigated. Glioblastoma, a tumor type with poor prognosis, is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults. Current therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. On the other hand, it has been revealed that patients with cancers are highly susceptible to microbial infections due to the invasive nature of cancer treatment approaches. This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile of herba Anthriscii cerefoli methanolic extract by applying UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap MS4 analysis and to analyze its anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial activities. This study revealed that methanolic extract of herba Anthrisc cerefolii contained phenolic acids and flavonoids, with 32 compounds being identified. Anti-glioblastoma activity was investigated in vitro using A172 glioblastoma cell line. The cytotoxic effects of the extract on A172 cells were compared to the same effect on primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells. Decreased rate of proliferation and changes in cell morphology were detected upon treatment of A172 cells with the extract. The antimicrobial activity of extract was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species. The extract was active against the tested bacterium and yeasts, inhibiting free floating cells and microbial biofilms. This study is the first one to provide a detailed description of the chemical profile of A. cerefolium extract dealing with scientific insights into its anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial activities.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a potential disinfectant material of connections in implant provisional abutments: An in-vitro study

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the antibacterial activity against mono and multispecies bacterial models and the cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles(ZnO-NPs/Cu-NPs) in cell cultures of human gingival fibroblasts(HGFs). DesignThe antibacterial activities of ZnO-NPs and Cu-NPs against 4 bacteria species were tested according to their minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) and against mature multispecies anaerobic model by spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy. The viabilities and cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NPs and Cu-NPs to HGFs cell cultures were tested by MTT, LDH assays, production of ROS, and the activation of caspase-3. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey tests, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. ResultsFor all strains, MICs of ZnO-NPs and Cu-NPs were in the range of 78.3 μg/mL-3906 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL-625 ug/mL, respectively. In a multispecies model, a significant decrease in the total biomass volume(μ3) was observed in response to exposure to 125 μg/mL of each NPs for which there was bactericidal activity. Significant differences were found between the volumes of viable and nonviable biomass exposed to nanostructures with Cu-NPs compared to ZnO-NPs. Both NPs induced mitochondrial dose-dependent cytotoxicity, ZnO-NPs increases LDH release and intracellular ROS generation. Cu-NPs at a concentration of 50 μg/mL induced production of cleaved caspase-3, activating the apoptotic pathway early and at low doses. ConclusionsAfter 24 h, ZnO-NPs are biocompatible between 78−100 μg/mL and Cu-NPs below 50 μg/mL. Antibacterial activity in a monospecies model is strain dependent, and in a multispecies model was a lower doses after 10 min of exposure.

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore genes responsive to Streptococcus oralis biofilm and immune infiltration analysis in human gingival fibroblasts cells

ABSTRACT The correlation between oral bacteria and dental implants failure has been reported. However, the effect and mechanism of bacteria during dental implants is unclear. In this study, we explored key genes and candidate gene clusters in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) cells in response to Streptococcus oralis biofilm through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential genes analysis using gene expression matrix, GSE134481, downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We obtained 325 genes in the module significantly associated with S. oralis infection and 113 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the S. oralis biofilm; 62 DEGs indicated significant correlation with S. oralis injury. Multiple immune pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, were considerably enriched. We obtained a candidate genes cluster containing 12 genes – IL6, JUN, FOS, CSF2, HBEGF, EDN1, CCL2, MYC, NGF, SOCS3, CXCL1, and CXCL2; we observed 5 candidate hub genes associated with S. oralis infection – JUN, IL6, FOS, MYC, and CCL2. The fraction of macrophage M0 cells was significantly increased in biofilm treatment compared with control; expression of FOS and MYC was significantly positively correlated with macrophage M0 cells. Our findings present a fierce inflammation changes in the transcript level of HGF in response to S. oralis.

Cytotoxic and Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Miniscrews Subject to Corrosion in Oral Cell Cultures.

Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of mini-screws subject to corrosion in oral cells culture. To analysis the products of corrosion of three different commercial orthodontic mini-screws and evaluate the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effects in culture with human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFs) and human osteoblast-like bone surface cells (HBCs). An experimental in vitro study was carried out with 3 different type of mini-screws: Vector-Tas®, Forestadent ORTHOEasy®, Bio-Ray® (n = 30/gp). The samples were subjected to accelerated corrosion for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, which were observed with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. The corrosion products were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry. The direct and indirect cytotoxicity was tested in culture with HGFs and HBCs, cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The pro-inflammatory effect was determined by the expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with the ELISA test. The data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilks normality tests, paired t-tests and Tukey's post hoc ANOVA. The mini-screw topography showed significant morphological changes after corrosion. The main ions after corrosion were Al, Ti, and Fe. Corrosion products by direct and indirect contact with cells slightly reduced (P < 0.05) cell viability, considered non-cytotoxic. The expression of PGE2 was not increased by the presence of the corrosion products even in a previous pro-inflammatory state. The corrosion products were not cytotoxic and did not induce a pro-inflammatory state in culture with HGFs and HBCs.

