Human Capital Index Research Articles

The role of infrastructure, socio-economic development, and food security to mitigate the loss of natural disasters.

This study shows the impact of risk (hazard, exposure, and vulnerability) and resilience (infrastructure, information and communication technology, institutional quality, food security, women empowerment, economic performance, human capital, emergency workforce, and social capital) indicators on losses due to natural disasters in 24 high-income, 24 upper-middle-income, 30 lower-middle-income, and 12 low-income countries from 1995 to 2019. It develops a new disaster risk index and disaster resilience index using standard index-making procedure (indicators selection, winsorization, normalization, aggregation). The generalized additive modeling was used to explore the non-linear relationship between response and explanatory variables. There exists a positive link between damage due to natural disasters and hazard index (all panels) and exposure index in high-income countries. The decrease in damage due to natural disasters was observed due to an increase in infrastructure (upper-middle-, lower-middle-, and low-income countries), information and communication technology (high-income countries), institutional quality (high-income countries), food security (high- and upper-middle-income countries), women empowerment (lower-middle-income countries), economic performance (high- and low-income countries), human capital (low-income countries), and emergency workforce (upper-middle and lower-middle-income countries). The governments should enhance disaster resilience through Sendai Framework, having seven targets and four priority areas to increase disaster resilience.

The asymmetric effect of financial development on human capital: Evidence from a nonlinear ARDL approach

Human capital accumulation and financial development are two vital determinants of economic growth. Recently, human development has been increasingly seen as the ultimate goal of development, rather than economic growth, because it primarily affects future well-being. Financial development is expected to have a positive impact on human development. However, the conclusions of previous studies are inconsistent. In this work, we use a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag method and asymmetric causality analysis to probe the potential asymmetric effect of financial development and economic growth on the human capital index per capita in Vietnam from 1992 to 2017. The outcome obtained shows that the influence of financial development and economic growth is strong and positive on human capital. The empirical results also indicate that the impact of financial development is symmetric in the short run but asymmetric in the long run. Asymmetric Granger causality from the positive changes in financial development to human capital is found. Based on the empirical results, several policy implications are suggested for emerging countries, including Vietnam.

Problems of managing the university human capital at the educational environment digitalization context

The article discusses modern approaches to the «human capital» category definition, trends in developing human capital and its management system in higher education institutions of the Russian Federation. The paper determines that the problem of the educational environment is a current direction of modern pedagogical research. The authors study issues of qualitative changes at the university educational environment under conditions of dominating a new technological order in socio-economic processes, the digital economy development. The educational environment of Tomsk Agricultural Institute – Novosibirsk State Agrarian University branch is structured based on the analysis of psychological, pedagogical and economic literature, regulatory and legal support of the educational process, as well as the university general management system, the human capital of its teaching staff, and the analysis of the capital itself in particular. The article outlines the problematic field of managing the teaching staff human capital under conditions of the educational environment digitalization of the educational organization under study determining its actual tasks based on observation results of the human capital management process at the university, questionnaires and interviews of its teaching staff, calculation and analysis of estimated indicators of human capital. The most problematic areas of management activity of Tomsk Agricultural Institute under conditions of growing the informatization and digitalization processes are the following: human capital management in the field of educational, methodological and research work of university teachers. The authors conclude on the need to improve the human capital management system of the educational organization under study. They propose to implement the mid-term project «The teaching staff motivation of Tomsk Agricultural Institute – Novosibirsk State Agrarian University branch to work effectively under conditions of digitalization of the educational environment». It will allow raising the mechanism effectiveness of interacting the university administration and employees belonging to the teaching staff at the Institute e-learning field through forming a system of employee tangible and intangible incentives.

Environmental impact of the shadow economy, globalisation, and human capital: Capturing spillovers effects using spatial panel data approach

Most of the environmental degradation literature evaluates the determinants of polluting gas emissions as a spatially static process. However, environmental pollution is a problem that is not limited to the borders of the countries. One way to capture temporal and spatial changes in pollutant emissions is by using the benefits of spatial panel data models. This research aims to empirically examine the environmental impact of the shadow economy, the globalisation index, and the human capital index in 101 countries during 1995–2018. We employ a set of spatial autoregressive models (SAR), Durbin spatial models (SDM), and spatial lag models (SLX) of panel data to estimate direct, indirect, and total impacts. The results are stable before changes in the econometric specification and different ways of calculating spatial weights matrix. The results show that polluting gas emissions have a high spatial dependence on all specifications. The interdependence between the countries explains the spillover effect of environmental pollution on the rest of the countries that are geographically close. The policy implications derived from our research point to achieving sustainable economic and environmental development, where coordinated actions among countries and greater regulation of the behaviors of economic agents related to the shadow economy are recommended.

