Human Conflict Research Articles

Intensity of Human Wild Boar Conflict with Special Reference to Agriculture in Kanamala Forest Fringes, Western Ghats Kerala, India

Intensity of Human Wild Boar Conflict with Special Reference to Agriculture in Kanamala Forest Fringes, Western Ghats Kerala, India

Exorcising angry deities and spirits of the dead: Spiritual and earthly battles of married women in Uttarakhand (India)

Ethnographic analysis of the two main exorcistic practices in which married women are involved in Garhwal (India) shows that the theme of domestic conflict is central to both rituals. Addressing classical debates in anthropology about possession, this text raises two main questions: are these practices forms of feminine resistance to patriarchal social rules? And what is the notion of the person and her or his action in the world underlying these practices? Although these rituals may sometimes bring benefits to the women participating in them, women do not seem to perceive themselves nor to act as individuals who are resisting social structures, but more as part of collective networks of human and spiritual persons. As for the effects of these rituals, they are geared towards the preservation of family unity. This is achieved by the fact that, while evoking human conflict, these ritual devices subordinate it to the problem of divine conflict. Yet these practices do not only have an integrative function vis-à-vis conflicts that potentially endanger the family unit, but they also firmly establish the position of married women and their irreplaceability in the fabric of social life. Being close to the deities of their natal villages and easily affected by spirits of the dead, married women have an essential role in mediating with them and therefore in building and preserving the network of human and non-human beings on which the well-being of the family depends.

BAGAIMANA MUKA DIWUJUDKAN DALAM INTERAKSI KOMUNIKASI PADA PERTUNJUKAN WAYANG SUKURAGA

<p>This research aims at describing how face expresses in communication interaction in wayang sukuraga show. The show which presents the theme of human conflict internally, namely the conflicts part of body between figure and figure such as eyes, mouth, ears, nose, hand, and foot will have a certain offering of face whether positive face or negative face. Positive face expresses in: (1) regretting to what happen; (2) want to be liked; (3) confessing on profession; and (4) want to be known by other. Meanwhile negative face expresses in: (1) freedom to choose by his/herself; (2) freedom to see; (3) freedom to take; and (4) order to find out. The Research applied qualitative descriptive method with pragmatics approach. The data was obtained from video of wayang sukuraga show. Data collection applied <em>simak</em> method. The technique applied <em>sadap</em> and <em>catat</em>. Qualitative data analysis applied with the step of reduction data, display data, and drawing conclusion. </p><p><em><br /></em><em></em></p>

전염병 서사에서 나타나는 혐오의 변증법: 그레그 베어(Greg Bear)의 다윈 시리즈(Darwin Series)를 중심으로

Greg Bear’s Darwin series consisting of Darwin’s Radio (1999) and its sequel Darwin’s Children (2003) portrays the eschatological crisis caused by an endogenous retrovirus named SHEVA which causes a great pandemonium and disgust among people. This retrovirus triggers speciation by rapidly evolving the next generation in utero but does so in a way that plunges the world into chaos. The rapid outbreak and activation of SHEVA triggers widespread panic and social turmoil, which in turn lead to large-scale acts of violence against the infected. The chaos and resultant cruelty shown in both narratives arouse questions as to the paradoxical principles of disgust. On the surface level, Darwin series depicts how social conflicts derive from disgust among people who project their fear and horror onto the minorities while it also grapples with disgust on an evolutionary dimension. Evoking the possibility of redemption of the human world, creating a counter-discourse to human conflict and disgust. The posthuman existence of Shevites, a new species of humanity, represents the blurred distinction between nature and culture, not to speak of that of human and nonhuman; this post-humanity breaks with Cartesian dualism and thereby demands a new epistemology which presupposes network of human and nonhuman and their interrelatedness, negating anthropocentrism.