Physical and biological implications of accelerated aging on stereolithographic additive-manufactured zirconia for dental implant abutment.

This study aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of accelerated aging on the physical and biological features of zirconia manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) and conventional subtractive manufacturing (SM) with similar composition. Both the DLP- and SM-fabricated zirconia samples (7 mm × 7.5 mm × 1.5 mm) were grouped according to aging (134 °C, 0.2 MPa, 100% humidity) times, including 0 h, 5 h, and 10 h. Phase assemblage and surface topography of zirconia manufactured by different technologies were evaluated before and after aging. The biological effects of zirconia on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell events, including cell viability, proliferation, morphology and adhesion, were also evaluated by live/dead viability assay, cck-8 assay, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy respectively. The DLP-fabricated zirconia showed a higher initial cubic phase content and rate of phase transformation than the SM-fabricated zirconia. Among the different aging time-based groups, the 5 h-aged group exhibited significantly lower sub-micron scale surface roughness compared with the other groups. Aging did not significantly alter cellular behavior in any zirconia type, except for minor changes in adhesive cell numbers recorded in an aging time/culturing time-dependent manner. In addition to small differences in cell alignment patterns and overall cell morphology, the two zirconia types presented comparable biological performance before and after aging. Although the microstructure and surface characteristics of DLP-fabricated zirconia can be affected by autoclave aging, this newly manufactured zirconia is likely to maintain desirable long-term biocompatibility as an implant abutment material.

Comparative Toxicological In Vitro and In Ovo Screening of Different Orthodontic Implants Currently Used in Dentistry.

Selecting the most biocompatible orthodontic implant available on the market may be a major challenge, given the wide array of orthodontic devices currently available on the market. The latest scientific data have suggested that in vitro evaluations using oral cell lines provide reliable data regarding the toxicity of residual particles released by different types of orthodontic devices. In this regard, the in vitro biocompatibility of three different commercially available implants (stainless steel and titanium-based implants) was assessed. Methods: As an in vitro model, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were employed to evaluate the cellular morphology, cell viability, and cytotoxicity by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays at 24 h and 72 h post-exposure to test implants. Results: The results correlate the composition and topography of the implant surface with biological experimental evaluations related to directly affected cells (gingival fibroblasts) and toxicological results on blood vessels (hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay). The stainless steel implant exhibits a relative cytotoxicity against HGF cells, while the other two samples induced no significant alterations of HGF cells. Conclusion: Among the three test orthodontic implants, the stainless steel implant induced slight cytotoxic effects, thus increased vigilance is required in their clinical use, especially in patients with high sensitivity to nickel.

Fish Bone Derived Bi-Phasic Calcium Phosphate Coatings Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Biomedical Applications.

We report on new biomaterials with promising bone and cartilage regeneration potential, from sustainable, cheap resources of fish origin. Thin films were fabricated from fish bone-derived bi-phasic calcium phosphate targets via pulsed laser deposition with a KrF * excimer laser source (λ = 248 nm, τFWHM ≤ 25 ns). Targets and deposited nanostructures were characterized by SEM and XRD, as well as by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FTIR spectroscopy. Films were next assessed in vitro by dedicated cytocompatibility and antimicrobial assays. Films were Ca-deficient and contained a significant fraction of β-tricalcium phosphate apart from hydroxyapatite, which could contribute to an increased solubility and an improved biocompatibility for bone regeneration applications. The deposited structures were biocompatible as confirmed by the lack of cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cells, making them promising for fast osseointegration implants. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) coatings inhibited the microbial adhesion and/or the subsequent biofilm development. A persistent protection against bacterial colonization (Escherichia coli) was demonstrated for at least 72 h, probably due to the release of the native trace elements (i.e., Na, Mg, Si, and/or S) from fish bones. Progress is therefore expected in the realm of multifunctional thin film biomaterials, combining antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties for advanced implant coatings and nosocomial infections prevention applications.

