Human Conflict Research Articles

Indexing habitat suitability and human-elephant conflicts using GIS-MCDA in a human-dominated landscape

Concerns for biodiversity loss, wildlife conservation, and habitat destruction have dominated the policy agenda worldwide for decades. Unsustainable human-induced development and negative interaction between humans and wildlife have emerged as predominant issues globally. The present study deals with human and elephant conflicts (HEC) in the Polpitigama Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka, which is located in the Kahalla-Pallekele elephant corridor and connects Wilpattu and Kaudulla wildlife sanctuaries. The research objectives are identifying spatial patterns of elephant habitat suitability and probable risk zones for HEC. The elephant habitat suitability and HEC risk zones were identified on spatial and temporal scales using Geographic Information System integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Different factors, including habitat suitability, distance to roads, distance to croplands, distance to forests and protected areas, settlements, and population density, were considered to determine HEC risk zones in the area. Topography, water, and vegetation criteria are considered when determining elephant habitat suitability. The results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process run the spatially explicit model. The results revealed that of the total area, 15.3% is very highly suitable for elephant habitats, while the least suitable areas contribute only 4%. About 33.8% of the area is moderately suitable for elephants. The risk map indicates that 23.7% of the total area is under very high risk for HEC, and the least risk areas only account for 5.4%. About 26.2% of the area falls under the moderate risk zone for HEC. Since the model considered three aspects of HEC, it will help policymakers in wildlife conservation to avoid and minimize the HEC.

Three Horizons for Future Geoscience

Geoscience, along with other scientific disciplines, is being increasingly challenged on how it can best confront key global challenges, such as climate change, food insecurity, biodiversity loss, human conflict and migration, and persistent poverty. But its traditional association with exploitation of the planet’s natural resources for energy and materials links it with contemporary concerns around unsustainable human practices, arguably fueling a growing disenchantment that is most evident in declining enrollment in university geoscience courses in many countries. Therefore, a fresh re-framing of the geoscience’s relationship to society would seem to be urgently needed. In response to this need, we introduce the “Three Horizons” concept for visualizing paradigm change in complex systems as a tool to explore how the future global geoscientific mission might be re-imagined. Using this conceptual framework, we consider three parallel pathways – “business as usual” (horizon 1), “entrepreneurial” (horizon 2) and “visionary” (horizon 3)—that offer alternative narrative trajectories for how geoscience and geoscientists might serve society’s grand challenges.

Multi-criteria analysis to evaluate tidal energy potential in France

France benefits from an important tidal energy resource, with the second largest potential in Europe, and one of the biggest in the world. In addition, France has an important industrial and academic fabric, with several tidal developers, shipyards, and research centers, creating, theoretically, an attractive environment. However, though some tidal turbines already installed, such as Sabella demonstrator at Ouessant Island, or Guinard energy turbine in the Etel river, the sector still has a large development potential. One limitation of such a development is the lack of available data to assess the total potential. Previous studies mainly focused on the most energetic sites, such as the Alderney Race or the Fromveur Passage, while other sites are neglected. Yet, those sites, such has rivers or estuaries, offer softer conditions, lowering the risks. Moreover, although identifying a suitable area for tidal array implementation requires technical criteria (maximum current velocity, water depth, installable potential, etc.), it should also consider other aspects such as ecological indicators (migratory fishes, specific habitats, etc.), regulation specificities (Natura 2000, ZNIEFF, etc.) or human activities conflicts (fishery, UXO, etc.). On top of that, socioeconomic indicators, such as potential local content or partnerships with relevant academic stakeholders, are encouraged by authorities, and must be accounted for.
 Hence, this study proposes an extensive multi-criteria analysis methodology, to assess tidal energy potential of ten sites in France, including five nearshore locations (Alderney race, Fromveur passage, Raz-de-Sein, Raz-Barfleur, Paimpol-Bréhat), and five estuaries, river or similar (Gironde estuary, Gulf of Morbihan, Adour river, Etel river, Arcachon Bay). The analysis is limited to ten sites, selected based on a pre-screening analysis, which will be detailed in the study.
 The different criteria used will be presented, including their weight to the final score which reflect their importance during project development, and the 3-level grading system used to discriminate sites. The methodology developed to assess full-time equivalent employments created by a tidal array, using world input-output tables and other economic parameters will also be detailed. A specific focus will be proposed on methodology used to assess the installable capacity, relying on data from MARS 2D model for nearshore sites and public data for the others.
 First analysis shows that Raz-de-Sein and Paimpol-Bréhat are the two most suitable sites for tidal arrays implementation, while the Alderney Race is the most energetic one. Those results are driven by high scores obtained by these sites in categories such as ecological or human activities. Direct, indirect, and induced employments created during construction and operational phase by each project are also calculated, as well as potential growth value added. Hypothesis and sensitivity to them will be discussed.
 This research was funded by the H2020 projet ELEMENT, grant number 815180.