Human capital in Chile: The development of numeracy during the last 250 years

ABSTRACT This paper studies the evolution of numeracy in Chile for cohorts born from the 1780s to the 1970s, providing a new series of this important indicator of human capital, essential to promote economic growth. This is the longest series currently available of any human capital indicator for Chile. It shows that numeracy was very low until the early twentieth century but that, contrary to traditional interpretations, it increased gradually from the 1780s (well before the promulgation of the primary instruction law of 1860), until full basic numeracy skills were achieved by the mid-twentieth century. This transition was completed some 3–4 decades after parallel developments occurred in the leading countries of the region and some 120 years behind the most developed areas of Europe. This development was characterized by high gender numeracy inequality until the first decades of the twentieth century, as well as by a pronounced regional inequality. However, there was a quick process of convergence across provinces, completed at the same time as gender inequality was reduced. Our numeracy data is also consistent with alternative human capital indicators such as literacy and schooling, and we provide a set of explanations about why they all improved, and their timing.

Financial inclusion and energy productivity: evaluating the role composite risk for E7 countries

The global temperature has been on the rise in recent times. Due to the worsening environmental quality and greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the globe are looking for energy productivity. Various countries have successfully promoted cleaner technologies. This study empirically examines the determinants of energy productivity for the panel of seven emerging economies during 2004–2019 to understand why some countries are more energy productive compared to others. This study contributes to the previous literature by identifying the new influencing factors for a selected set of emerging countries that help import universal suggestions for improving energy productivity, green growth, and sustainable development. Using an Augmented Mean Group (A.M.G.) approach, the results suggest that financial inclusion (F.I.N.I.N.C.), globalisation (G.L.B.), human capital index (H.C.I.), composite risk index (C.R.I.) and income are important factors contributing to energy productivity in sample countries. Specifically, an increase in one unit's F.I.N.I.N.C. brings about a 3% increase in the value of energy productivity. Hence, we conclude that a well-functioning financial system is important in achieving sustainable development goals (S.D.G.s).

The Long-Term Health and Human Capital Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Birth to Thirty Cohort: Single, Cumulative, and Clustered Adversity.

Human capital—that is the cumulative abilities, education, social skills, and mental and physical health one possesses—is increasingly recognized as key to the reduction of inequality in societies. Adverse childhood experiences have been linked to a range of human capital indicators, with the majority of research in high-income, western settings. This study aims to examine the link between adverse childhood experiences and adult human capital in a South African birth cohort and to test whether associations differ by measurement of adversity. Secondary analysis of data from the Birth to Thirty study was undertaken. Exposure data on adversity was collected prospectively throughout childhood and retrospectively at age 22. Human capital outcomes were collected at age 28. Adversity was measured as single adverse experiences, cumulative adversity, and clustered adversity. All three measurements of adversity were linked to poor human capital outcomes, with risk for poor human capital increasing with the accumulation of adversity. Adversity was clustered by quantity (low versus high) and type (household dysfunction versus abuse). Adversity in childhood was linked to a broad range of negative outcomes in young adulthood regardless of how it was measured. Nevertheless, issues of measurement are important to understand the risk mechanisms that underlie the association between adversity and poor human capital.

Analysis of Human Capital in the Republic of Kazakhstan through GIS: Regional Aspect

Currently,human capital is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of regions and countries. However, the distribution of the population and, as a consequence, human capital across the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is extremely heterogeneous and subject to constant changes. The purpose of this article is to identify regional specifics of the indicators of human capital in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article provides an analysis and assessment of the main indicators of human capital in the regions of Kazakhstan for the period 2010-2019. A typology of regions has been developed on the basis of the index method for assessing the level of human capital of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The created spatial geodatabase of the human capital includes demographic, socio - economic and environmental indicators of human capital. As a result of the research, the relationship between the development of human capital and the level of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan regions was revealed.

