Intensity of Human Wild Boar Conflict with Special Reference to Agriculture in Kanamala Forest Fringes, Western Ghats Kerala, India

Human Wildlife conflict is an emerged problem in wildlife today. Our study deals with assessing the tolerance level of human towards wildlife by taking some parts of Coimbatore like Karamdai,Thondamuthur and Periyanaickenpalayam as study area. These are areas where human conflict with wildlife and wildlife conflict with human are often seen. Conflict with animals like wild boar, peacock,elephant and deer are seen here. The aim of our study is to analyze the original tolerance level of people towards human wildlife conflicts, to compare the tolerance level of people towards different animals, to compare the tolerance level of on comparing with different groups on basis of age, gender, occupation,forest area coverage and losses faced. Our study was conducted on December 2018 and about 48 peoples are investigated in our study area. The voices of people were recorded in phone and tolerancepercentages were given. The mean tolerance level of the people was found to be 58.75%. About 23% of people showed 90% level of tolerance. The comparative tolerance levels between different groups of people were discussed. The reasons behind the factors which determine the tolerance level of groups were also discussed.

Identifying the environmental and anthropogenic causes, distribution, and intensity of human rhesus macaque conflict in Nepal

BackgroundHuman-primate conflict is a global conservation challenge, particularly in densely populated, low-income countries like Ethiopia. The Omo River Valley forest belt, spanning across the Omo River in Ethiopia to Lake Turkana in Kenya, harbors a diverse array of African primate species. An investigation on non-human primate population density and human primate conflict was carried out from January 2022 to December 2023 in the Tembaro Community Conserved Forest, Omo River basin, South Central Ethiopia. The population density of non-human primates was estimated using distance sampling method, and the intensity of conflict among human-primate was quantified by a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions.ResultsThe study revealed some interesting results which include the presence of black colobus monkeys (Colobus satanas) in Ethiopia. The mean density of Anubis baboons (Papio anubis) was 10.06 ± 2.93, grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) 17.09 ± 4.53, black colobus monkeys (Colobus satanas) (vulnerable primate species in Africa) was 8.3 ± 1.20, and mantled guerezas (Colobus guereza) was 14.76 ± 3.57 individuals/km2. Crop damage and livestock predation were prevalent issues in the present study area. Majority of the local village respondents (51.96%, n = 146) reported that crop damage was the common cause of human-primate conflict, followed by livestock predation and crop damage (33.5%, n = 94). Majority of the conflict was caused by Anubis baboon (Papio anubis) (41%, n = 115), followed by grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) (33.1%). The most common cultivated crop by farmers in the study area and the most damaged by the non-human primates was maize (Zea mays) (33.5%, n = 94). The average estimated loss of crops was US$ 6544.50 per year. The average annual loss incurred by each household due to primates predation on their small animals was 94.19 US$. Physical guarding (33%, n = 93) was chosen as the most effective strategy to prevent crop damage and livestock predation.ConclusionThis study provides valuable insights into primate ecology and the challenges they pose to local communities. The findings reveal varying primate population densities, with Grivet monkeys exhibiting the highest densities. These primate densities contribute significantly to human-wildlife conflict, primarily through crop foraging and livestock predation. While traditional mitigation methods are currently in place, a more sustainable and integrated approach is urgently needed to ensure the harmonious coexistence of primates and local communities. The findings of this study are crucial for developing effective conservation and conflict mitigation strategies that will safeguard the long-term survival of both primates and the livelihoods of local people.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The theme of this session is Increasing Conflicts over Land Use. Perhaps that title is a bit myopic. There have always been intense conflicts over land use-Romans versus barbarians, Indians versus settlers, fences versus range, sheep versus cattle, to name a few. Indeed, conflict over land use is more basic and is found in nature in the form of territory and niche. While man overwhelms the territorial claims of other species, within human societies conflict also arises over territorial rights. In the United States our institutions are strong enough to regulate simple territorial claims without great conflict; thus, the law determines rights where like users seek to displace one another. But conflict also comes from a different source-from the pressures of increased use and from incompatible types of use. Greater intensity of use, whether with fixed or changing technology, implies more active competition for land, and some competing uses may be excluded for economic or technical reasons. The effects of land use change are rarely confined to the plot concerned, so nonowners have a stake in the outcome. That is what is happening in our society. Whether this means that the conflict has grown more acute in our time is problematical, but at least its changing character makes us think so, and our legal and economic institutions ensure that the conflict will be extended, litigious, and inconclusive. Now, as before, the problem is how to accommodate changing demands on the land. If new demands have sufficient economic or

Arboreal Politics in the <i>Knight's Tale</i>

Elephant conservation carries cost in the form of human-elephant conflict and affects the wellbeing of people living near ecologically important areas. Conflicts impart serious challenges towards the survival of Asian Elephants, which are categorized as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Issues of wildlife conservation are least addressed in areas with less restricted categories of protection. Hence an attempt was made to evaluate the intensity of elephant conflict and factors associated with its occurrence in villages with forest fringes of North and South Forest Divisions of Nilambur, Kerala, southern India. It was hypothesized that variables such as number of houses, area of village, livestock population, forest frontage, and presence of water source along the forest boundary abutting the village to be the underlying correlates of conflict. Field studies were conducted fortnightly from June 2014 to May 2015, by visiting farms and households of 17 selected forest fringe villages. Observational methods, questionnaire surveys and secondary data collection were employed for this purpose. A total of 277 incidents of crop depredation, 12 incidents of property damage, three human injuries, and one human death due to conflict were recorded during this period. Crop raiding was highest during post monsoon season and it was low during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Multiple linear regression results suggest that forest frontage and livestock population were significant predictors of conflict incidence. Information regarding the prime causes of conflict will be helpful for planning strategies for the establishment of appropriate mitigation methods. The present study serves as baseline information which will be helpful for formulating prospective management plans.

