Housing Patterns Research Articles

Reuse Techniques of Residential Stock in Urban fabric of the Old Cities Analytical study of international experiences in sustainability of historic centers

Traditional residential buildings within the urban fabric of old cities are one of the most densely populated housing patterns in the Arab countries, which represent an important part that provides shelter for a large group of residents with its unique characteristics. Due to the factors of decay and deterioration over time, many of these buildings become unsuitable for occupancy, demand a rapid intervention to revitalize and utilize. Globally, in many successful experiences, many of these sectors have been re-employed and rehabilitated by either a maintenance-based methodology as part of the local heritage to be maintained or by prolonging its functional age by exploiting a new use to serve the local community. In the Arab world, the heritage cities have been suffering from many problems, the most important of which is the negative impact of urban development on the residential environment, because it has not been able to meet the current requirements, making it an unsuitable environment for modern housing, causing a change in its accommodation functional structure, and to convert to other employments, and with its indigenous inhabitants abandoned, threatened the social and historical value of its urban fabric. The research aims at presenting general guidelines that can be adopted in the rehabilitation of traditional residential buildings by examining the possibility of accepting the characteristics of these buildings to the contemporary requirements without harming their heritage value, by reviewing and analyzing a number of successful international experiences in the rehabilitation field of old cities, and extracting a set of principal guidelines for the purpose of employment in the sustainability of traditional housing stocks.

Study on Courtyard Residence and Cultural Sustainability: Reading Chinese Traditional Siheyuan through Space Syntax

The United Nations and local governments have supported a four-point sustainable development framework, including environmental responsibility, economic viability, social equity, and cultural vitality. This study is based on the theoretical framework of sustainability to study the traditional Chinese siheyuan residence. Space syntax attempts to explain how spatial structures express social or cultural significance, such as the hierarchical relationship and privacy in it. The main purposes of this study are: (1) To analyze the spatial topological layout of traditional siheyuans by using the space syntax theory, and thus deduce the cultural connotation embedded in traditional siheyuans; (2) to compare and analyze the spatial morphology and behavior patterns of traditional and modern houses; (3) to explore how to integrate courtyard features into contemporary design and promote cultural sustainability. This study expounds the concept and application of syntactic analysis, and the relationship between the syntactic attributes of specific buildings in a particular area, and the culture and life of the local people within that area. As time goes by, the spatial form of houses has changed. However, in terms of spatial allocation index, the significant difference between traditional residences and modern residences lies in the integration and equivalence of all spaces in residences. We can learn from the cultural values of traditional siheyuans, meaning “people-oriented”, to rationally design modern residences with cultural connotations.

An Australian geography of unhealthy housing

AbstractHousing problems, such as affordability, poor quality of condition, or damp, are key determinants of health and wellbeing. Importantly, though, a growing body of research has shown that unhealthy housing is the combined result of multiple housing problems acting together. Although the spatial distribution of discrete housing problems is well established, little is known of Australia's geography of unhealthy housing. We have previously defined and validated an Australian Index of Housing Insults, which captures the multiple ways in which housing adversely influences individual health—including, but not limited to, people's tenure security, affordability, quality, and neighbourhood characteristics. Using the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) dataset, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of Australian households, this paper describes Australia's geography of unhealthy housing. The analysis examines the prevalence, characteristics, and distribution of the population who are vulnerable to unhealthy housing. Our findings reveal both a worsening landscape of households at risk because of their accommodation and a changing pattern of unhealthy housing in Australia over time. The paper considers how these findings may impact future policy settings and the potential to improve the health of Australia's population through targeted housing interventions.

School segregation: A realist’s view

The nation’s greatest anti-racist education policy — school desegregation — has proven no match for the adaptations of institutionalized racism. Over the last 40 years, school segregation has evolved and reemerged in housing patterns, school zoning policy, and curricular tracking. This has led to calls for new solutions to the problem of racial segregation in schools. Is it possible, however, that the pursuit of such solutions is a form of avoidance, an unwillingness to face the intractable nature of institutionalized racism? Jerry Rosiek considers the power of pessimism about racial justice as a stance for educators in an era of resegregating schools.