Geography of Human Capital in Republic of Kazakhstan: a Comparison Between Regions

In the context of the transition of the national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan to an innovative type of development, the issues of formation and development of human capital are becoming increasingly important. This research is devoted to assessing the regional differentiation of human capital in Kazakhstan and identifying the reasons that shape it. On the basis of factor analysis, a system of statistical indicators of human capital development level was developed. Because human capital is formed throughout the life of the population, the study was carried out according to the stages of accumulation, formation, and use of this capital. This article provides an assessment of human capital main indicators in the regions for 2010-2020. A method for measuring human capital based on quantitative and qualitative indicators of human development using the index method is proposed. The methodology includes economic, social, demographic, and environmental indicators of human capital. An integral index of the human capital of Kazakhstan’s regions has been developed, which includes four components and allows one to compare the level of human capital in regions of Kazakhstan. The typology of regions according to the level of human capital development is presented. A geodatabase of regions’ human capital has been created. The integral index of the human capital of Kazakhstan’s regions allows identifying territorial disproportions. Based on the results of the research, conclusions were drawn about the relationship between the level of human capital development and the level of socio-economic development of the Kazakhstan regions.

Advanced research methods and their applications on the nexus of energy efficiency and environment: evidence from five RCEP economies

Using efficient and cleaner energy is environmentally friendly and is vital for combating the negative effect of emissions on the environment. Focusing on both developed and developing nations, it is important to report their environmental conditions while targeting economic and energy-related factors. In this regard, the current study is an attempt to investigate the influence of energy efficiency (ENEF), financial inclusion (FIN), economic growth (GDP), environmental-related technological innovation (ERTI), and human capital index (HCI) on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the five selected nations of RCEP. The variables are found associated in terms of long-run cointegration relationships. The panel quantile regression estimator is utilized for empirical estimations, which provide highly significant estimates across the three selected quantiles (25th, 50th and 75th). The results report that FIN and GDP significantly aggravate environmental degradation by enhancing the CO2 emission level, among which the strongest CO2 emission growth is found in the second quantile. Besides, the ENEF, ERTI and HCI significantly reduce CO2 emission. Based on the empirical findings, this study provides practical implication focusing on the improvement of energy efficiency policies and revising financial inclusion policies in promotion of green investments.

E-Readiness for E-Learning: A Nepal Case

The level of capacity which is essential to appreciate and utilize digital technology in any organization or in the nation is refers as e-Readiness. E-Readiness of government is being a strong backbone to implement e-governance in the country. It became a vital policy tool for all countries since it enhances the trust of the citizens through applying the principles of good governance. The objective of this paper is to examine the e-Readiness status of Nepal. The literature review and content analysis methodology has applied during accomplishing the study. The study concludes that for improvement of the government efficiency, the Government organizations should implement ICT to improve service delivery for the citizens as well as businesses. E-governance activities enable a long-term revolution of the governments that helps far elsewhere the online service delivery. Based on the UN E-governance survey, data on E-governance readiness and participation indices for Nepal over a period of 2003-2020 were analyzed to have a deeper understanding of the current scenario. It shows that the e-Government development Index rank, e-Government Development Index value, e-Participation Index rank, e-Participant Index value, Online service Index value, Telecommunication Infrastructure Index value and Human Capital Index value.

Sustainable financial inclusion as a source of green environment? Evidence from selected regional comprehensive economic partnership countries

The role of sustainable financial inclusion is considered crucial for attaining energy efficiency. It is vital for acquiring low carbon energy sources for an economy. This study attempt to integrate financial inclusions as a major defining factor of efficient energy combined with the role of economic growth, environment-related technologies, and the human capital index for RCEP countries from 2004 to 2019. The Westerlund error correction cointegration test is adopted for co-integration purposes, while the augmented mean group (AMG) method is carried for short-run and long-run analysis, and the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) test is used to ensure the robustness of the model. The outcomes indicate that financial inclusion induces a positive impact on renewable energy efficiency and ensures low energy sources for RCEP economies. Further, the role of economic growth, environment-related innovation, and human capital is also important for achieving energy efficiency. Furthermore, in the short-run, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460, 2012) panel heterogeneous non-causality test underscores causal bi-directional relationship among these variables. Based on these findings, the policymakers ensure improvement in the financial system and promote financial inclusion to increase energy efficiency and improve their citizen’s living standards.

Implications of Human Capital Formation on Output and Employment: Evidence from Nigeria

Many studies have documented that human capital formation is important to boost output both empirically and theoretically. However, studies on the implications of human capital on employment are still scanty, especially for developing countries. Against this background, the study investigates the shock and long-run implications of government financing on education and health on output and employment in Nigeria using a vector error correction model (VECM). The results show that the forecasting error shocks from government expenditure on health and education affect output more than employment along the 10-horizon period. Evidence from the long-run output model showed that government expenditure on education and human capital index is statistically significant, while government expenditure on health is not statistically significant. Government expenditure on education and the human capital index has a positive relationship with output. For the long-run employment model, government expenditure on health and education is statistically significant; while investment in human capital is not significant with employment. Government expenditure on education has a negative relationship with employment, while a positive relationship exists between government expenditure on health and employment. The result implies that human capital indicators in terms of quantity and quality do not contribute positively and significantly to employment growth in Nigeria. The study recommends the need to encourage self-reliance through entrepreneurship training to bolster employment opportunities in the long run.