Five Centuries of Groundwater Elevations Provide Evidence of Shifting Climate Drivers and Human Influences on Water Resources in North Central Florida

AbstractGroundwater depletion is a concern around the world with implications for food security, ecological resilience, and human conflict. Long‐term perspectives provided by tree ring‐based reconstructions can improve understanding of factors driving variability in groundwater elevations, but such reconstructions are rare to date. Here, we report a set of new 546‐year tree‐ring chronologies developed from living and remnant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) trees that, when combined with existing bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) tree‐ring chronologies, create a set of nested reconstructions of mean annual groundwater elevation for North Central Florida that together explain 66% of the variance in instrumental measurements and span 1498–2015. Split calibration confirms the skill of the reconstructions, but coefficient of efficiency metrics and significant autocorrelation in the regression residuals indicate a weakening relationship between tree growth and groundwater elevation over recent decades. Comparison to data from nearby groundwater wells suggests extraction of groundwater is likely contributing to this weakening signal. Periodicity within the reconstruction and comparison with global sea surface temperatures (SST) highlight the role of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in driving groundwater elevations, but the strength of this role varies substantially over time. Atlantic and Pacific SST modulate ENSO influences, and comparisons to multiple proxy‐based reconstructions indicate an inconsistent and weaker influence of ENSO prior to the 1800s. Our results highlight the dynamic influence of ocean‐atmospheric phenomena on groundwater resources in North Central Florida and build on instrumental records to better depict the long‐term range of groundwater elevations.

Human Needs and Conflicts Experienced in The Film Turning Red By Domee Shi3


 
 
 
 This study analyzes the fulfillment of human needs and the conflicts in fulfilling these needs by the main character in the film Turning Red by Domee Shi. The purpose of this study is to explain how the main character fulfills human needs and to find out the conflicts that occur in fulfilling human needs seen by the main character in the film Turning Red by Domee Shi. Researcher used a psychological approach. Researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. Sources of data in this study are scripts, images and dialogue from the film Turning Red by Domee Shi. In collecting data, researcher used documentation techniques. Then the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results of the analysis in this study indicate that researcher found five levels of human needs using Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, namely physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. This study shows that human needs have been fulfilled by the main character in the film Turning Red by Domee Shi. Then, the researcher found three conflicts in fulfilling human needs, especially at the level of self-esteem and self-actualization using Kurt Lewin's conflict theory, namely approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, and approach-avoidance conflict. This study shows that the main character has resolved conflicts in fulfilling human needs, especially at the level of self-esteem and self-actualization in the film Turning Red by Domee Shi.
 
 
 

Human Relations and Organizational Conflict Resolution; A Study of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

Increasing uncertainty and complexity in the operating environment of organizations provide fertile ground for the beginning of conflict in the workplace. This study was conducted to examine the effect of human relations in resolving conflicts in an organisation using manufacturing firms in Delta State as a case study. The study, anchored on the human relations theory, adopted the survey research design hence data were collected through the use of questionnaires as research instrument. Findings of the study indicate that human resources management style, employee’s job description and alternative dispute resolution strategies all have positive effect in organizational conflict resolution in surveyed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study therefore concludes that positive human relation is important in resolving conflicts in an organistion and recommends amongst others the need for management to adopt the use of alternative dispute resolution strategies to avoid the attendant costs and manhour lost inherent in litigations

FORGIVING THE UNFORGIVABLE: LANGUAGE POWER IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDONESIA AND TIMOR-LESTE (Qualitative Research on Conflict Resolution over Human Rights Violations in East Timor, Before and After Referendum of 1999)

