Housing Patterns Research Articles

A Spatial Analysis on Charter School Access in the New York Metropolitan Area

Background Extant literature has consistently indicated that access to charter school markets is shaped by social geography. Given interest in location shown by charter schools and parents, estimating potential spatial access to charter schools has become instrumental in understanding equal opportunities for charter school enrollment in metropolitan areas with preexisting residential segregation. Purpose By considering the increasing significance of sociogeography, this article asks whether students have equal opportunities for potential spatial access to charter schools across communities and how disparities in charter school access are related to housing patterns. Setting This study focuses on 122 charter schools in the New York metropolitan region, a highly segregated metropolitan area in the United States where charter schools are a primary component of education reform. Research Design The first part of this study illustrates patterns of spatial accessibility of the area's charter schools, within a 20-minute commuting time, to students aged 5–13 years by employing the enhanced two-step floating catchment area method using a Gaussian function. The next part of the study tests the hypothesis that students are able to access charter schools equitably and irrespective of their place of residence. The spatial lag regression model is used to compare distributions of potential spatial accessibility with 15 demographic and socioeconomic variables. Findings Even after controlling for disproportionate population sizes by census tract, the potential need for charter schools is matched inequitably with the supply of educational service providers. The spatial lag regression results indicate that children in areas less accessible to charter schools within a convenient travel period tend to be exposed to communities with more populations of color, higher unemployed groups, and less expensive housing. Conclusions The findings offer empirical evidence that access to charter school differs depending on demographic and socioeconomic attributes, in significant combination with geography, illuminating charter school location strategies in real-world contexts. Though charter schools have been promoted as a vehicle to offer significant equity advantages across politically designed and strictly operated school attendance boundaries, charter schools in metropolitan New York exercise a distinct and profound form of pseudo-zoning by use of location strategies to exclude certain children who may be considered less desirable.

An Experimental Approach to Transdisciplinary Methodology in Housing

This article explores a transdisciplinary research method derived from the need to determine the tacit knowledge in the re-reading of contemporary housing patterns in Narcity in Ä°stanbul, Donau City in Vienna, and the Eastern Docklands in Amsterdam. The need for the development of such a method derives from two main problems: first, the necessity of re-reading the new dynamics of contemporary housing within the context of changing urban narratives in a globalised world; second, the consideration of the need for a dynamic view that engages both the subject and object in housing research. The residential areas are simultaneously evaluated at three levels defined by Basarab Nicolescu through an experimental and three-dimensional surface and inquiry space. It is projected that this methodology can help transgress the boundaries between fixed forms of policies and production and help bridge fact and fiction in re-reading and mapping controversies among researchers at different levels of comprehension.

Housing price variations using spatio-temporal data mining techniques

The issue of property evaluation and appraisal has been of high interest for private and public agents involved in the housing industry for the purposes of trade, insurance and tax. This paper aims to investigate how different factors related to the location of a property affect its price over time. The predictive models applied in this research are driven by real estate transactions data of Tehran Metropolitan Area, captured from open data available to the public. The parameters of the functions that describe the behavior of the housing market are estimated through applying different types of statistical models, including ordinary least squares (OLS), geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR). This suite of models has been run in order to compare their efficiency and accuracy in predicting the variations in housing price. The GTWR model showed significantly better performance than OLS and GWR models, as the goodness of fit index (adjusted R2) improved by 22 percent. Therefore, spatio-temporal non-stationary modelling is significant in the explanation of the variations in housing value and the GTWR coefficients were found more reliable. Three internal factors (size of building; building age; building quality), and eight external factors (topography; land-use mix; population density; distance to city center; distance to subway station; distance to regional parks; distance to highway; distance to airport) influence the property price, either positively or negatively. Moreover, using significant variables that extracted from regression models, the optimum number of housing value clusters is generated using the spatial ‘k’luster analysis by tree edge removal (SKATER) method. Five clusters of housing patterns were recognized. The policy implication of this paper is grouping of Metropolitan Tehran housing value data into five clusters with different characteristics. The varying factors influencing housing value in each cluster are different, making this data analysis technique useful for policy-makers in the housing sector.