THE LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL AND CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCES

This study aims to find out the long-run relationship between human capital and the current account balances. The panel data analysis is carried out for the time period between 1990 and 2018. 88 developing and developed countries are included in the study. Panel cointegration analysis is applied to test the long-run relationships. The human capital is represented by two indexes. First one is The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) human capital index. Second one is United Nations human development Index. For both indexes, there are significant and positive long-run relationships between the human capitals with current account balances for high income countries. And there are negative long-run statistically significant relationships for all countries, all countries except industrial countries and all countries except industrial and African countries groups.

NATIONAL WEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

The substantiations for the use of the indicator of national wealth, including produced, natural and human capital, as a tool for managing the sustainability of the economic growth of the state are given. Considering that at present the measurement of the National Wealth in the Republic of Belarus is limited to fixed assets, the approaches of the World Bank to assessing the National Wealth by countries of the world are considered. The amount and structure of the national wealth of the Republic of Belarus in the assessment of the World Bank based on data for 2018 is presented. A comparative analysis of the share of produced, natural and human capital in the Republic of Belarus, CIS countries, regions of the world and countries with different income levels is carried out. The approaches to the management of national wealth to ensure sustainable development are considered, allowing to diversify the portfolio of assets and ensure balanced investment in various assets to ensure greater sustainability of the state.

Talent management practices and work-related outcomes for South African academic staff

This study explored the perception of relationships between talent management practices and work meaningfulness, happiness, and turnover intention among South African academic staff. The participants (n = 160) were from a large South African higher education institution (HEI). For a measure of talent management practices, the participants completed the Human Capital Index. Work-related outcome measures included the General Happiness Scale (GHS), the Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and the Employee Retention Scale (ERS). Regression analysis results showed employee perceptions of talent management practices of talent acquisition and development, talent retention, management commitment, performance management, workforce planning, and staffing to predict their happiness and sense of work meaningfulness. Moreover, employee perceptions of talent management practices of acquisition, development, performance management, staffing, retention practices, and workforce planning predicted lower turnover intentions. Higher education management should invest in employee-centric talent retention practices for sustained academic workforce development and retention.

ЛЮДСЬКИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The paper is devoted to the research of the role of human as the basis of human potential of the country on basis by the disclosuring of the concepts of human potential and analysis of the human development index, human capital index and the Global Competitiveness Index of Ukraine and the European Union. The expediency and necessity of digitalization of the state processes, the electronic document management system (EDMS), the electronic interaction with citizens and the electronic services are substantiated. Today in Ukraine the European integration acquires a qualitatively new meaning. This is due to the complex socio-economic and political processes, which are associated with the Ukraine’s chosen European vector of development, which in the perspective will help improve the socio-economic situation of society. The human potential is the broadest socio-economic category which characterizes the human participation in social processes. Human potential determines not only the country’s desire to ensure the future existence of creative, the qualified personnel, but also significantly affects on the expanded social renewal in terms of demographic, economic, social and spiritual life. Accordingly, in the digital economy, human resources should be given priority attention on the all levels of government. The development of human potential is influenced by the large number of factors (demo- graphic, investment, natural, housing, social, technical and technological, labour, economic, educational and innovative). One of the most recognized and widespread indicators in the world practice that assess the state, problems and level of human potential are such key indicators as: human development index, human capital index, the global competitiveness index. These indicators allow reflecting the impact on human potential of all these factors and show Ukraine in the ranking of countries of the world. The economic crises have affected on the Human Development Index (HDI) not only on Ukraine, but also on the European countries. In fact, over the ten-year period, the HDI rate for the European countries has deteriorated significantly, but with given the negative economic phenomena of 2017 and 2018, it still had some positive changes as of early 2020. At the same time, the small post-Soviet and now the European countries have significantly improved this indicator by conducting the successful reforms of social sphere. The Human Capital Index (HCI) shows that 70% of the national wealth is formed by the developed countries and only 30% of the national wealth of Ukraine. What is even worse is that while the developed countries are increasing their human capital, Ukraine is losing it. The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) should be used by the countries, which are striving to remove the existing barriers to the economic development and competitiveness as a tool for analyzing the problematic issues in their economic policy and develop anti-crisis strategies. According to the GCI, Ukraine has improved its state, but this improvement is extremely slow, while the EU’s countries are among the TOP-fifty countries with a high level of competitiveness. Thus, during the research period, almost all indices (except HDI) have increased, however, such increasing did not provide the best position of Ukraine in the world rankings, which indicates about the need significantly much higher rates of intellectualization of the economy. The changes are quite slow. On the basis of conducted analysis, it can be stated that the level of using of human potential are not improving in the recent years. As the observations are shown, the using of human potential in Ukraine takes place in conditions of the crisis phenomena in the economy and socio-cultural contradictions in society. The reform of the economy as a whole and its individual sectors, in particular, the public sector of the economy, the electronic document management system (EDMS), the electronic interaction with citizens and services has a great influence on the improvement of the analyzed indices.