Housing Stability and Hepatitis C Infection for Young Adults Who Inject Drugs: Examining the Relationship of Consistent and Intermittent Housing Status on HCV Infection Risk

Background: Housing status affects drug-using behaviors, but less is known about the relationship between housing patterns and hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection. Methods: HCV-negative young people who inject drugs (PWID) were enrolled into a prospective cohort (2003-2019) with quarterly study visits. We used Cox regression to estimate the independent association of recent housing status (housed vs. unhoused, housing stability, and housing trajectory), on HCV incidence. Findings: Among 712 participants, 245 incident HCV infections occurred over 963·8 person-years (py) (cumulative incidence: 24·4/100py). An inverse relationship between time housed and HCV incidence was observed (always unhoused: 45·0/100py, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 37·1, 54·5; variably housed: 18·0/100py, 95% CI: 15·0, 21·3; and always housed: 7·0/100py, 95% CI: 3·0, 17·3). In Cox regression models controlling for confounders, those unhoused versus housed at baseline had a 1·9-fold increased infection risk (95% CI: 1·4, 2·6). Those always unhoused versus always housed had a 1·5-times greater risk of HCV (95% CI: 1·0, 2·3), and those variably housed had a lower risk (adjusted relative hazard: 0·05, 95% CI: 0·3, 0·9) with a similar trend for those being housed for less time. Interpretation: For this group of PWID, our findings indicate that some frequency of residential housing may protects HCV infection. Funding Statement: NIH/NIDA Grant R01DA16017, NIH/NIDA Grant K01DA037802. Declaration of Interests: The authors state that they do not have any conflicts of interest related to this work. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco (#10-00063). Participants completed written consent.

Rooster Town: The History of an Urban Métis Community, 1901–1961 by Evelyn Peters, Matthew Stock, Adrian Werner

Reviewed by: Rooster Town: The History of an Urban Métis Community, 1901–1961 by Evelyn Peters, Matthew Stock, Adrian Werner Timothy Foran Peters, Evelyn, Matthew Stock, and Adrian Werner – Rooster Town: The History of an Urban Métis Community, 1901–1961. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2018. Pp. 248. Given the steady growth of scholarly interest in Métis history over the past four decades, it is surprising that urban Métis communities have all but eluded sustained investigation. For the most part, scholarship on Indigenous experiences of cities has focused on First Nations people registered under the Indian Act and on the colonial mechanisms that contained, expelled, and erased them from urban spaces. Rooster Town expands and complicates this scholarship by training a critical lens on one of the many Métis communities that emerged on the edges of settler cities on the prairies and in British Columbia in the first half of the [End Page 410] twentieth century. Its eponymous community developed on the southwest fringe of Winnipeg from around 1900 until its dissolution by the municipal government in the 1950s and early 1960s. According to authors Evelyn Peters, Matthew Stock, and Adrian Werner, Rooster Town was an innovative Métis response to settler colonialism and dispossession: flouting settler stereotypes about the inability or unwillingness of Indigenous people to adapt to urban life, Métis households moved to the community from rural parishes in order to access the urban labour market and gain economic and housing security. In examining the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of these households, Peters, Stock, and Werner make an important and overdue contribution to Métis historiography and, more broadly, to Canadian urban historiography and geography. The book is structured chronologically in five chapters, each of which is complemented by maps, tables, family trees, and (in the final three chapters) building plans and photographs. Chapter 1 sets out the social and economic context in which Rooster Town came into being. It surveys the processes through which the Métis were dispossessed of lands reserved for them under the 1870 Manitoba Act and through which Métis farming, fishing, and small business-owning families were supplanted by large, well-financed operations in the 1870s and 1880s. Chapter 2 examines the formation of Rooster Town from 1901 to 1911, when many Métis households left the poverty of rural parishes to find wage work in Winnipeg. These households coordinated their movement and resettlement through kinship and social connections: the majority (81.3%) of Rooster Town’s founding families hailed from St. Norbert parish, and subsequent arrivals tended to come and settle in family units. Clustering outside the serviced area of the city, though for the most part squatting on city-owned land, these families established a place of cultural safety and mutual support. Chapter 3 highlights the variety of housing and tenure strategies employed by Rooster Town families between 1916 and 1926. These included squatting, self-building, renting, and purchasing land (a risky investment when low incomes and unstable employment could spell foreclosure on unpaid taxes). Chapter 4 details the persistence of these strategies during and beyond the Depression years when Rooster Town experienced rapid population growth (mainly through internal increase) and new households were formed. The final chapter examines the decade between 1951 and 1961 when Winnipeg newspapers and city authorities set their crosshairs on Rooster Town, deploying racist tropes to frame the community as a den of squalor and disorder and ultimately rationalizing its destruction and dispersal. Undergirding this narrative is an impressive, if somewhat partial, selection and analysis of primary source material. Peters, Stock, and Werner make brilliant use of civil administrative records—including manuscript censuses, voter lists, assessment rolls, and building permits—to delineate patterns of movement, employment, housing, and land tenure among Rooster Town households. The authors are less successful, however, in obtaining and analyzing data on connections between these households, particularly extended kin connections. This problem arises from a restrictive, genealogically based understanding of kinship—an understanding that has lately been challenged and revised by Métis scholars [End Page 411] Brenda Macdougall, Chris Andersen, and Adam Gaudry. The authors might have better elucidated networks of...

Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Changing Housing Patterns on Urban Open Public Spaces of Amman, Jordan: A GIS and RS Perspective

Rapid urbanization and population growth of the Amman Area were combined with land resource degradation when the city was heading for mounting urbanization from the early 1950s. The deterioration of natural resources and green areas, was coupled with the creation of different urban public open spaces in the city. The transformation from large single-family houses to dense residential apartments was associated with social and behavioral changes among the inhabitants living in the dense apartments. Consequently, a large private sector has been developed to provide public and social spaces. Photo-interpretation and satellite images were used to map and characterize land use/cover changes have been occurred in the Amman area between 1953 and 2017. Maximum Likelihood Classification method was employed to identify land use/cover changes between 1986 and 20017, and GIS was utilized also to map examples of the recently emerged socio-economic open spaces. Excessive urban development in the last two decades, and the adoption of neo-liberal privatization policies by the government, enhanced social stratification and residential segregation. So, instead of encouraging outdoor activity and social interaction among all groups of Amman residents, the freedom of accessibility to major open spaces has been restricted within the same urban fabric, thus, the “two Ammans” paradigm, a “tale of two cities”, has been recently acknowledged.

A Study of Phayao’s Historical Trading Communities to Encourage Recognizing Local History and to Promote Cultural Tourism

Phayao is considered to be a city with a history of more than 700 years after Chao Luang Wong had evacuated people from Lampang and relocated them the city of Phayao. In order to gain useful information to promote cultural tourism, a study of Phayao’s commercial community included its history, architectural styles, and the perceptions of people in the community. The methods used for research were collecting historical and physical data as well as conducting surveys. The area studied was divided into four groups which were determined by the characteristics of the area. Based on the study of data, there are three existing commercial communities known as the following: the Sop-Tam commercial community of Tai Yai and Burmese which is currently closed, the Nong Ra-bu community in which most of the shops have been operated by Hainan Chinese, recently it has decreased in significances from the prosperity of the past, and the Mueang Phayao Market community operated by Teochiu Chinese, which is now the main commercial center of Mueang Phayao. There are four patterns of shops and houses. From the survey and interviews it was found that the area along Phaholyothin Road has stories that can be conveyed linking the two viable commercial communities with its architecture and places. This indicates that the stories can create perceptions of the commercial routes that could be useful in cultural tourism.