Extent of knowledge about diversified farming of tribal farmers of Madhya Pradesh

In India, majority of population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities including crops, fruits, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro-processing that provides livelihood to the population. The present study was conducted in the West Nimar (Khargone) district of Madhya Pradesh. The Khargone district comprises of total of nine community development blocks (CDBs). Out of these, only one block i.e. Bhagwanpura was selected purposively from the selected district because this block was having maximum tribal population among all the other blocks in the district. The 100 tribal farmers those were practice or practicing diversified farming were selected by the snow ball random sampling method from the 10 selected village panchyats. The overall knowledge level majority (48.00%) of diversified farming tribal farmers had high followed by medium (31.00%) and low (21.00%), respectively. The value of correlation coefficients of variables i.e., Age, education, type of family, size of family, occupation, annual income, housing pattern, social participation, size of land holding, material possession, source of information utilization pattern, contact with extension personnel, scientific orientation, achievement motivation and risk orientation are found significant positively associated with knowledge level of the tribal farmers who are involved in the diversified farming.

Rural to urban migration of disaster induced displaced people in coastal area of Bangladesh: An analysis of risk and opportunity

Displacement is the earlier concept of civilization but climate induced displacement is the contemporary issue as climate victim of modern and industrialized world. The prime aim of the study was to investigate the rural to urban migration of disaster induced displacement in coastal area of Bangladesh addressing to risks and opportunities. The study mainly based on primary data and secondary data was used for validation. Primary data have been obtained through the quantitative along with qualitative sources. Qualitative data were attained through Participant Observation, Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods. Quantitative data have been acquired through the field study consisting of a questionnaire survey. Data were interpreted by the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS-20). The study reveals that after displacement nearly 89% displaced people migrated from rural (Kutubdia Island) to Cox’s Bazar urban area. Consequently, meantime their monthly income, occupational status, housing and sanitation condition, source of drinking water and health care facilities were changed positively but in most cases they are dissatisfied. Because they lost their traditional and indigenous occupations system (after migration nearly 30% dissatisfied about their occupation but before migration it was 16%) and their housing pattern and conditions become worsen. Availability of water and sanitation facility and healthcare seeking behavior changed positively in the urban area. However, in urban area they faced multi-dimensional problems such as harassment by mussel man (14%) and local elite group influence (32%), loss of identity and dignity, freedom of speech, social stratification, loss of socio-cultural harmony and fear of eviction as well as involvement of different types of illegal activities, such as drug addiction and smuggling and so on. Finally, the study revealed that there is risk and opportunity for climate displaced people in urban migration. However, planned migration of disaster induced displaced people can reduce the risk factors in the urban setting.

Mental images and congruence strategies: An investigation of congruence between residents and private open spaces in three dominant housing patterns of Yazd

Mental images and congruence strategies: An investigation of congruence between residents and private open spaces in three dominant housing patterns of Yazd

The Polycentric Dynamics of Melbourne and Sydney: suburb attractiveness divides a city at the home ownership level

Urban dynamics in large metropolitan areas result from complex interactions across social, economic and political factors, including population distribution, flows of wealth and infrastructure requirements. We develop a Census-calibrated model of urban dynamics for the Greater Sydney and Melbourne areas for 2011 and 2016, highlighting the evolution of population distributions and the housing market structure in these two cities in terms of their mortgage and rent distributions. We show that there is a tendency to homophily between renters and mortgage holders: renters tend to cluster nearer commercial centres, whereas mortgagors tend to populate the outskirts of these centres. We also identify a critical threshold at which the long-term evolution of these two cities will bifurcate between a ‘sprawling’ and a ‘polycentric’ configuration, showing that both cities lie on the polycentric side of the critical point in the long-run. Importantly, there is a divergence of these centric tendencies between the renters and mortgage holders. The polycentric patterns characterizing the mortgagors are focused around commercial centres, and we show that the emergent housing patterns follow the major transport routes through the cities.

A Web Application for Simulating Future Settlement Development

With the growing residential development of urban areas and their hinterlands in the Alpine region, urban sprawl is a major concern. It is therefore essential for decision-making authorities and urban planners to monitor the demand for, and consumption of, the limited reserve of land zoned for residential buildings and the development of future settlements. Data such as demographic statistics, population forecasts, and geospatial data of the land reserve are required for this purpose. However, due to the variety of these data, tools for exploring them in an integrated and intuitive manner are rarely available. This paper introduces a web application designed to facilitate this task, a map-based strategical dashboard that was developed within the Alpine Building Centre project (Zentrum Alpines Bauen, www.alpinesbauen.at). The paper describes the application’s design goals, data preparation, architecture and user interface. With a use case in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, we demonstrate how the application visualizes the predicted future settlement situation based on existing housing patterns and population development forecasts. The use case also shows how the application allows simulation and evaluation of various scenarios for housing demand and zoned residential land use, thus assisting decision makers to devise spatial development concepts for balancing housing sufficiency and reducing urban sprawl. This paper aims to present the application as an approach of using an interactive map-based dashboard to present and utilize multidimensional data in the field of residential land use for the purposes of urban planning.