The conflict that occurred between Indonesia and Timor-Leste (Timor Timur) after the Popular Consultation was a conflict of power or a power struggle. This power struggle resulted in gross human rights violations. To resolve this conflict, in 2005 the Indonesian Timor-Leste Truth and Friendship Commission (KKP) was formed. Researchers assume that language can be used in conflict resolution. So the aims of this study are (1) to reveal the meaning of the text in Per Memoriam Ad Spem in constructing human rights violations in Timor-Leste in 1999, before and after the Popular Consultation. (2) Explaining the power of language in the construction of reports on human rights violations and conflict resolution in Per Memoriam Ad Spem, so that an agreement is reached that should not be forgiven to be forgiven. Van Dijk's discourse theory, Derrida's theory of deconstruction, and Bourdieu's theory of language & power, all three are related to language and power. These three theories are used as a basis for dissecting the phenomenon of this research. This study uses a critical constructionism paradigm, a type of qualitative research, and an interpretive approach. The findings of this study are that the strength of the Indonesian language as the primary working language has a very extraordinary impact. Textually, in the macro, meso, and micro dimensions, through language, political communication has been constructed which leads to the establishment of reconciliation between parties in power, which should deconstruct human rights violations. The parties with their power discourse can melt down, so that gross violations of human rights, which should not be forgiven, become forgiven. This is in line with Derrida's idea of true forgiveness or unconditional forgiveness, namely forgiving the unforgivable

An initial spatial conflict analysis for potential deep-sea mining of marine minerals in U.S. Federal Waters

Demand for critical minerals is projected to double or even triple by 2030 as the global energy and transportation sectors transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy. This anticipated demand raises interest in new critical mineral resources, including marine minerals, to supplement future supplies. While the environmental benefits of transitioning to green energy are many, there are inherent environmental costs. In this study, we compiled broad-scale datasets of prominent environmental features and human uses within four deep ocean regions of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone where marine minerals are predicted to occur, called prospective regions: they are the Blake Plateau, the Hawaiian Islands, Offshore California, and the Gulf of Alaska. We generated a normalized metric to score regions based on the co-occurrence of either environmental or human use variables within hexagonal grid cells, allowing us to assess the occurrence intensity and spatial patterns of environmental and/or human use variables within each region. Driven by the presence of threatened species and total species richness, the Blake Plateau and the Hawaiian Islands have the highest environmental occurrence scores, followed by Offshore California and the Gulf of Alaska. Offshore California is the busiest shipping region, followed by the Blake Plateau, the Gulf of Alaska and Hawaiian Islands, and subsea cables are densest in Offshore California, followed by Gulf of Alaska and Hawaiian Islands. The Gulf of Alaska has the largest reported fisheries landings. The sensitivities of biota and human uses to mining are highest for benthic or sessile species and infrastructure on or near ferromanganese crusts or manganese nodules that would be directly and physically altered through crust extraction or nodule removal. This study illustrates the usefulness of comprehensive, spatially explicit risk assessments to inform deep sea mining management and minimize ecological harm and human use conflicts. We assert that the relatively straightforward GIS-based methodology tested here can be applied and iterated upon elsewhere.

Spatiotemporal patterns of human and wild boar conflicts in rural China and its implications for social-ecological systems coevolution

Spatiotemporal patterns of human and wild boar conflicts in rural China and its implications for social-ecological systems coevolution

Sources of community livelihoods and economic losses due to conflict with the Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in the buffer area of Batang Gadis National Park

The existence of people living around the buffer zone in recent times has led to negative interactions in the form of conflicts between humans and wild animals, one of which is with the Sumatran tiger. The purpose of this study was to identify the sources of livelihood for the community in the buffer area of the Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP), and calculate the total economic losses suffered by the community due to human and wildlife conflicts in the buffer area of the national park. This study used a survey method, data were collected through interviews with selected respondents based on purposive sampling method with snowball technique. Data analysis is done by descriptive analysis. The results of the research show that the source of livelihood for the people living around the TNBG area is mostly farmers. The community's perception of the disturbance of wild animals and Sumatran tigers in Hutabaringin Julu Village and Bangkelang Village is that some people consider wild animals or Sumatran tigers to be beneficial to them in the balance of nature, and some others consider wild animals to be no useful in life because they are considered to disturb community plantation lands. The tiger conflict caused an economic loss of IDR 14,400,000 in Hutabaringin Julu Village and Bangkelang Village of IDR 35,280,000.