A high mannose concentration is well tolerated by colorectal adenocarcinoma and melanoma cells but toxic to normal human gingival fibroblast: an in vitro investigation

BackgroundThe primary cause of cancer is gene mutation which allows the growth of abnormal and damaged cells. Nutrition is one of the key factors that either increases or decreases the risk of cancer. Mannose has been found in many fruits such as oranges, apples and berries. Mannose has been linked to increase the risk factors or potential therapeutic for cancers. However, insufficient information is available on the effects of high mannose concentration on the normal and cancer cell lines. This study aimed to evaluate the viability patterns of human cancer and normal cell lines treated with mannose. Human gingival fibroblast (HGF), skin malignant melanoma (A375) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) cell lines were cultured and treated with additional mannose in three respective concentrations: 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. Then, cell viability was measured using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)-assay.ResultsThe HGF cells’ percentage pattern of viability showed a rapid decline of nearly 95% on the third day of treatment. A375 cells were able to survive in high mannose condition as the cell viability percentage was at the highest value on Day 5. Meanwhile, HT29 cells showed declining cell viability pattern when treated with mannose. The data exhibited significance; the p value was less than 0.001.ConclusionsHigh mannose concentration can be toxic to HGF. In addition, A375 is adaptive to mannose at all concentrations in which it shares the same pattern with the untreated group. However, the cell viability pattern for HT29 cell is declining.

Development and in vitro evaluation of gel formulation of atorvastatin solid dispersions

Atorvastatin is a statin group HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor drug that is commonly used to adverse cardiovascular events and to lower blood total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In recent years, atorvastatin has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity and also inhibit degeneration of periodontal collagen fibers in periodontal diseases. However, the solubility of atorvastatin in water is very low (0.1 mg mL−1), which results in reduced bioavailability. In order to enhance its solubility, we have prepared solid dispersions (SDs) of atorvastatin at different drug: polymer ratios (1:9 and 1:12), using different polymers (polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), Pluronic F-68 (PL F-68), chitosan and preparation methods (co-evaporation, melting, co-grinding and kneading). The characterization of the SDs was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Further, the atorvastatin SDs were incorporated into chitosan gel at 2% concentration, intended for local application in treatment of periodontal disease. The viscosity and bioadhesive property of the gels were measured, and in vitro drug release studies were performed. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the formulations was performed using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alfa induced human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells. Proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3) levels were measured following application of the formulations. A significant increase in solubility was achieved with the SDs. The highest solubility was obtained with Pluronic F-68 using co-evaporation method at 1:12 ratio (5,55 mg/mL). Chitosan gels incorporated with SDs of atorvastatin exhibited suitable viscosity and bioadhesive property for high retention time of the drug at the application site. The drug release from the gels incorporated with SDs of atorvastatin was found to be higher than that of crystalline atorvastatin in chitosan gels. Decrease in cytokine levels was observed to be enhanced with the with SDs incorporated into chitosan gel, indicating higher anti-inflammatory activity. The preparation method used for SDs was found to have no significant effect on cytokine levels.

Revealing the astragalin mode of anticandidal action.

Due to limited arsenal of systemically available antifungal agents, infections caused by Candida albicans are difficult to treat and the emergence of drug-resistant strains present a major challenge to the clinicians worldwide. Hence further exploration of potential novel and effective antifungal drugs is required. In this study we have explored the potential of a flavonoid, astragalin, in controlling the growth of C. albicans, in both planktonic and biofilm forms by microdilution method; and in regulating the morphological switch between yeast and hyphal growth. Astragalin ability to interfere with membrane integrity, ergosterol synthesis and its role in the regulation of genes encoding for efflux pumps has been addressed. In our study, astragalin treatment produced good antimicrobial and significant antibiofilm activity. Anticandidal activity of astragalin was not related to ERG11 downregulation, neither to direct binding to CYP51 enzyme nor was linked to membrane ergosterol assembly. Instead, astragalin treatment resulted in reduced expression of CDR1 and also affected cell membrane integrity without causing cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblast cells. Considering that astragalin-mediated decreased expression of efflux pumps increases the concentration of antifungal drug inside the fungal cells, a combinatorial treatment with this agent could be explored as a novel therapeutic option for candidiasis.