Investigating problems of vehicle parking in a low-rise residential area in Nangok-dong, Seoul

A number of low-rise residential areas in Seoul came to be filled with single–family houses in the 1970s. But as the housing pattern changed to multi-family housing and demand of cars explosively increased, vehicle parking in the area became problematic. Although the local government tightened regulations on parking standards and built a public parking zone to solve this problem, the residents’ complaints worsened as parking many vehicles along a narrow alley caused community conflicts and pedestrian safety was threatened. In the study, Nangok-dong was investigated as most of the cars parked on a narrow road caused degeneration of pedestrian and residential environments. This study investigated the actual parking conditions in the study area and proposed a few ideas for solving the complex parking matter in a low-rise residential area.

Tracking job and housing dynamics with smartcard data

Residential locations, the jobs-housing relationship, and commuting patterns are key elements to understand urban spatial structure and how city dwellers live. Their successive interaction is important for various fields including urban planning, transport, intraurban migration studies, and social science. However, understanding of the long-term trajectories of workplace and home location, and the resulting commuting patterns, is still limited due to lack of year-to-year data tracking individual behavior. With a 7-y transit smartcard dataset, this paper traces individual trajectories of residences and workplaces. Based on in-metro travel times before and after job and/or home moves, we find that 45 min is an inflection point where the behavioral preference changes. Commuters whose travel time exceeds the point prefer to shorten commutes via moves, while others with shorter commutes tend to increase travel time for better jobs and/or residences. Moreover, we capture four mobility groups: home mover, job hopper, job-and-residence switcher, and stayer. This paper studies how these groups trade off travel time and housing expenditure with their job and housing patterns. Stayers with high job and housing stability tend to be home (apartment unit) owners subject to middle- to high-income groups. Home movers work at places similar to stayers, while they may upgrade from tenancy to ownership. Switchers increase commute time as well as housing expenditure via job and home moves, as they pay for better residences and work farther from home. Job hoppers mainly reside in the suburbs, suffer from long commutes, change jobs frequently, and are likely to be low-income migrants.

Parking policy: The politics and uneven use of residential parking space in Melbourne

Pressures on on-street residential parking in intensifying Australian cities are popularly ascribed to new higher density housing with insufficient off-street parking, underscoring calls to strengthen parking requirements in new developments. Despite the potential impacts of conventional minimum parking policies (on housing, land use, and transport patterns), there is no or little evidence of who uses residential on-street parking. Nor is there clear evidence of to what extent off-street parking, or requirements for it, actually offset on-street parking use. This study examines residential parking use in one Australian city, Melbourne, via two complementary sources: an existing travel survey of 8,994 households, and a custom online survey with 307 local responses. Although they have limitations, the two surveys provide new insight into where and by whom the use of on-street parking space around the home is more common.The study finds the majority (77–83%) of on-street residential parking use is by residents of detached housing. Most users of on-street parking have sufficient off-street parking, and half use garage space for storage or housing purposes. Residents of new flats and apartments account for disproportionately little on-street parking use, are excluded from on-street permits, and have closely controlled off-street parking spaces of which a third are unused. The paper argues uneven use of residential parking reflects household choices, and differing rights to space embedded by zoning traditions that privilege lower density housing. Critical analysis is given both of the capability of conventional ‘predict and provide’ parking policies to manage residential parking, and to cope with urban change.

A STUDY ON SPACE PATTERN AND TRADITIONAL HOUSE OF PENGLIPURAN VILLAGE

<p class="Abstract"><em>Penglipuran Traditional Village is a traditional settlement in Bali which has an attractive space pattern seen from the order of the spatial pattern that is typical of the cultural activities of its people. The village is located at a distance of 45 km from Denpasar and 5 km from the capital city of Bangli Regency. The aim of the study was to find out the concept of traditional patterns of space and houses applied in Penglipuran Village, as a basis for researching traditional Balinese architecture. This research was conducted with qualitative descriptive method and case study approach. Penglipuran Village as a settlement has a space pattern which is divided into 3 (three) spatial arrangements based on the Tri Mandala concept consisting of: 1) Main Mandala (Pura); 2) Madya Mandala (Residence); 3) Nista Mandala (Tomb). The condition of the Penglipuran Traditional Village as a traditional mountain village shows one thing that stands out, namely the spread of settlement patterns tend to be linear because they are in mountainous areas. Penglipuran Bali Traditional House is an order of cultural result of the cultural mindset of the ancestors of the Penglipuran community in organizing an area well and upholding ancestral customs and striving to maintain the order well, neatly organized concept and sustainable nature and the surrounding environment.</em></p><p class="Abstract"><em><br /></em></p>