Analysis of the Effect of Conflict and Work Stress on the Performance of Employees of PT Perkebunan ABC Asahan

PT Perkebunan ABC is always encouraged to be able to achieve targets and increase the productivity of its employees. The problem in this study is whether conflict and work stress affect the performance of PT Perkebunan ABC employees with the hypothesis being conflict and work stress affect the performance of PT Perkebunan ABC employees. The theories used in this study are Human Resource Management (HRM), conflict management and organizational behavior related to conflict, work stress and employee performance. The purpose of this study is to determine what factors influence conflict and work stress on the performance of PT Perkebunan ABC employees and formulate managerial policies that can be implied in order to improve employee performance. This research is in the form of correlational research with a research population of 749 people, all of whom are Executive Employees. The analytical method used in this study is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis method. The results showed that conflict was the most dominant factor affecting the performance of PT Perkebunan ABC employees. The conclusion of this study is that the most dominant factor affecting the performance of Executive Employees (Karpel) at PT Perkebunan ABC Asahan is conflict with the magnitude of the influence reaching 91%.

Are Richard Wagner's operas a potential tool to teach medical students and young doctors humanities?

Abstract There is an increasing interest in using poems and novels as a powerful resource to teach medical students ethical and professional behavior, virtues, and to illustrate the complexity of the doctor–patient relationship. This approach as part of a narrative medicine provides a framework for approaching a patient’s problems more holistically and also offers a method for addressing existential inner qualities such as grief, hope, and despair that are part of illnesses. Occasionally, operas (mainly Italian) have also been used for this purpose. I however, propose that medical students may learn a lot from a deeper confrontation with the operas from the German composer Richard Wagner (1813–1883). Certainly, Wagner had a rather self-centered personality, also known for his notorious nationalistic and anti-Semitic essays, but his complete Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art) encompasses almost every human feeling, conflict, and psychological problem including suffering, compassion, redemption, etc. Wagner’s opera somewhat reflected his unsteady life. Wagner was convinced that his art could fill the void left by the retreat of traditional religion, suggesting that humanity may achieve freedom through the perception of beauty uniting communities through shared aesthetic experience. Not a very modest approach and not a very likable character, but a great composer. After a short biography, I will provide some (because of the complexity of the subject, naturally limited) arguments on what medical students can learn from Wagner operas, even though I am convinced that Wagner and his music are not easy to digest, even for experienced opera lovers.Key messages

Setting Fire to the Poetic Correspondence of Multispecies Relationships

This poetic work is a multispecies love letter seeking to make the reader aware of the strange aporia of human ‘love’ for animals.[1] Contradictory human expressions of love, care, indifference, and harm towards animals can be seen in words that change perceptions of animals (as individuals, groups or in general). Consider the changing status of a ‘pet’ cat being discarded and becoming ‘feral’. Is ‘it’ a ‘pest’ to be ‘culled’, not even ‘killed’ or ‘put to sleep’ or can ‘they’ be ‘rescued’? This work explores multiple and conflicting affective outcomes words have on building compassion, understanding and support for animals, or adding to misconceptions which can result in disregard or violent treatment. The words we use to represent animals and express our relationships to them can reduce animals to iconic national symbols and supportive anthropocentric tools, or to draw out the diversity, multiplicity and intrinsic value of animal being and create space for animals in the text.
 The poem focuses on the contemporary Australian context for the aporia of human love for animals. It grounds the work in place and time by using Australian phrases, idioms, slang, associations, terms and names for animals, plants, and places while concentrating on recent events of bushfires, droughts, floods, and pandemic isolation. It references ongoing Australian settler-colonial practices where human animal entanglements and conflicts are highlighted, including horse racing, hunting, bushwalking, fishing, and farming.
 Repetition and wordplay are used to amplify, destabilize, complicate, confuse and decentre human perspectives. The method is informed by the fictocritical work of Ania Walwicz in horse utilizing ‘The process of associative thought and reflection. Improvisation and analysis. The flight of thought, a trajectory and reflection, retrieval, recoil. The use of multilevel text comprising poetics, theory and appropriated text’ (5). The poet aims to draw attention to the ways our relationships with animals are constructed and circulated through our use of language which forms an inherently anthropocentric frame of reference. Unresolved contradictions between intimacy and distance in human animal relationships are used to create a space of questioning to provoke thought.
 Work Cited
 Walwicz, Ania. horse: A Psychodramatic Enactment of a Fairytale. Crawley, Western Australia: UWAP, 2018. Print.
 [1]Although encompassing both, ‘animals’ is used here to differentiate ‘animals of different species’ from ‘human animals.’ Terms like ‘nonhuman animals’ and ‘other animals’ are definitions centring humans, in terms of what is not human rather than what are these beings. Words like ‘beast’ also have othering meanings.