Viability Test of Water Hyacinth Leaf Extract (Eichornia Crassipes) on Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by colonization of bacteria that affects softtissues and hard tissues that support the teeth, inflammation and rejuvenation of alveolar bone are signsof periodontal disease. Fibroblast also play a role in producing and maintaining extracellular matrix, cellproliferation and cell differentiation in response to prolonged tissue injury and chronic inflammation. Thecomponents of water hyacinth are very beneficial for health such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins.This study aimed to determine the concentration of EcengGondok leaf extract which can maintain theviability of human gingival fibroblast cells for 24 hours. The method human gingival primary cell culturewas harvested, placed on a 96-well microplate. Each well on the microplate was given water hyacinth leafextract with a concentration of 1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml, 0.125 mg/ml, 0.0625 mg/ml, 0.0312 mg/ml, 0.0156 mg/ml for 24 hours. MTT assay was carried out by adding MTT solution after24 hours of incubation. Formazan optical density values are read by ELISA reader with a wavelength of590 nm, viability is obtained by calculating the viability formula. Results are viability of human gingivalfibroblast cells was good starting in the treatment group 0.125 mg/ml, 0.0625 mg/ml, 0.0312 mg/ml and0.0156 mg/ml. Conclusion the highest viability of human gingival fibroblast cells in the treatment group of0.0156 mg/ml was 75.98%.

Viability Test of the Gourami Scales Collagen Extract (Osphronemus Goramy) on the Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells

Background: Periodontal disease is a pathological inflammatory condition of the periodontal tissueswhich surround the teeth, including Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGF). HGF regeneration is throughthe accelerating proliferation of tissue engineering therapy needs. Generally, the tissue engineering usesregenerative materials from cow or pig as the therapies, but these materials have some flaws. Thereby,this research aims to find the alternative materials regenerative tissue engineering scaffold collagen type1 derived from the gourami fish scales. This research is also conducted to test the viability of fish scalescollagen gourami against the Human Gingival Fibroblasts for 24 hours.Objective: To determine the concentration of fish scale collagen gourami which can maintain the viabilityof human gingival fibroblast cells for 24 hours.Method: HGF is taken from the healthy gingiva and planted in 96 well plates. Fish scales collagen gouramiwith a concentration of 0.32 mg/ml, 0.16 mg/ml, 0.04 mg/ml, 0.02 mg/ml and 0.01 mg/ml were added toeach well and incubated during 24 hours. MTT Assay is performed to see the viability of fibroblast cells.Results: The viability of HGF were increased after the addition of fish scales collagen gourami on theconcentration 0.32 mg/ml until 0.01 mg/ml. The viability of the cells after the addition of fish scale collagengourami was shown above 100%.Conclusion: Fish scales collagen gourami has the potential in tissue engineering and the concentration of0.01 mg/ml shows the highest viability of HGF.

Therapeutic effects of antibiotics loaded cellulose nanofiber and \u03ba-carrageenan oligosaccharide composite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that can lead to the periodontal pocket formation and tooth loss. This study was aimed to develop antimicrobials loaded hydrogels composed of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (CO) nanoparticles for the treatment of periodontitis. Two antimicrobial agents such as surfactin and Herbmedotcin were selected as the therapeutic agents and the hydrogels were formulated based on the increasing concentration of surfactin. The proposed material has high thermal stability, controlled release, and water absorption capacity. This study was proceeded by investigating the in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydrogels. This material has strong antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and a decrease in biofilm formation and metabolic activity of the bacteria was observed in the presence of hydrogel. Besides, it reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, transcription factor, and cytokines production in human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) under inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, the hydrogels were successfully developed and proven to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for the treatment of periodontitis. Thus, it can be used as an excellent candidate for periodontitis treatment.

Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation in vitro and on human dentine by silver nanoparticles/carboxymethyl-cellulose composites

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a silver nanoparticles/carboxymethyl-cellulose (AgNPs/CMC) composite on in vitro and dentine disc heterogeneous biofilms. DesignAgNPs/CMC composite effect on normal human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) viability was determined by the MTT reduction assay. In addition, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs/CMC composite on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum growth in vitro and heterogeneous biofilms, as well as dentine disc biofilms. ResultsQuasi-spherical AgNPs/CMC composites, with a mean 22.3 nm particle-size were synthesized. They were not toxic to HGF cells at concentrations tested that were antimicrobial, however they caused significant cytotoxicity (89 %, p < 0.05) at concentrations > 15 μg/mL. In vitro, they inhibited up to 67 %, 66 %, and 96 % C. albicans, E. faecalis, and F. nucleatum growth at concentrations ranging from 1.2 μg/mL to 9.6 μg/mL, as compared with untreated control. We also demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) 58 % biofilm reduction by 4.8 μg/mL AgNPs/CMC composite on human dentine discs. ConclusionAgNPs/CMC composite showed anti biofilm activity on monocultures, heterogenous cultures, and dentine discs, resulting a potentially effective alternative to prevent and eliminate infections after endodontic treatment.