The Science of Virtual Culture Wars

Much of today’s geopolitical conflict is taking place online, carried out in significant measure by volunteers, even as governments seek to emphasize information technology cooperation. Computational social scientists have discovered multiple online environments in which to collect relevant statistical data, including Wikipedia pageviews, archives of government research grant abstracts, and behavior in massively multiplayer online war games. Three very different examples of the dynamics of collaboration and conflict provide alternative perspectives: (1) the Pirate Parties that seem to have been an overly ambitious attempt to transform democracy in the Information Age, (2) citizen science that had some success attracting volunteers to donate labor to academic research projects, but generally avoided controversial research projects in areas such as human conflict, and (3) a genre of online role-playing games that emphasized spontaneous organization of volunteer armies to develop skills and resources for victory. Without claiming to offer strict rules for success, this article considers the organizational structures and practical methodologies that might be adapted for achievement of goals by ethical social movements.

INDIGENOUS URBANISMS

AbstractIndigenous urbanism is an analytic and vital experience that captures everyday life and extreme moments of conflict in settler colonies. While highly localized, Indigenous urbanism/s are comparable across time and space. Delivered from different parts of the world, the essays in this collection highlight that Indigenous urbanism is politically, socially and culturally significant not only for Indigenous peoples in cities, but also for urban settlers and non‐Indigenous people of color. While Indigenous urbanisms are foregrounded by settler‐colonial structures and processes, they also underscore the unresolved nature of social relations in cities, and indeed, the unsettled character of the city itself. This introduction briefly sketches the themes and scope of each essay and draws them into conversation. Taken together, this collection illustrates the relational—rather than reactionary—character of Indigenous urbanisms as structure, in and of the (settler) city. Indigenous urbanisms shape cities by engaging with broader categories of human relations, intimate connections, conflict and resistance.

Understanding barriers and benefits to adopting elephant coexistence practices in oil palm plantation landscapes in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah

Oil palm managers are one of the key stakeholders who could help strengthen efforts to protect elephants in the landscape. We used a Theory of Change (ToC) approach to hypothesize potential barriers and benefits to managers adopting best practise. We conducted two workshopss with more than 60 participants to better understand managers’ perceptions of Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) and their willingness to adopt better wildlife management practices. The workshops confirmed that some of the outcomes we perceived in the original ToC, including security issues, false accusations, negative perceptions by the international community and crop damage, were affecting their willingness to promote coexistence in their plantation. However, we also uncovered other potential barriers and opportunities to promote coexistence, including international and national standards that do not provide enough technical and practical guidance for all levels, expensive monitoring costs, and inconsistent collaboration among industry players and between government and non-government agencies. Our initial findings suggest that new attitudes and perceptions have not been explored before and may be critical for manager engagement and adoption of best practices for HEC, as well as the identification of new audiences that would need to be engaged to be successful in achieving elephant conservation goals.

Snow leopard - human conflict as a conservation challenge - a review

Human conflict with large carnivores continues to be a great conservation challenge, and conflict with snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been studied to understand causes and propose mitigation schemes. While the nature of snow leopard-human conflict is similar in most cases, reported studies have been case- and area-specific with mitigation strategies not necessarily based on a synthesis of relevant literature. We reviewed snow leopard literature published from 1970-2020 to identify the main drivers of human-snow leopard conflict (HSLC) and describe conservation and conflict mitigation strategies commonly employed. Based on 47 relevant peer-reviewed articles, review papers, book chapters, project reports, and other grey literature, we identified four major conflict domains: livestock management-related, socio-economic/human-related, ecological, and policy-related. Most articles suggested more than one conflict mitigation scheme. Three conflict mitigation domains – preventive, supportive, and compensatory – were widely reflected in the snow leopard-human conflict literature. The most commonly reported mitigation schemes included: 1) building or predator-proofing corrals; 2) training shepherds and improving livestock guarding; 3) livestock insurance schemes; 4) compensation for livestock predation; 5) capacity building, education, and awareness programs; and 6) improved breeding and use of guard dogs. Future management efforts need to tailor their approach depending on cultural, economic, and ecological circumstances.