Climate change, wildlife and fisheries: A review of impact on Nigeria’s food security

Climate change is a global phenomenon that affects all facets of life. In Nigeria, the rate of industrialization and urbanization has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the last decade. These changes are observable in temperatures and rainfall regimes which have affected food production in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Agriculture, which used to be the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, has reduced drastically and this may be caused by heat waves, irregular rainfall patterns, encroachment, and government policies leading to food shortage. The terrestrial environment has been faced with human and wildlife conflict issues on land usage and wildfires. Aquatic ecosystems are not left out of these effects as their surface area is shrinking and the water temperature has fluctuated irrationally thereby reducing aquatic biodiversity. The life processes in fish species and wildlife are impaired when the environmental conditions are unfavorable. In view of sustainability, economic, environmental and social strategies can be employed in the terrestrial environments. In the case of aquatic ecosystems, measures such as ecosystem approach to fisheries, forecasting of weather, good governance in fisheries related activities and reduction of conflicts between stakeholders in fisheries are suggested. To this end, this paper reviews the effects of climate change on both terrestrial (agricultural and wildlife) and aquatic ecosystems to eliminate hunger (Goal 2), preserving life underwater (Goal 14) and on land (Goal 15) through climate resilience (Goal 13) as elaborated by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

The Economic Value of Forest Environmental Services for Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Village Around Management Section of National Park (MNSP) VI Besitang, Gunung Leuser National Park

Human-wildlife conflicts is a serious problem that has been increasing in recent times. Conflict occurs as a result of high human activities around wildlife habitats. Conflict mitigation aims to reduce the problem of human conflict with wildlife. The valuation of forest environmental services was based on the quantitative value generated by natural resources and the environment, regardless of the market value of these goods and services. This study aims to determine the community’s willingness to pay (WTP) for forest environmental services in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts in Besitang, Langkat, North Sumatera. The study found five variables that affect the respondent’s WTP for environmental services to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, there are monthly income, community perception of forest protection and conservation, community behavior utilizing forest products, community behavior in forest protection efforts, and community behavior in efforts to improve forest function. Utilizing the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) as methodology, this study revealed the value of Rp.78,290/household/year contributes to paying for forest environmental services with a total WTP value of Rp. 739,992,105/year.

Wolves are scaring smaller predators into human conflict

Wolves are scaring smaller predators into human conflict

Incorporating human dimensions is associated with better wildlife translocation outcomes

Wildlife translocations are increasingly used to combat declining biodiversity worldwide. Successful translocation often hinges on coexistence between humans and wildlife, yet not all translocation efforts explicitly include human dimensions (e.g., economic incentives, education programs, and conflict reduction assistance). To evaluate the prevalence and associated outcomes of including human dimensions as objectives when planning translocations, we analyze 305 case studies from the IUCN’s Global Re-Introduction Perspectives Series. We find that fewer than half of all projects included human dimension objectives (42%), but that projects including human dimension objectives were associated with improved wildlife population outcomes (i.e., higher probability of survival, reproduction, or population growth). Translocation efforts were more likely to include human dimension objectives if they involved mammals, species with a history of local human conflict, and local stakeholders. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating objectives related to human dimensions in translocation planning efforts to improve conservation success.