Clinicopathological Study of Nonlupus "Full-House" Nephropathy.

Full-house staining of glomeruli in renal pathology is highly suggestive of lupus nephritis. Other nonlupus entities can also present with a similar pattern on immune fluorescence. Different authors have used different names for this new entity with full house staining on immunofluorescence (IF) with negative serology for lupus. Some authors used the term full-house nephropathy for this new entity. The aim of our study is to define the clinicopathological spectrum and treatment outcomes of nonlupus "full-house" patterns. We retrospectively reviewed all renal biopsies performed between 2013 and 2017 in the nephrology department in a tertiary teaching hospital in south India. A total of 12 patients were found with full-house staining on IF, not fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE. Out of 12 patients, eight patients (66%) presented with features suggestive of both nephrotic and nephritic syndrome, one patient (8%) with subnephrotic proteinuria, one patient (8%) with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, one patient (8%) with pure nephrotic syndrome, and one patient (8%) with pure nephritic syndrome. The most common histopathology pattern observed was diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (58%), followed by membranous nephropathy (16%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (16%), and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (8%). Irrespective of treatment regimen given, six patients (50%) achieved complete remission, three patients (25%) achieved partial remission, and three patients (25%) did not attain remission at the end of six months. Only one patient became ANA positive during follow-up. Thus, we can conclude that varied glomerular pathologies can occur with full house pattern on IF which respond well to immunosuppression.

Access to and exclusion from housing over time: Refugees' experiences in rural areas

AbstractTaking the example of recognized refugees in rural Germany, and following the housing pathways approach, the paper addresses the complex interplay of individual and family‐related residential preferences over time as well as structural factors regarding access to housing and associated settlement and integration. Results are from a long‐term empirical study that encompassed both refugees’ and local actors’ views. Mechanisms and practices of exclusion that prevent refugees from accessing appropriate private housing are related to the negotiation of residential preferences about where and how to live, as well as to structural aspects such as the pattern of local housing markets, accessibility of infrastructures or the unwillingness of landlords to let to refugees. The paper concludes to highlight the role of place in housing trajectories and the significance of social resources within refugees' practices and local intermediaries' strategies to overcome exclusion and provision of access to rural housing.

Fishing Community in Wetland Region of Bangladesh: Views from the Field Experiences of Hakaluki Haor

This study is a part of doctoral dissertation which basically observes the socio-economic condition of the artisanal fishing community of Hakaluki Haor in Bangladesh. The original study is exploratory in nature, and both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used to attain the goals and objectives of the study. The main objective of the current article is to identify the present socio-demographic background of Hoar fishing community in Bangladesh. Data analysis has focused on the actual situation of the household of fishing community from the Haor perspective. The findings of the study have been categorized on the basis of five capitals (i.e., social, human, physical, financial and natural resources) that structure the conceptual framework of the study. It is shown that most of the fishing community in the Haor basin are living under the most unpleasant and vulnerable conditions in terms of income, food security, housing patterns, health and sanitation conditions. Other issues center around child marriage, family planning, and social relations among the dwellers of the community. Also, among the observed problems are decision making, power practice, participation in development activities, socio-economic position in education and local institutions.

Study the Social Needs for Proper Housing

The housing industry is an essential part of the urban development that requires full cooperation of the country’s different institutes including public and private sectors’ institutions, individuals, and groups. This is to achieve the sustainable development in all different aspects; economic, social, and urban developments. As the basic citizen needs of “everyone’s has the right to have a suitable home” made it essential requirement to offers many housing solutions to fulfill different people needs.The human concepts changed through the years and evolved the housing patterns, methods, forms and uses. As the human needs, concepts and cultures changed - from the need of only a shelter above the head - to protect from weather, into home that provides not only protection but also physiological and psychological comfort and recreational facilities to practice various activities. The industrial revolution, and the development of mechanization with the technology development, in addition to economic and social changes, leading to lack of areas, which helped the change of housing features and its meanings. As it used to be consisted of two or three floors to hold one family only, it transformed into the existing towers and muti-story buildings to conclude large numbers of residents.The research relied mainly on surveys to measure the population’s preference for housing. He also used field visits (for construction companies that play the role of owner and sometimes contractor and development) and documentary analysis to study the nature of the residential product mainly as well as to measure the level of preference for types and requirements of housing, as well as the use of interviews and panel discussions. The criteria, recommendations and proposals contained in this research represent a picture of the needs of a sample of the community, but the results of this research cannot be indicated merely or considered decisive, but must be analyzed to suit each case, and use it in the best possible way to contribute to the design decision.The study reached several results; the most important is to provide privacy and tranquility, due to the low population density with the provision of services, based on the following:1- The preference for a residential building without other services was the largest.2- The residential buildings’ height should not exceed 5 floors.3- The residential building should not contain more than 10 apartment units.4- There should be some special services for residential buildings, as a suitable number of parking spaces, as well as the elevator in the buildings and a terrace.

