Human Error Factors Research Articles

Linking Implementation of Public Policy and Pilot Airmanship to Flight Safety in Indonesia: A Structural Equation Model

Background: Although the flight accident rate in Indonesia has declined, several accidents still occur every year. In Indonesia, there are several major factors that can affect flight accidents, such as human error, policy aspect, limited facilities, and technological factors. Aims: The present study examines the relationship between the implementation of public policy and pilots’ airmanship and flight safety in Indonesia. Methods: Questionnaires with 171 questions about airmanship, flight safety, and public policy were distributed to 270 randomly selected Indonesian commercial pilots. A structural equation model was used to test the hypothesis model concerning the implementation of public policy, pilots’ airmanship, and flight safety. Results: The empirical results strongly support the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between behavior, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy and airmanship; a significant relationship between pilots’ airmanship and the implementation of public policies; and a significant relationship between the implementation of public policy and aviation safety.

Group Cycling Meets Technology: A Cooperative Cycling Cyber-Physical System

The initiatives of cycling infrastructure enhancements around the world reveal a consistent interest in promoting cycling to transition toward sustainable lifestyles and safe multi-modal commuting. Accordingly, proposals for cyber-physical systems for smart cycling are also growing, providing solutions to make cycling a safer and better experience for cyclists. However, most existent solutions address single cyclist problems rather than group cycling issues. It is evident that further work is needed to improve safety and comfort for groups of cyclists traveling on busy urban bicycle paths or dedicated bicycle highways. In this paper, we position the concept of technology-assisted cooperative cycling. We introduce a platoon-based cyclist cooperative system that provides safe and efficient coordination for groups of cyclists. We present the results of an experimental prototype tested on real cyclists as well as comprehensive simulations that test the performance of our solution in different scenarios. We demonstrate that our system is feasible to implement and tolerates the human error factor while it is still able to achieve a constant spacing policy. Coordinated platoons of bicycles can be extremely useful to maximize the positive impact of green waves of traffic lights for cyclists and can be extended to groups of two-wheeled vehicles, including mopeds and self-balanced electric vehicles.

A deteriorating inventory model for determining optimal replenishment run time with failure rework and shortage

Many researchers focused on economic production quantity model for defective/deteriorating items under the assumptions (a) all the defective items can be reproduced as serviceable items (b) all the deteriorating items can be detached from inventory through screening process (c) shortages are not permitted. In an actual manufacturing environment, due to controllable or uncontrollable factors, some of the defective items may not be reproduced as serviceable items and due to human error or other factors, the internally deteriorated items may pass on to customers which will make negative impact on corporate image. This paper investigates an imperfect production inventory model with imperfect inspection of deteriorating items and failure rework under finite planning horizon. This system consists of m replenishment runs with failure rework and shortage. The main objective is to determine the optimal replenishment run time, optimal economic production quantity and optimal replenishment cycle time with the aim of minimising the total cost of the model. A solution procedure with an algorithm is proposed and a numerical example is provided to the theoretical results and to highlight the managerial insights.

ПРОЦЕДУРА ОЦЕНКИ СТЕПЕНИ ДОВЕРИЯ ЭКСПЕРТУ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗАДАЧИ ВОЗРАСТНОГО КАТЕГОРИРОВАНИЯ ВЕБ-КОНТЕНТА

Currently the solution of a set of tasks is impossible without using expert procedures. At the same time, some of them require the involvement of the great number of experts, increasing the probability of human factor errors, fabrication and falsification of expert assessments. There has been suggested the method of obtaining the quantitative assessment of the degree of trust to experts, which allows to improve the quality and accuracy of the expert procedures. The developed method helps to consider both the established reputation of the expert and his reaction in the course of the expertise. The description and examples of calculations of key indicators involved in the formation of the expert's feedback coefficient (in applying one of the most common expert methods - a survey), such as: duration of filling/answering a question, time difference between answers to the related questions, availability of incorrect answers to trap questions. The adequacy of the method has been confirmed by the results of the computational experiment conducted in a group of 20 experts solving the problem of web resource age categorization. The developed method is amenable to further algorithmization and can be applied in decision support systems for various purposes.

A Fast Calibration Method for Photonic Mixer Device Solid-State Array Lidars.