The characteristics and mechanisms of the recent catastrophic landslides in Africa under IPL and WCoE projects

This paper described the recent catastrophic landslides in Sierra Leone, DR Congo, and Nigeria and their probable mechanisms. The landslides occurred at the peak of rainy season on steep mountains predisposed to failure by geologic, climatic, hydrologic, and tectonic factors. The landslides killed over 500 people and displaced more than 2000 people. The DR Congo landslide occurred a few days after the Sierra Leone landslide of August 14, 2017. The Sierra Leone mudslide occurred in the Regent area of Freetown on the steep slopes of Mount Sugar Loaf. Sugar Loaf forms a part of extensive and forested highlands south of the city. The cities of Freetown, Lokoja in Nigeria, Conakry in Guinea, and other cities in Africa have grown in recent times to almost encircle vulnerable highlands that are prone to failure. The internal friction angles of the slope materials were low at all saturation and normal stress levels used in the study. The result correlated with the stability analysis which showed that the factor of safety along the potential sliding surfaces was at critical value at failure. The number of casualties following a slip of the weak slope materials increased because of the housing pattern and the lack of effective drainages in urban cites in Africa. These factors are important considerations for future prevention and mitigating measures aimed at saving Africa from catastrophic slope failures.

On Walking and Thinking: Two Walks across the Page

On Walking and Thinking: Two Walks across the Page

Expatriates and the city: The spatialities of the high-skilled migrants’ transnational living in Moscow

The paper focuses on residential strategies and patterns of highly skilled migrants from Western countries in Moscow. During recent decades, transnational migration of highly skilled workers has grown and diversified; as a consequence, residential practices and socio-spatial behaviour of this kind of migrants (the so-called 'expatriates') in the destination city diversified as well. The spatial impact of highly skilled migrants on the destination city, however, is still rather underexplored (e.g., the analysis is limited to the upper strata of expatriates). The present paper fills this gap by focusing on the 'middling' group of highly skilled transnational migrants in Moscow. The research questions the view that expatriates tend towards socio-spatial clustering and homogenization, which are both commonly associated with the rise of transnational residential compounds. We argue that, on the contrary, the housing pattern of expatriates in Moscow has a multi-faceted spatial structure and is embedded in a heterolocal model of socio-spatial behaviour. The pulling factors of expatriate residential choices are similar to those choices of local people, while some elements—typically used to explain expatriate spatial preferences (e.g., localization of international schools or jobs)—are inconsequential. This dispersed and variegated settlement pattern seems to be linked to the 'middling' and increasingly heterogeneous nature of transnational migration and the cultural differences determining the host-home context divide.

Place and community inclusion: Locational patterns of supportive housing for people with intellectual disability and people with psychiatric disorders

PurposeThis study examines the locational patterns of publicly-funded supportive housing for people with intellectual disability (people with ID) and people with psychiatric disorders (people with PD). MethodsAdministrative data provided housing locations of 4599 people with ID and people with PD in one urban county and one suburban county in the United States. Census tract data captured neighborhood characteristics. Descriptive statistics and spatial analysis were used to analyze the distribution of supportive housing sites. ResultsPeople with ID were more dispersed across a larger number of census tracts with smaller number of residents per tract than people with PD. While spatial dispersion in favor of people with ID was consistent across both counties, difference in dispersion was more pronounced in the urban county. People with PD were concentrated in neighborhoods with more socio-economic disadvantage, more residential instability, and a higher level of race/ethnic diversity than people with ID. ConclusionThis study suggests that spatial-analytic method can serve as a useful tool for assessing the extent to which integrated housing is achieved for people with ID and people with PD. Interpretation of findings should be given due consideration of the policy context and neighborhood characteristics of the study communities.