Observed and forecasted changes in land use by polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985–2040

Monitoring changes in the distribution of large carnivores is important for managing human safety and supporting conservation. Throughout much of their range, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are increasingly using terrestrial habitats in response to Arctic sea ice decline. Their increased presence in coastal areas has implications for bear-human conflict, inter-species interactions, and polar bear health and survival. We examined observed trends in land use over three decades by polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea (SB) and Chukchi Sea (CS) where bears have traditionally spent most of the year on the sea ice. Using data from 408 adult females fitted with satellite radio-collars, we examined trends in the annual proportion of bears coming onshore (hereafter referred to as “percent of bears”) during the summer for ≥ 21 days, arrival and departure dates, duration spent onshore and relationships with sea ice metrics. We then estimated future land use through 2040 by extrapolating trends and by combining observed relationships between land use and sea ice with projections of future sea ice from an ensemble of earth system models. The observed percent of bears summering onshore and their duration onshore was correlated with the percent of open water that occurred within their population’s range between July and October. As sea ice declined, the percent of bears summering onshore increased from ∼5–30% in the SB and ∼10–50% in the CS and duration onshore increased by > 30 days to 60–70 days in both populations. Using a range of greenhouse gas emission scenarios and adjustments for faster than forecasted sea ice loss we estimated that 50–62% of SB and 79–88% of CS bears will spend 90–108 and 110–126 days onshore during summer in the SB and CS, respectively, by 2040. Sea ice projections varied little between greenhouse gas emission scenarios prior to 2040 but diverged thereafter. Observed and forecasted increases in polar bear land occupancy puts more bears in proximity to human activities and settlements for longer durations while extending the lack of access to their primary prey. Because human conflict is one of the primary factors affecting the conservation of large carnivores worldwide, mitigation of bear-human interactions on land will be an increasingly important component of polar bear conservation.

1960년대 과학소설의 젠더와 이상사회에 대한 사고실험

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the thought experiment on the gender and utopia in Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin and The Perfect Society by Moon Younsung. Both of these novels were published in the 1960s, sharing the topic: gender and utopia. Even if the authors have different cultural and gender backgrounds, they wrote their works under the social background of the 1960s, when the Cold War and the Freedom movements severely conflicted. Besides, more fundamentally speaking, both of them recognized the function of science fiction: thought experiment. By using thought experiment, Le Guin suggests the possibility of accepting cultural and gender diversity. Moon Younsung criticizes the oppressive contemporary Korean society and asserts human conflicts would not be eradicated without accepting diversity.

Determining baselines and trends of Eastern chimpanzees and forest elephants in a Central African protected area after civil strife

Protected areas are crucial to safeguard Sub-Saharan Africa’s extraordinary and abundant megafauna. In many of these areas, instability has derailed conservation efforts and impeded adequate wildlife monitoring. Discovered in 2004, Eastern chimpanzees are found in the Central Uele Basin in northern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) within the Bili-Uéré Protected Areas Complex (BUPAC), the largest contiguous protected area in the country. BUPAC is threatened by habitat destruction, mining, wild meat trade, and insecurity. BUPAC chimpanzees are part of the largest remaining continuous population of the species in Africa; they are also being behaviourally unique. Forest elephants were frequent in the 1960′s in the BUPAC but have declined significantly up to 2004–2007. We used line transects to estimate Eastern chimpanzee and forest elephant density in the BUPAC core area in 2016 and 2019 and compared these with the 2004–2007 surveys. A total of 37 and 137 two km long line transects were systematically placed in 5,841 km2 and 6,176 km2 survey areas in 2016 and 2019, respectively. We found that chimpanzee density did not change during the two survey periods but indicators for forest elephant density decreased eight-fold. Human activities were detected mainly along the core area periphery in both survey years, where they overlapped with centres of animal activity. The stable high density of chimpanzees is a positive outcome for the core BUPAC. However, despite being a conservation priority area that has received relatively intensified protection, declining forest elephant numbers are likely to reflect the high number of human conflict hotspots in vicinity as well as the increasing human population density around the core area. We propose by elevating the core area to National Park whilst strengthening on the ground enforcement and management structures as well as legal measures against poaching might ensure the long-term survival of such an important area in Africa.