Spatial Identification of Housing Vacancy in China

The housing vacancy rate (HVR) is an important index in assessing the healthiness of residential real estate market. In China, it is hardly to take advantage of the basic data of real estate information due to the opaque of those data. In this paper, the HVR is estimated to two scales. At the grid level, urban area ratio was calculated by nighttime images after eliminating outliers of nighttime images and night light intensity of non-residential pixels in mixed pixels by a proposed modified optimal threshold method, and built-up areas in each pixel were extracted from the land-cover data. Then, the HVR is calculated by comparing the light intensity of specific grid with the light intensity of full occupancy rate regions. At the administrative scale, the GCI (‘ghost city’ index) is constructed by calculating the ratio of the total light radiation intensity of a city to the total construction land area of the city. The overall spatial differentiation pattern of the vacant houses in the national prefecture level administrative regions is analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn: vacant housing is rare in certain eastern coastal cities and regions in China with relatively fast economic development. Cities based on exhausted resources, some mountainous cities, and cities with relatively backward economic development more typically showed high levels of housing vacancy. The GCI of prefecture-level administrative units gradually declined from north to south, whereas the east-west distribution showed a parabolic shape. As city level decreased, the GCI registered a gradual upward trend. China’s urban housing vacancy can be divided into five categories: industry or resources driven, government planned, epitaxy expansionary, environmental constraint and speculative activate by combining the spatial distribution of housing vacancy with the factors of natural environment, social economic development level, and population density into consideration.

Linking historical discriminatory housing patterns to the contemporary food environment in Baltimore

Food access literature links disinvested communities with poor food access. Similarly, links are made between discriminatory housing practices and contemporary investment. Less work has examined the relationship between housing practices and food environment disparities. Our central premise is that these practices create distinctions in food environment quality, and that these disparities may have implications for food system advocacy and policymaking. In this paper, we link an objective food environment assessment with a spatial database highlighting redlining, blockbusting, and gentrification in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Standard socioeconomic and housing characteristics are used to control for race, income, and housing composition in a multivariate regression analysis. Our findings highlight that blockbusting—rather than redlining—most strongly shapes poor food access. Redlining and gentrification, meanwhile, are associated with better food access. These findings raise important points about future policy discussions, which should instead be focused on ameliorating more contemporary patterns of housing inequality.

Urban Agriculture Oriented Community Planning and Spatial Modeling in Chinese Cities

There are three main contradictions associated with urbanization: population growth and food demand, urban sprawl and production space, and production patterns and energy consumption. The pressure of urbanization has led to a mismatch between production and consumption in space and pattern. The current status and trends in urban food system planning illustrated that sustainable consumption and production were closely related to their spatial layout. The paper took a simulated sustainable food system in urban community as an example. It formulated a rational spatial planning strategy based on urban agriculture of different scales, technologies, and efficiencies, quantified productive community metrics to accommodate different scales of urban space, and wrote algorithms to develop a spatial model of a meta-cellular automaton that coupled consumer housing with productive surfaces. Finally, by comparing and optimizing the spatial patterns of multiple solutions, urban agriculture-oriented urban community planning was developed. The model was only a preliminary attempt at food system planning, but it explored the distribution patterns of housing and agriculture within a given territory in three steps: theoretical strategy-morphological simulation-planning design while meeting urban and productivity indicators. It demonstrated the feasibility of productive spaces and explored a planning strategy for urban communities that supports sustainable consumption and production.