The photonic mixer device (PMD) solid-state array lidar, as a three-dimensional imaging technology, has attracted research attention in recent years because of its low cost, high frame rate, and high reliability. To address the disadvantages of traditional PMD solid-state array lidar calibration methods, including low calibration efficiency and accuracy, and serious human error factors, this paper first proposes a calibration method for an array complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor photodetector using a black-box calibration device and an electrical analog delay method; it then proposes a modular lens distortion correction method based on checkerboard calibration and pixel point adaptive interpolation optimization. Specifically, the ranging error source is analyzed based on the PMD solid-state array lidar imaging mechanism; the black-box calibration device is specifically designed for the calibration requirements of anti-ambient light and an echo reflection route; a dynamic distance simulation system integrating the laser emission unit, laser receiving unit, and delay control unit is designed to calibrate the photodetector echo demodulation; the checkerboard calibration method is used to correct external lens distortion in grayscale mode; and the pixel adaptive interpolation strategy is used to reduce distortion of distance images. Through analysis of the calibration process and results, the proposed method effectively reduces the calibration scene requirements and human factors, meets the needs of different users of the lens, and improves both calibration efficiency and measurement accuracy.

Are "virtual" paediatric weight estimation studies valid?

Introduction“Virtual” studies account for nearly one-third of all published weight estimation articles, but the validity of these virtual studies has never been evaluated. It is important to establish this validity in order to decide whether the results of these studies can be applied to real-world usage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of virtual weight estimates using the Broselow and PAWPER tapes and compare these to actual real-life estimates from the tapes.MethodsVirtual weights were generated for the Broselow and PAWPER tapes using anthropometric data from a sample of 1385 children for whom actual Broselow and PAWPER tape weights were available. The accuracy of the virtual and real-life estimates was compared against each child’s actual weight. The agreement of the virtual and real estimates was also evaluated.ResultsThe percentage of weight estimates within 10% of actual weight were 57.9% and 59.3% for the real and virtual Broselow tapes respectively and 76.6% and 78.4% for the real and virtual PAWPER tapes respectively. The Cohen’s kappa for the real and virtual Broselow and PAWPER tapes was 0.65 and 0.64 respectively, which indicated substantial agreement.ConclusionsThe virtual and real weight estimates had very similar accuracy outcomes for both tapes in this study. However, if virtual studies are used, they should be followed by real-life studies in order to assess the impact of human and patient factor errors on the accuracy of the weight estimation systems.

Crew Resource Management for Large Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations

The author explored the application of crew resource management (CRM) principles to commercial flight operations conducted by large unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Currently, there is no regulatory structure governing the operation of large UAS in commercial flight operations. However, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) forecasted the future by demonstrating the feasibility of large remotely piloted UAS flight in June 2018 by flying Ikhana, a modified MQ-9 Predator B aircraft, over a 415-mile route in Class A and in Class E airspace over southern California (Kooser, 2018). Ikhana is a 10,500-pound aircraft with a wingspan of 66 feet capable of climbing to 40,000 feet. In order to establish the viability of CRM as an element of a safety management system to mitigate human factors errors, the research used a cross-case analysis by Neff (2016) of four large UAS accidents to derive a ranked list of the eight most prevalent hard-skill and soft-skill human errors identified as causal to the accidents. An additional study of five Indian Air Force UAS accidents by Sharma and Chakravarti (2005) was referenced and listed eight primarily soft-skill human factors contributing factors. The author applied a CRM teamwork centered template using communications and workload management inputs and situational awareness and threat and error management outputs to analyze and propose mitigations to the contributing human factors errors. The author concluded that a safety management system incorporating CRM principles and supported by appropriate leadership philosophy, policies, procedures, and best practices is an essential element to combat human factors errors and facilitate safe integration of large commercial UAS flight operations into joint use national airspace.

A STUDY OF HUMAN ERROR FACTORS ON MARITIME ACCIDENT RATES IN MARITIME INDUSTRY

Human error is the result of human actions. It is an actual action in daily life that could cause an accident and an intentional infringement. The purpose of this research is to analyse three factors of human error, namely fatigue, communication, and lack of technical knowledge as the major contributors to the occurrence of accidents. In addition, it seeks to determine the relationship between these factors and accidents in the maritime industry. A number of 60 respondents from an oil and gas company, and a government agency located in Lumut, Perak, Malaysia participated in this research. The results show a strong positive relationship between the human factors which include fatigue, communication, and lack of knowledge towards the maritime accident rates. Among the three, the lack of technical knowledge is the highest contributing factor which could seriously cause accidents in the maritime industry.