Combinatorial Effect of Cold Atmosphere Plasma (CAP) and the Anticancer Drug Cisplatin on Oral Squamous Cell Cancer Therapy.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been extensively investigated in the local treatment of cancer due to its potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in biological systems. In this study, we examined the synergistic effect of combination of CAP and cisplatin-mediated chemotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro. SCC-15 OSCC cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) cells were treated with cisplatin, and then, the cells were irradiated with CAP. Following this, viability and apoptosis behavior of the cells were investigated. The viability of SCC-15 cells was inhibited by cisplatin with a dose-dependent manner and CAP treatment time. HGF-1 cells also showed decreased viability by treatment with cisplatin and CAP. Combination of 1 μM cisplatin plus 3 min of CAP treatment or 3 μM cisplatin plus 1 min of CAP treatment showed a synergistic anticancer effect with appropriate cytotoxicity against normal cells. ROS generation and dead cell staining were also increased by the increase in CAP treatment time. Furthermore, tumor-suppressor proteins and apoptosis-related enzymes also increased according to the treatment time of CAP. We showed the synergistic effect of cisplatin and CAP treatment against SCC-15 cells with low cytotoxicity against normal cells.

Streptococcus mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy through sonocatalytic performance of Curcumin-Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) on off-target cells.

To assessed the Streptococcus mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (SACT) by Curcumin-Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) nanoparticles (Cur-PLGA-NPs). Cur-PLGA-NPs were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as, determination of in vitro drug release. Following the successful synthesis and characterization of Cur-PLGA-NPs, the cell survival, intracellular ROS production, apoptotic effects, DNA fragmentation, and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells as off-target cells through S. mutans bystander-induced bioeffects following SACT (BCSS). No significant cytotoxic and damage caused by the release of ROS from BCSS were observed in HGF cells (P > 0.05). There was no DNA fragmentation and anti-proliferation effects on HGF cells. The expression levels of bFGF, TNF-α, and IL-8 genes were increased after exposure to BCSS to 15.4-, 13.5-, and 8.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.05), while TGF-ß and IL-10 were downregulated to -4.1- and -6.8-fold, respectively (P < 0.05). It could be concluded that there were no bystander bioeffects of targeted sonocatalytic stress on off-target cells.

Assessment of the Photobiomodulation Effect of a Blue Diode Laser on the Proliferation and Migration of Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells: A Preliminary In Vitro Study

Introduction: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) is emerging as an effective strategy for the management of wound healing. The application of red and near infra-red light sources in laser therapy has been the subject of most researches in recent literature. Considering the lack of sufficient evidence in assessing the blue light in PBM, we aimed to investigate the photobiomodulation effect of a blue diode laser on the proliferation and migration of cultured human gingival fibroblast cells as a preliminary in vitro study. Methods: Human gingival fibroblast cells were irradiated with a blue diode laser at a 445 nm wavelength. Irradiation was done using three different powers of 200 mW (irradiation times of 5, 10,15, and 20 seconds); 300 mW (irradiation times of 5, 10, and 15 seconds); and 400 mW (irradiation times of 5 and 10 seconds). The fibroblast cells without laser exposure were considered as control. After 24 hours of incubation, the MTT assay and the wound scratch test were performed on the cells to investigate the biomodulation effect of the blue laser on the proliferation and migration of the cells respectively. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test with a P value <0.05 as a statistical significance level. Results: PBM with blue diode laser at power densities of 400 mW/cm2 with irradiation times of 10 and 15 seconds corresponding to energy densities of 4 and 6 J/cm2 exerted the statistically significant positive effect on both proliferation and migration of gingival fibroblast cells. Conclusion: Considering the encouraging findings of this study, PBM with blue diode laser can promote proliferation and migration of human gingival fibroblasts, the key cells involved in the process of oral wound healing.

Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner

Less invasive removal approaches have been recommended for deep caries lesions. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and propolis nanoparticle (PNP) are highlighted for the caries management plan. Evidence is lacking for an additive effect of combination PNP with photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT. This study aimed to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of chlorophyllin-phycocyanin mixture (PhotoActive+) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as PSs in combination with PNP in the aPDT process (aPDTplus) against major important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Following characterization, biocompatibility of the PSs alone, or in combination with PNP were investigated on human gingival fibroblast cell. The in vitro synergy of PhotoActive+ or TBO and PNP was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The bacteria's virulence properties were surveyed in the presence of the PSs, individually as well as in combination. When the PSs were examined in combination (synergistic effect, FIC Index < 0.5), a stronger growth inhibitory activity was exhibited than the individual PSs. The biofilm formation, as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, showed greater suppression when the PSs were employed in combination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the combination of PhotoActive+ or TBO with PNP with the least cytotoxicity effects and the highest antimicrobial activites would improve aPDT outcomes, leading to synergistic effects and impairing the virulence of S. mutans.