Economic effects of wild boar damage to crops in protected areas of Nepal

Serious games have already found use in several non-leisure contexts including simulation, training, health and education. In this study we present a serious game designed for the purpose of enhancing the ability of children between the ages of 9 and 12 to cope with conflict situations. Inspired by theoretical models of human conflict and experiential learning, we designed a game through which players experience and try to resolve conflict situations themselves in a virtual environment. In our multiplayer game, Village Voices, each child plays the role of a villager and is asked to complete a number of conflict quests that require social interaction and resource management; the game allows anything from very aggressive behaviours (stealing resources and spreading negative rumors) to collaborative play (trading resources). To model conflict intensity in Village Voices and evaluate its ability to elicit strong emotions and conflict, we ran a game user survey in Portugal from 32 children. Data collected include demographic information and conflict profile types, as well as in-game behavioural data and self-reported notions of conflict and affect during play. The analysis presented in this paper shows that there appear to be strong effects between gender, age, conflict resolution strategy type, cultural tendency, reported emotions and perception about the other players, and reported conflict intensity. Indeed, Village Voices serves as an excellent vehicle for teaching conflict resolution as it is able to elicit bounded conflict situations of varying intensities, and, importantly, enables us to further understand conflict dynamics amongst students of this age group and beyond.

Conflicts between humans and wildlife, including between humans over wildlife, have happened since the birth of humanity. However, in many locations, these conflicts have worsened during recent decades as a result of human population growth and the concomitant rise of agricultural and industrial activity. To examine the nature, causes, and mitigations of human-animal conflict, the coexistence between human and wildlife evaluation was undertaken. A variety of methods, such as household surveys, focus groups, one-on-one interviewing, field observations, and secondary sources, were used to gather the data. The type and intensity of human-wildlife conflict were dramatically impacted humans, wild animals, and the environment through crop damage, habitat disruption and destruction, livestock predation, and killing of wildlife and human. 12 crop varieties were identified in this region and Manihot esculenta has the highest density constituting 33% of the total composition of crops. The crop most affected by the attack of wild animals is also Manihot esculenta, Sus scrofa is the wild animal that attacks this crop the most, followed by Macaca radiata and Hystrix indica.

Attributions and implications of human and wild boar conflicts in China’s Cities: A case study of Nanjing City, China

Do medicine and health-care increase population size as well as individual quality of life? Do large and rapid increases in numbers tend to put greater pressure on and therefore increase competition for scarce resources and in turn raise the level and intensity of human conflict and violence? Does this hypothesized succession of events present health professionals with weighty ethical and practical dilemmas requiring urgent attention? It is argued here that it does.

The quantitative study of inter-group conflict, most notably war, has attended to objectively measured variables of aggregate units such as the state or the conflict event. The relevance of psychology, which focuses on the individual, is not guaranteed even though the aggregates are composed of individuals. The discipline might be relevant by providing some further understanding/explanation for the existence of relationships among the larger units and empirical psychology has developed a number of generalizations about individual behavior based on replicable observations. By itself, this would not guarantee the contribution of psychological research and concepts to the prediction of the occasion and/or intensity of human conflict. The most elementary requirement would involve establishing that group properties are at least somewhat dependent upon individual characteristics. Were this the case, an important contribution might be through theories of human behavior. However, psychological theory engenders a number of logical problems. Although internal mental processes not easily predictable from known environmental-biological facts may reasonably be established, much psychological theory consists of hypothetical constructs that do not represent conjectures about internal physical reality. These constructs, by their nature, connote more than that contained in either operational definitions or indices of them. Their potential utility requires a deductive system that conforms to the logical requirements of any logical system and which is activated under specifiable conditions and also includes overt behavior as a consequence. Psychological models then might contribute more than understanding/explanation such as the ability to predict behavior from environments not yet observed as well as alternative behaviors under similar environmental circumstances. A number of implications for the unit of analysis and for conflict theory derive from these considerations.

Geospatial based AHP analysis for habitat suitability of elephants and the effects of human elephant conflict in a tropical forest of Western Ghats in India

The structural backbone of India is agriculture. Agriculture encounters more conflicts and one among them is the human-elephant conflict. Traditional agricultural system is declining due to modernisation and urbanization and all the forest covers are being converted into human areas. Reduce forest cover and irregular rainfall and drastic climatic changes are much influencing the animals especially the elephants to enter into the human areas for food and water leading to human-elephant conflict. Though the State government and Forest department are necessary steps to trim down the elephant invading issues in Coimbatore forest division, the problem is still persisting. One best solution to calm down the upshot is the Elephant proof trench method. The present study found 510 damaged trenches by Foot survey method, analysed the effectiveness of Elephant Proof Trench (EPT) by Questionnaire method from the village people in the vicinity of forest fringes and collected all previous available conflict data from the forest department.&#x0D; Major human-elephant conflict incidences happened during March and October, high during the rainy seasons. Possibly elephants prefer to raid crops during these seasons for accessing sodium and minerals found in the crops. The present study reveals that Elephant Proof Trench reduced 73% of the elephant visits and 58% of crop damages. We also found EPT minimised the economic loss (58%), human deaths (75%) and elephant death incidences (82%) in the Coimbatore forest division. The minimum loss noted was also only because of the poorly maintained trenches. Hence, it is clear that, effectiveness of the Elephant Proof Trench will be most reliable, if trenches are maintained in a well regular manner. These results will help in the better conservation planning and management of forest ecosystem in future which will not have the human elephant conflicts again.&#x0D; Key words: Elephant proof trench, Human elephant conflict, Forest ecosystem, Agriculture

Murine Typhus, Algeria