The UN voluntary compact and peacekeeping abuse: assessing a soft law solution for sexual exploitation and abuse

ABSTRACT In 2017, to address the increasingly visible and prevalent occurrence of peacekeeper sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of civilians under their protection, the UN Secretary-General created a Voluntary Compact on state behaviour. As of 2020, 103 states signed the agreement. Building on the robust literatures of human rights law, sexual abuse, and conflict, I examine whether signing the Voluntary Compact has any relationship with the levels of reported abuse, punishing accused SEA perpetrators, and funding victim relief efforts. Through quantitative analysis of annual reports of reports of SEA and punishment actions from the UN Conduct in Field Missions unit 2007–2019, I find that Troop Contributing Countries that signed were more likely to issue national-level punishments in cases of severe abuse and to contribute to victim funding. However, there is not a clear finding of any reduction of reported abuse following signature. I conclude by discussing the Voluntary Compact as a mixed-success story for soft international law so far. Given its lack of teeth, this finding is important as the UN and other international organisations continue to prevent and punish peacekeeper SEA and use nonbinding international law.

Climate Change and Homicide: Global Analysis of the Moderating Role of Information and Communication Technology

Abstract The link between climate change and human conflict has received substantial attention in academic research using different measures of “conflict”; however, it is yet to interpret interpersonal violence in terms of homicide. This study takes a global perspective to investigate how climate change, typically represented by temperature and precipitation, directly and indirectly affects national homicide rates across countries. From longitudinal archival data from 171 countries from 2000 to 2018, we detect a direct and positive relationship between higher temperatures and homicide, whereas an indirect pathway between wetter climate and homicide through the occurrence of more natural hazards has also been shown in our empirical results. The relationship between climate change and homicide can be moderated by the level of information and communication technologies (ICT). We conclude that the development of ICT contributes to building the countries’ resilience to climate change with better information and communication technologies to help alleviate the negative impacts of climate change on homicide.

GREAT OPPORTUNITIES OF A SMALL GENRE (EXAMPLE OF FARID EDGU'S STORIES)

This article provides information about the work of contemporary Turkish writer Farid Edgu and analyses selected short stories. The stories analysed are taken from the short stories collections "Av" ("Hunting", 1967), "İşe Deniz, Maria" ("Here is the sea, Maria", 1999). The author also briefly mentions major Western and Turkish literary figures who have influenced the writer's work, and gives an idea of the general characteristics of their style. In particular, despite the fact that some of Farid Edgu's stories are very short, there is a deep philosophical meaning in their essence. In Turkish literary studies, such works are referred to as "minimal öykü" (minimal story). One of the most important aspects of Edgu's minimal stories is that they focus more on the situation than on the story. The works such as "Death of the Executioner" ("Cellad'ın Ölümü"), "Unexpected Guest" ("Beklenmeyen Konuk"), "In the Dark" ("Karanlıkta"), "If Only" ("Keşke") and "Thought" ("Hayalhane") are reviewed in this article. In these stories an attempt is made to reveal great possibilities of small genre and philosophical essence of life. In this sense one can conclude that the transfer of a small event or situation onto a large pictorial canvas is the main feature of Farid Edgu's style. In addition, the symbolic plot, symbolic image, symbolic dialogues, and their expression in a new method are the leading features of modern Turkish storytelling. Another unique feature of Farid Edgu's style is that he has convincingly highlighted human conflict situations such as tragedy, rebellion, intolerance and intransigence in all their complexity in a series of stories. The writer has made a great contribution to the development of figurative prose style and at the same time to the development of the "minimal story ("minimal öykü") genre in Turkish storytelling, making effective use of metaphor typical of Orientalist literature. The opinion of the Turkish literary critics, who have studied the works of Farid Edgu and have at times engaged in a debate with him, has also been taken into consideration. The article concludes with a summary of the unique aspects of the author's works and stories.

Human-wildlife conflict and community perceptions towards wildlife conservation in and around Wof-Washa Natural State Forest, Ethiopia