The CCTV Headquarters—Horizontal Skyscraper or Vertical Courtyard? Anomalies of Beijing Architecture, Urbanism, and Globalisation

The CCTV Headquarters—Horizontal Skyscraper or Vertical Courtyard? Anomalies of Beijing Architecture, Urbanism, and Globalisation

Housing Stability and Hepatitis C Infection for Young Adults Who Inject Drugs: Examining the Relationship of Consistent and Intermittent Housing Status on HCV Infection Risk

Housing status affects drug using behaviors, but less is known about the relationship between housing patterns and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV-negative young people who inject drugs (PWID) were enrolled into a prospective cohort (2003–2019) with quarterly study visits. We used Cox regression to estimate the independent association of recent housing status (housed vs. unhoused, housing stability, and housing trajectory) on HCV incidence. Among 712 participants, 245 incident HCV infections occurred over 963.8 person-years (py) (cumulative incidence 24.4/100 py). An inverse relationship between time housed and HCV incidence was observed (always unhoused 45.0/100 py, 95% confidence interval (CI) 37.1, 54.5; variably housed 18.0/100 py, 95% CI 15.0, 21.3; and always housed 7.0/100 py, 95% CI 3.0, 17.3). In Cox regression models controlling for confounders, those unhoused versus housed at baseline had a 1.9-fold increased infection risk (95% CI 1.4, 2.6). Those always unhoused versus always housed had a 1.5 times greater risk of HCV (95% CI 1.0, 2.3), and those spending a portion of time in stable housing a lower risk (adjusted relative hazard 0.05, 95% CI 0.3, 0.9) with a similar trend for those being housed for less time. Young adult PWID experiencing both recent and chronic states of being unhoused are at elevated risk for HCV infection. Importantly for this group of PWID, our findings indicate that some frequency of residential housing significantly reduces HCV infection risk.

Swiss second-home owners’ intentions of changing housing patterns

Abstract For several decades, second homes have gained popularity across Europe. For various socio-economic reasons, it is important to understand the factors prompting owners to migrate to the destination area or preventing them from doing so. Discussions about “home” and “migration” here consider the emerging explanatory opportunities brought about by the “new mobility paradigm”. The purpose of this work is to examine whether second-home owners are prone to switch their housing pattern, hence permanently move to their second home, or to maintain the status quo, following a more flexible lifestyle by using both homes. An empirical investigation aimed at identifying the key factors fostering second-home owners’ intentions of future relocation to a holiday destination is proposed. Individual observations were collected through a survey posted to second-home owners in the Lake Maggiore region (Southern Switzerland). Results show that most of the second-home owners are happy to continue their current flexible housing patterns and enjoy the best of both homes, rather than opting for permanent relocation. This study also demonstrates the importance of the owner’s socio-demographic and psychological traits, as well as objective and subjective host-community characteristics, in explaining individuals’ future housing intentions.

Evaluating Urban Community Sustainability by Integrating Housing, Ecosystem Services, and Landscape Configuration

Community is the core spatial unit for evaluating sustainable development. However, single data and method seem inadequate for conducting a scientific, effective, and innovative sustainable evaluation of complex community units. In this study, we perform a sustainable-oriented land use scheme using multisource remote sensing, machine learning, and object-based postclassification refinement. Furthermore, we assess the sustainability of the traffic community by data-driven and combined housing, ecosystem services, and landscape configuration. The results indicated that (1) the relationship between housing, ecosystem services, and landscape pattern has obvious synergistic effects, although with dissimilar importance in different sustainability levels. High sustainability level is intensely coordinated with landscape configuration, medium sustainability level is more affected by ecosystem services, and low sustainability level is more related to housing. (2) Community sustainability presents a significant spatial distribution. The communities of high sustainability level are mainly located in both sides of the Pearl River and emerging urban areas, while those of medium sustainability level are distributed sporadically in the study area and those of low sustainability level are concentrated in old towns. (3) Community transformation cannot be accomplished at one step. Along with the continuous optimization of landscape configuration, the priority should be given to housing reconstruction and improvement of ecosystem services further. We provide scientific and effective data-based evidence for urban decision-makers by integrating the advantages of the Earth Observation System and multifactor analysis.

Housing-industry symbiosis in rural China: A multi-scalar analysis through the lens of land use

The symbiosis of housing and industry is currently regarded to be the key to implement the national strategy of rural revitalization in China. However, challenges have emerged in portraying the spatial mismatch pattern of housing and industry development in rural regions from the demographic perspectives accompanying the massive rural-urban migration. The measurement of housing-industry symbiosis needs to be re-examined from a novel perspective. This paper attempts to bridge the gap by proposing two indices for unearthing the symbiotic relationship between housing and industry through the lens of land use. Taking Xuzhou as an example, we found that the distribution of rural housing and industrial lands is spatially uneven. And the uneven patterns of housing-industry symbiosis vary at different spatial scales. The results also indicate that township level might be a better scalar for the arrangement of rural land. Policies that aimed to promote the symbiotic development of housing and industry in rural Xuzhou and beyond are finally proposed.