Analisis Kualitas Produk Dengan Menggunakan Metode FMEA dan Fault Tree Analisys (FTA) Di Exotic UKM Intako

Small and medium business of industrial bags and suitcases intako located in tanggulangin sidoarjo is a center producing varrious products such as bags, suitcases, and jacket in exotic store. Along with the increasing amount of production it must be coupled with the improvement of quality in order to be able to meet customer satisfaction. But in production activities often experience some obtacles one of them is product defect caused by human error and engine factor. This study uses the method Failure Mode and Effect Analysys (FMEA) to identify each stage of the process and the method Failure Tree Analisys (FTA) to find the root couse of failure . there are 6 potential failures ot the 4 production process of making bags with the highest RPN value such as sewing machine often having trouble with the value of RPN 504 and there are 12 basic event of FTA tree error depiction affecting product quality in exotic UKM intako.

Multi-objective open shop scheduling by considering human error and preventive maintenance

This study presents an open shop scheduling model by considering human error and preventive maintenance. The proposed mathematical model takes into account conflicting objective functions including makespan, human error and machine availability. In order to find the optimum scheduling, human error, maintenance and production factors are considered, simultaneously. Human error is measured by Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART). Three metaheuristic methods including non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm II (SPEA-II) are developed to find near-optimal solution. The Taguchi method is applied by adjusting parameters of metaheuristic algorithms. Several illustrative examples and a real case study (auto spare parts manufacturer) are applied to show the applicability of the multi-objective mixed integer nonlinear programming model. The proposed approach of this study may be used for similar open shop problems with minor modifications.

Perancangan dan Analisis dari Automation Gasket Assembling Machine untuk Pengurangan Jumlah Tenaga Kerja

<p>Manufacturing process need lot of man power for assembling parts process, but every year minimum of basic salary for man power always increase, however price product to customer increase not significant same as basic salary increase. Therefore management must think how to solve this problem, because if there is no counter measure profit, the company will face loss. There are at least three ways to counter measure this condition: first is by changing manual process for part assembling using automation system, second is to get the import parts from local supplier, and third is change import consumable tool to local supplier. This paper will explain about the process and impact of changing manual proses in gasket part assembling to full automatic gasket part assembling with new automatic machine. This machine using programmable logic controller (PLC), where all process which was done by man power will change to mechanical structure, so this process will change to automatic process. At the end, this process can reduce the need for man power and give effect to the reduction of direct labor cost also to be about 9,2 million rupiah in one shift production/month, however this nominal will fluctuate due to the number of total production quantity/month. Anothe effect with the use of automatic machine for quality process level is the increase of product quality level development because all item process check will be done by 100% sensor check, so the human error factor will be eliminated by using full automatic gasket assembling machine.<br />Keywords: Increasing of salary, average minimum salary, Automation process, man power reduction, decreased of direct labor cost, PLC system control.</p>

Development taxonomy of human risk factors for corporate sustainability in aviation sector

PurposeContemporary management and strategy mean optimization of ingredient factors such as human factors, systems, operations and equipment. With system approach in management and strategy, human risk factor as input has considerable potential to change results as airworthiness in aviation management. The managers of aviation business also optimize their functions to act safe while making contribution to development in triple of sustainability as economic development and its sustainability; social development and its sustainability; and environmental development and its sustainability. Corporate sustainability can be accomplished via supporting workforce which is the human risk factor. To support (empowerment) workforce, researchers should identify human risk or error factors which are important to this research. The purpose of this study is to suggest holistic framework for working environment system of aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) within two respects such as human performance (ergonomics) and corporate performance (sustainability). The secondary purpose of this system is to develop human risk taxonomy by determining the factors affecting both human and work by taking ergonomic aspects in aviation.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a taxonomy of human risk factors for AMTs is developed. These human factors divided into groups and subfactors are obtained from an extensive literature review and experts’ opinions in the field of human performance in aviation. Taxonomy developed will be useful to both sharing and using corporate sources in sustainable way.FindingsHuman risk factors can be considered or accepted as factors that cause human error. This may result in the optimum way to managing human risk factor via minimizing human-based error. Personality, hazardous attitudes, individual characteristics, physical/psychological condition of AMTs and corporate social responsibility factors are human-related risk variables in this study. The risks and error can be reduced by recognizing these factors and revealing their relation to ergonomic design.Originality/valueThe results of this study are intended to constitute a guide for managers to manage risk factors and to take corrective and preventive actions for their maintenance operations. It is believed that this study is highly important for the aviation sector in terms of raising awareness or providing awareness for similar practices. As taxonomy of the risk factors contributes to the managing human error, corrective actions related to these factors must be taken by managers.