BackgroundHuman-wildlife conflict (HWC) is forecasted to increase globally in the vicinity of protected areas and covers various dimensions. It occurs in several different contexts and involves a range of animal taxonomic groups where the needs and requirements intersect with humans’ needs and development. More often, human-monkey conflict occurs in developing countries and is amongst the main threats to biodiversity conservation in these regions. Grivet monkeys are slender agile monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus. This study was conducted to investigate the status of human grivet monkey conflict and the attitude of local communities towards grivet monkey conservation in and around Wof-Washa Natural State Forest (WWNSF), Ethiopia from September 2017 to May 2018. A questionnaire survey (143 respondents) was used to study the human-grivet monkey conflict and its conservation status.ResultsThe majority of respondents (male = 67.1%; female = 74.1%) were not supporting grivet monkey conservation due to the troublesome crop-damaging effect of the animal. Respondents having settlements/farmland nearer to the forest have significantly negative perceptions towards grivet monkey conservation than those far from it. The majority of respondents opined that eradication/relocation of grivet monkeys and financial compensation are the options to mitigate human-grivet monkey conflict. Based on the questionnaire result, 42.5 ± SD 8.68 of respondents in all villages elucidated that the main cause of crop damage by grivet monkeys was habitat degradation.ConclusionIn the study area, Human-Grivet Monkey Conflict (HGMC) is exacerbated by the encroachment of local communities into the forest area, exploitation of resources that would be used by grivet monkeys, and enhanced crop damage by grivet monkeys. As a result grivet monkeys have been persecuted as a consequence of crop damage. This was due to the negative attitude developed from human perspective. Thus, awareness creation education programs and feasible crop damage prevention techniques need to be implemented.

Annotations and suggestions on elephant proof trenches to reduce human elephant conflicts in Coimbatore forest division South India

The structural backbone of India is agriculture. Agriculture encounters more conflicts and one among them is the human-elephant conflict. Traditional agricultural system is declining due to modernisation and urbanization and all the forest covers are being converted into human areas. Reduce forest cover and irregular rainfall and drastic climatic changes are much influencing the animals especially the elephants to enter into the human areas for food and water leading to human-elephant conflict. Though the State government and Forest department are necessary steps to trim down the elephant invading issues in Coimbatore forest division, the problem is still persisting. One best solution to calm down the upshot is the Elephant proof trench method. The present study found 510 damaged trenches by Foot survey method, analysed the effectiveness of Elephant Proof Trench (EPT) by Questionnaire method from the village people in the vicinity of forest fringes and collected all previous available conflict data from the forest department.
 Major human-elephant conflict incidences happened during March and October, high during the rainy seasons. Possibly elephants prefer to raid crops during these seasons for accessing sodium and minerals found in the crops. The present study reveals that Elephant Proof Trench reduced 73% of the elephant visits and 58% of crop damages. We also found EPT minimised the economic loss (58%), human deaths (75%) and elephant death incidences (82%) in the Coimbatore forest division. The minimum loss noted was also only because of the poorly maintained trenches. Hence, it is clear that, effectiveness of the Elephant Proof Trench will be most reliable, if trenches are maintained in a well regular manner. These results will help in the better conservation planning and management of forest ecosystem in future which will not have the human elephant conflicts again.
 Key words: Elephant proof trench, Human elephant conflict, Forest ecosystem, Agriculture

Effects of supplementation with climate-smart feeds on camel weight gain during drought

Camels are very resilient and can survive up to 14 days without water. They can also keep producing milk when other livestock succumb during drought. This makes camel the suitable animal to harness for climate change. Currently, there are no formulated camel feeds for feeding camels during the drought when the shrubs and vegetation dries up. This has led to conflicts between camel herders and crop farmers. In the recent past as recent as this year, 2022, it has resulted to loss of human lives and camels in an alarming rate. It is estimated that during drought there is loss of at least 100 lives pa as a result of this conflict. The loss of camels due to drought is hundreds of thousands. This study aimed at formulating and processing camel feeds with locally available ingredients which can be stored to be used during drought. The study was carried out at Garemara, Isiolo. The feeds were formulated with locally available materials including acacia pods and local grass. The feeds were analysed for the crude protein content and nutrient content. The camels were supplemented at a rate of 1.5 % of the body weight. Ten camels were purchased for the study. Five camels were supplemented while the other five camel were un supplemented. The camels were weighed fortnightly to monitor weight changes. The formulated camel feed has a crude protein of 17%. The camels supplemented with climate-smart feed increased the weight at a rate of 15% while those unsupplemented increased the weight at 10%. Climate smart feeds can be formulated and used to supplement camel feeds during drought and avert loss of camels and human conflicts.