Methodological Approach to Identification of Innovative Determinants of Human Capital Management

This article summarizes the arguments and counter-arguments in the scientific discussion on identifying the essential characteristics of human capital and key quantitative indicators of its evaluation. The article determined the evolutionary patterns of changing approaches to interpreting the essence of human capital. The study's main purpose is to form an integrated indicator of human capital assessment and identify the most relevant innovative drivers and inhibitors of its development. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the human capital evaluation problem has shown a significant variation in both national approaches to solving the problem and their supranational counterparts. Given the lack of a unified approach to evaluating human capital, the article proposes an author's approach to solving the problem using the Fishburne formula and additive convolution. The relevance of the selection of normalized partial indicators to the integrated indicator is confirmed based on the Cronbach's alpha test. The composite human capital evaluation indicator includes several social, economic, and institutional indicators. Given the transformation of all components of the business environment and the national economy due to the formation of Industry 4.0, it is necessary to determine the most relevant innovative factors of human capital development. A sample of potential drivers and inhibitors of impact on the composite indicator of human capital evaluation, which have an innovative nature, is formed to achieve this goal. The panel data regression model was built. All calculations were performed using Stata 12/SE software product. Modeling results showed that most determinants of innovation development do not have a statistically significant impact on Human Capital Index and vice versa. Human Capital Index is positively influenced by information and communication technology exports but negatively influenced by the imports of computers, communications and services, and high-tech exports. At the same time, the growth of the Human Capital Index has a negative impact on the growth of the share of exports of computers, communications, and services in the structure of commercial imports and high-tech exports. The study results could be useful to scientists, public authorities, local governments, businesses, and entrepreneurs.

Impact of COVID-19 on the unemployment rate: Empirical application on eighteen MENA countries

The consequences of the COVID-19 which devastated our planet was disastrous in terms of health and economic situation. The purpose of this article is to study the repercussions of the days of lockdown and the human capital index on the unemployment rate, in general and on young people in particular. The study covers eighteen countries in the MENA region. The econometric results have shown that the human capital index has a negative impact on the overall unemployment rate and on young people specifically. These results also indicated that strict confinement measures increase unemployment rate, unlike soft confinement ones.

Оценка влияния местного бюджета на человеческий капитал территории: исторические и современные аспекты

Considering the need for sustainable human capital development in Russia, as well as interdisciplinary research challenges, the present study examines historical and contemporary aspects of the impact of the budget on regional human capital. For this purpose, budgetary mechanisms implemented in the period from 1969 to 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Based on archival materials and data from statistical collections of the Soviet period, the dynamics and structure of budget revenues and expenditures in the 1970s were compared with those in the period from 2000 to 2017. A quantitative assessment was performed to test a hypothesis about a relationship between the volume of social budget expenditures and increase in the return on human capital in the form of tax revenues to the budget. The study employed methods of comparative, structural, correlation and econometric analysis and statistical grouping. Constructed econometric models demonstrated the nature and degree of influence of various social expenditures on the resulting indicator of human capital development. Then, comparative analysis was conducted to interpret the econometric modelling results and data on the state of local budgets in the Soviet and post-Soviet period. Taking into account the established relationship between social expenditures and the indicator of human capital development, public authorities can most efficiently allocate budget funds, ensuring the maximum socio-economic effect from their investment. The research findings can be used for creating socio-economic development strategies of particular regions, as well as for comparing their social development in the historical and geographical context. In this regard, future studies can systematically assess the impact of local budgets of the largest Russian regions on the resulting indicators of human capital.