The examination of humic substances in soils and composts with high organic content with different methods

The organic materials, especially the complex structural humic substances are acid-characteristic polymers which are key elements of soils. Despite their relatively small quantity, humic substances have beneficial effects on soil nutrient management, development of optimal soil structure, regulation of soil temperature, and proper water management.
 The application of the UV-VIS spectrophotometry for describing humic substances in soils and determining of humifical state is nowadays a widespread method. The E4/E6 procedure (which were determined between 465 and 665 nm wavelength) and the Hargitai-method (the extinction of extracts measured between 400 and 750 nm at 9 wavelength) are procedures that have become the general tool for determining the quality of humic matters because of its easy accessibility and smaller need of instrumentations. Nevertheless, their usefulness has been criticized in scientific communities because of the high human error factor and the technical limitations of the simpler spectrophotometric instruments. Nowadays the spreading light scattering photometric examinations using lasers as the Static Light Scattering (SLS) or the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) could be a new way of measuring the quality of the humic matters.
 This study is based on the examination of different quality soil and compost samples which were extracted from different Hungarian sites like Trizs, Szárítópuszta and Csobánc. Additionally, not only the soils and composts were analyzed but also any soil conditioners (biochar, bone charcoal) which were applied and affected their properties.
 The main goal of the research was to measure the soil and compost samples with the E4/E6 and the Hargitai-method and with also using Zetasizer Nano ZS device that could lead to more detailed results about the weight and the size of the humic molecules.
 Based on the summarized analytic results the outcomes of the E4/E6 procedure is applicable for drawing relevant conclusion regarding the humic quality of the given sample. On the contrary, the applied Hargitai-method has not proved to be effective. Although the measurement of the molecule’s size and weight with the Zetasizer Nano ZS device has brought out exciting results and displayed similarities with the E4/E6 outcomes, only it’s tendencies proved to be informative because of its methodological background.

CONTROL RESEARCH AND AUTOMATION OF STOCHASTIC DEVIATIONS IN ORGANISATIONAL MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS SYSTEMS

Objectives. The identification of deviations and incidents in the activities of enterprises is an integral part of the entire process of compliance with regulatory industry standards. In particular, these standards include good manufacturing practices (GMP) and the system of corrective and preventive actions (CAPA). The aim of the research is to automate the processes of identifying deviations and determining the probable causes of their occurrence in complex stochastic systems. Methods. Questions concerning the modeling of compliance processes with industry standards are studied on the example of the organisational management of pharmaceutical production. A method is proposed for the automated realisation of deviation from identification processes based on the processing of unstructured messages, the automatic generation of characteristic control parameters and a comparison of registered values with normative ones. The problem of detecting the primary cause of deviations is considered on the basis of the algorithm for processing the cause-effect relationships and probabilistic values of the relationship between the different defined groups of deviations. Results. Based on the proposed method of machine detection and identification of deviations, the information management system of CAPA procedures has been developed and successfully implemented at several enterprises within the pharmaceutical industry. The feature of the proposed method is the principle of system self-development based on the processing of “historical” data, which allows the probabilistic values of the relationship between the different groups of deviations to be dynamically calculated. This in turn allowed decisions on the implementation of changes according to the expert reports generated by the information system to be quickly and accurately taken by quality specialists. The generation of the electronic production dossier has significantly reduced the time of production protocol preparation and eliminated human factor errors. Conclusion. The full-cycle automation of CAPA procedure management allowed the enterprises to solve the primary task of continuous compliance with industry standards due to timely detection of deviations or deviation trends and promptly carrying out corrective and preventive actions to eliminate inconsistencies.

The Impact of Human Error in the Use of Agricultural Tractors: A Case Study Research in Vineyard Cultivation in Italy

Recently, standards and regulations concerning occupational safety have become more and more rigorous. Nevertheless, the number of accidents and victims has not decreased significantly, as reported by official statistics. In Italy, the agricultural sector is certainly one of the most affected by this situation, especially taking into account the occurrence of serious injuries and fatalities related to the use of tractors. The main reasons for such a situation can be ascribed to the peculiarities of agricultural operations. Therefore, when analyzing the root causes of agricultural accidents, a user-centered approach is needed in order to make the development of health and safety interventions easier and more effective. Based on this, the present paper proposes a practical case study research focused on integrating the factor of human error into the risk assessment procedures of agricultural activities in vineyard cultivation. Such an approach allowed us to consider the impact of human error—while performing work activities (e.g., the use of a tractor)—on hazards and related hazardous events in a thorough manner. The proposed approach represents a novelty in the sector of the safety assessment of agricultural activities, providing a first valuable basis for further analysis and implementation by researchers and practitioners.