A synthesis of human conflict with an African megaherbivore; the common hippopotamus

The common hippopotamus is an extant African megaherbivore that is relatively understudied by scientists and underfunded by conservation organisations. Conflict with people, however, is a major concern given the danger that hippos pose to human life. Moreover, very little is known about human–hippo conflict (HHC), and experimental fieldwork on mitigation methods has hardly been conducted. Here we conduct an exhaustive review of the primary and grey literature outlining how the conflict between people and hippos arises, the impacts of conflict on both human communities and hippo populations, and all known intervention measures. Our review highlights the effectiveness of barriers around crops, riparian buffer zones (that exclude cattle and crop planting), and payments for environmental services as tools to mitigate HHC. This study also highlights the knowledge gaps in HHC research, particularly the spatial scale of HHC, the lack of field experimental research on deterrents, and a paucity of knowledge on outcomes of projected climate change and HHC.

A Letter from the New Arthur Miller Society President

Trite phrases become so because they are true—another trite but true phrase in itself. Never has the phrase “I will never be able to fill his shoes” been truer as I succeed David Palmer as president of the Arthur Miller Society. Without causing him any embarrassment, I hope, in light of his humility and passion, I must write that his dedication and leadership are obvious. His attentive and thorough work, including his letters to the membership, his persistent and consistent pursuits in conference announcements, and creating panels for them, and his highly thoughtful and articulate writing and work are truly remarkable and invaluable.While I respect David’s decision to move on from the presidency, we are fortunate that he will continue to lead us for the various conferences. And, we will continue to be graced by his Miller and drama scholarship infused with a philosophical and political lens, adding much to our understanding and consideration of those writings.Let me also include here that without Stephen Marino and Sue Abbotson, who have been the cornerstones of both the society and the journal, providing their passion, time, and expertise, leading and shaping the current Miller studies in numerous ways, as so many of us know, we would not be where we are with the continuation of publishing scholarly and review articles, and the website and its numerous offerings invaluable to so many.I invite everyone to join me in thanking these three scholars, professors, and special people. I also invite everyone to continue participating in the society and contributing to the journal. As we all are fortunate to realize, Miller’s work continues its relevance eighty-six years after its genesis, with plays that address a myriad of issues, human conflicts, and dilemmas, many of which, sadly, persist.As so much in our world continues to change, what remains is Miller’s work in school curricula. In light of this, I invite everyone to engage in new ways to reach out to our colleagues in schools at every level around the country and even around the world, letting them know that what we do in the society, on the website, and with the journal is pertinent to their work as readers and teachers, that we value their full participation as we ourselves value continued learning and teaching, and that it is our aim to include their activities and interests in all of our enterprises.Finally, as the society carries on with its dedicated work with the website, conferences, and journal, I encourage all of you to pursue your own fine work on Miller, preparing conference papers and submitting your work—scholarly and teaching articles, and book and theater reviews—to the journal, as we continue to honor Arthur Miller’s lifetime of work.

Characterizing land use with night-time imagery: the war in Eastern Ukraine (2012–2016)

The ongoing military conflict in Eastern Ukraine has resulted in significant land use changes as well as economic shifts particularly in agricultural and industrial activities. The day/night band detectors on-board the Suomi-NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite provides an opportunity to assess socio-economic impacts of human conflicts based on physical radiometric measurements. In this study, we show a near 50% decrease in night-time light activity in Donetsk and Luhansk (Donbass Region) from 2012 to 2016. Furthermore, by separating night-time light losses between areas inside official city boundaries and those outside, we illustrate the sensitivity to residential land-use types. A 43.5% of night-time light loss inside cities was attributed to residential areas and 17.5% registered outside of cities. Additionally, this separation showed considerable differences for night-time light losses attributed to industrial land-use types with higher losses occurring in regions outside of cities (36.5%) than regions inside cities (24%). The separation of night-time light losses inside and outside cities reveal considerable discrepancies in night-time light losses showing that considerable activity occurs outside of traditionally targeted urban activities. The results demonstrate night-time light losses are sensitive to proximity to civilian-residential populations, and highlight discrepancies between urban cores and their attached peripheries.