Exploring the water–food nexus reveals the interlinkages with urban human conflicts in Central America

Hydroclimatic extremes have been shown to enhance conflict in fragile societies. Quantitative research in this field has historically focused on rainfall anomalies, without accounting for their effects on the water–food system. Here we explore the water–food nexus and its interlinkages with urban conflicts in Central America. We use an agrohydrological model to assess the effects of drought on water availability and food production, accounting for regional food trade. A biophysical parameterization is then coupled with an econometric Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson model to detect dynamic spatial relations among social and hydrological variables. We find that drought-induced water deficit affects food security in major cities in the region and is correlated with the rise of conflict. Moreover, low population density and higher human development enhance the probability of permanent absence of conflict. Our analysis reveals the crucial role of food redistribution between rural and urban areas and its association with livelihoods and urban violence. Droughts pose a threat to water availability for food production, enhancing urban conflicts. This study explores the drought–conflict nexus by accounting for the effects of droughts on the food-security pillars of availability, economic access and stability.

Impact of Human-Wildlife Conflict and I’Ts Driving Force in and Around Gibe Sheleko National Park, Southwest, Ethiopia

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a continuous problem in the world and has a significant impact on both human and wildlife populations. The main objective of the study was to identify the driving force of HWC in the study area, to determine the major impact of HWC on conservation action and local people and to recommends the possible mitigation measure of HWC in the study area. The data for this study was collected through structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion, interview, direct observation and secondary sources. The collected data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 20). Human–wildlife conflict happens when the needs and behavior of wildlife impact negatively on humans or when humans negatively affect the needs of wildlife. The nature and extent of human wildlife conflict in the study area were profoundly impacted humans, wild animal and the environment through crop damage, habitat disturbance and destruction, livestock predation, and killing of wildlife. The major causes of conflict manifested that wildlife habitat disturbance (41%), increment of wildlife population (24.3%), expansion of agriculture around forest edge (24%), and deforestation (20.7%). To defend crop raider, farmers have been practiced crop guarding (39.5 %), scarecrow (20.6 %), chasing (7.6%), smoking (20.6%) and other traditional method (7.1%). As emphasized in the present study, human–wildlife conflicts are negative impacts on both human and wildlife. Accordingly, possible mitigate possibilities for peaceful co-existence between human and wildlife should be reduce heavy losses of crops, palatable seasonal crops such as maize, sweet potatoes should not be grown near the forest edge, Create or find work opportunities and find option for the local people who depended only on crop production, option like bee keeping, integrating farming for example poultry with other aquatic fauna and flora or organisms and the like. Keywords: Driving force, human wild life conflict, impact, Gibe Shelleko National Park. DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/64-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Evaluating the Financial Effectiveness of Funded Projects on Tiger Conservation in Bangladesh

Background and Research Aims The conservation of Bengal tigers is a global concern due to their exponential decline in population around the world. In 2010, all Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) committed to double their tiger population by 2022. As a member of the TRCs, Bangladesh has launched and conducted many tiger conservation projects with a heavy financial investment. However, the tiger population has not increased in the country. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate why those funded projects’ outcomes were unsatisfactory compared to neighboring countries such as India and Nepal. Methods This review was conducted purely based on previous archival tiger conservation related documents. Six specific tiger conservation projects implemented in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal were selected to investigate the effectiveness of tiger conservation in Bangladesh. Allocated fund distributions were segmented into five groups: capacity building, planning policy and reports, infrastructural development, tiger–human conflict (THC) reduction, and in-field actions to increase the tiger population. Results The analysis showed that India and Nepal spent most of their budget on in-field activities and least on planning. A moderate amount was spent on THC reduction, capacity building, and infrastructural development. In contrast, Bangladesh spent the majority of its fund on planning. India and Nepal also developed a sustainable funding mechanism to reduce their dependency on donor agencies, which was absent in the case of Bangladesh. Conclusion It is recommended that future tiger conservation initiatives in Bangladesh should address more in-field action, such as patrolling to stop poaching and the illegal extraction of resources, sustainable long-term alternative income generation activities, and health issues such as identifying diseases, inbreeding effects, and captive breeding. Implications for Conservation Bangladesh needs to develop a sustainable long-term funding mechanism for in-field actions for tiger protection.