Application of HFACS, fuzzy TOPSIS, and AHP for identifying important human error factors in emergency departments in Taiwan

In previous studies, the frequency of error factors associated with medical adverse events seems to be the only criterion for understanding the distribution of error factors in hospitals. However, the types of error that occur most frequently in hospitals are not necessarily the most important. Therefore, this study integrated human error analysis and fuzzy TOPSIS to reconcile this discrepancy. The purpose of the study is to identity the important human error factors in emergency departments (ED) in Taiwan. Human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) was used to analyze 35 ED adverse events to define the error factors. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods such as analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were applied to evaluate the importance of error factors. Results showed that decision errors, crew resource management, inadequate supervision, and resource management were the important human error factors related to ED adverse events. This study recommends that MCDM should be applied to further analyze the results based on the criteria.

The effects of a moving environment on postural control and task performance during manual materials handling, visual tracking and arithmetic tasks

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of cognitive tasks and manual materials handling in a moving environment. Specifically, we were interested in how task performance, postural control and lower limb muscle activation changed when tasks were performed in motion compared to no motion conditions. The motion trials were performed on a MOOG 2000E that created a 5-degree of freedom simulated environment. The tasks examined were a lifting task, a mental arithmetic task and a visual tracking task. Results of this experiment indicated that two outcome measures of a visual tracking task (time to task completion and performance errors) were negatively affected by motion, while arithmetic task performance was unaffected. Additionally, postural control was not affected by the presence of motion in the two cognitive tasks. Lifting was the only task where postural control appeared to be negatively affected as participants exhibited significant increases in lower limb muscle activation and non-significant increases in number of steps taken. The significant increase in time to completion and errors suggest that workers performing visual tracking type tasks in an offshore environment may be more prone to committing human factors errors. Furthermore, the results suggest that the risk of falls and injury due to loss of balance may be highest in workers regularly performing lifting tasks as this was the only instance where task performance in a moving environment negatively impacted postural control. These findings were attributed to greater demands placed on the postural control system when lifting during the motion condition. This study provides ergonomists with a resource they can use to better appreciate the risks associated with performance of job related tasks in a moving environment.

Analysis of Railway Travel Safety Perceptions of Machinist Work Stress in Yogyakarta Tugu Station

The availability of qualified human resources will affect the safety of rail travel. Guaranteed safety of this trip materialized from the minimum number of train accidents that occurred. In identifying the causes of train accidents, the human error factor is largely the main cause. This is what causes human resources to become an important concern in the operation of trains. Data were collected by using questionnaires consisting of perception questionnaire on railway safety and work stress. Interviews were used to complete the questionnaire results. Data analysis was done by regression analysis to know the influence of safety perception to work stress. The results showed that 77% of the respondents had low safety perception, while the other 23% had high perception of safety. As many as 70% of machinists have high work stress, while 30% have low work stress. Safety perception proved to be related to work stress experienced by machinist. This is indicated by a variable of -, 338 which states that the relationship between perception of safety proved to have a relationship with job stress of 0.338 with a negative relationship. This relationship analysis is evidenced by Pearson Correlation. Regression analysis obtained correlation coefficient of 0.114 which states that 11.4% work stress is influenced by the perception of safety

Evaluating the Impacts of The Internet of Things to Reduce Runway Incursions: Understanding the Why, How, And When - Part 1

This main objective or the outcome expected out of this research is to enhance the safety on the AOA by investigating the use of automated technology to reduce the potential of a runway incursion event caused by vehicle and pedestrian deviation (VPD), pilot deviations (PD), operational incidents (OI), and other occurrences. Moreover, this research seeks to use statistical analysis to examine human causal elements, also called human factor errors. Incursion or incorrect presence of an aircraft in this runway posses a serious threat to the oncoming as well as outgoing air traffic and need to be analyzed and addressed. By gaining an understanding into why these runway incursions happen will give us insight on how to prevent them.

Control of fixed-wing UAV at levelling phase using artificial intelligence

The increase in the share of fly-by-wire and software controlled UAV is explained by the need to release the human-operator and the desire to reduce the degree of influence of the human factor errors that account for 26% of aircraft accidents. An important reason for the introduction of new control algorithms is also the high level of UAV failures due loss of communication channels and possible hacking. This accounts for 17% of the total number of accidents. The comparison with manned flights shows that the frequency of accidents of unmanned flights is 27,000 times higher. This means that the UAV has 1611 failures per million flight hours and only 0.06 failures at the same time for the manned flight. In view of that, this paper studies the flight autonomy of fixed-wing UAV at the levelling phase. Landing parameters of the UAV are described. They will be used to setup a control scheme for an autopilot based on fuzzy logic algorithm.