소득계층별 거주가능주택의 주거분리 특성 분석 : 수도권을 중심으로

This study aimed to investigate spatial segregation patterns of affordable housing by the income group using apartment price and rent data between 2011 and 2015 for the Seoul metropolitan area(SMA). In doing so, we calculated housing affordability index(HAI), rental affordability index (RAI), and housing opportunity index(HOI). Furthermore, we analyzed spatial segregation patterns for disposable income deciles in terms of unevenness, concentration, centralization, and clustering indices. Major findings can be summarized as follows. First, the analysis results show that both the lowest and highest income groups have higher uneveness indices than other groups, indicating a serious spatial segregation for those groups. Second, the high income group is likely to have higher concentration index than low income group. Third, centralization index shows that housings for the high income group locate near the CBD of Seoul, while housings for the low income group locate in the outskirt of the SMA, implying a residential segregation between the central city and suburbs.

Assessing the influences of service provision on pace and short and medium term development patterns of residential housing in Dar es Salaam

ABSTRACTThe connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it affects allocation of scarce resources in the cities of Sub Sahara Africa, where the adopted planning models and concepts seem to have minimal success. Through spatial analysis and quantitative research this study explores sequencing of servicing and housing development as it impacts city spatial growth patterns in a context of resource deficiency in Dar es Salaam City. The study finds that despite households’ land ownership being crucial in city spatial expansion process towards residential house ownership, their actual construction and occupation will depend on the accessibility of services. Moreover, it was established that as more services become available, proportionally, number of people settling in new areas increases. Since this process happens equally in planned and unplanned settlements, this study indicates that it is the availability of services and not land allocation that triggers actual development of residential housing. Thus, service provision determines the pace of change in short and medium city spatial patterns. This implies that in the context of public resource deficiency and self-help housing, strategic investments in basic services such as electricity connection, public transport and portable water is the way to influence actual city development pattern rather than providing plots.

Towards an understanding of loneliness among Australian men: Gender cultures, embodied expression and the social bases of belonging

Recent quantitative investigations consistently single out considerable gender variations in the experience of loneliness in Australia, and in particular how men are especially prone to protracted and serious episodes of loneliness. In 2017 the Director of Lifeline implicated loneliness as a significant factor in suicide among Australian men – currently three times the rate of suicide among women. Compared to women men also struggle to talk about loneliness or seek help from a range of informal and professional sources. We know very little about men’s experience of loneliness or why they are so susceptible to it currently and research is urgently needed in order to design specific interventions for them. To date, psychology has dominated the theoretical research on loneliness but in this article we argue that sociology has a key role to play in broadening out the theoretical terrain of this understanding so as to create culturally informed interventions. Most researchers agree that loneliness occurs when belongingess needs remain unmet, yet it is also acknowledged that such needs are culturally specific and changing. We need to understand how loneliness and gender cultures configure for men; how they are located in different ethnic, class and age cohort cultures as well as the changing social/economic/spatial/public/institutional bases for belonging across Australia. Theoretical enquiry must encompass the broader social structural narratives (Bauman, Giddens and Sennett) and link these to the changing nature of belonging in everyday life – across the public sphere, the domestic sphere, work, in kinship systems, housing and settlement patterns, associational life, in embodied relationships and online.

The distribution of unlevered housing in American urban areas

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of social and economic factors on home ownership as an investment in American urban areas.Design/methodology/approachThe authors run a spatial analysis using home ownership data on 817 American counties from US Census Bureau’s 2013 American Community Survey.FindingsWhile the amenity value of home ownership is found to be important to overall housing tenure decisions, it is found to be less so for the ownership cohort without mortgages. Economic factors are found to impact the spatial pattern of owner-occupied housing without mortgage differently than that of all owner-occupied housing. The implications of these differences for investors are explored.Research limitations/implicationsThe results may lack generalizability outside of the American urban areas.Practical implicationsAs a result of the findings of this study, a shift in investor focus from minimizing initial housing costs to sustainable housing costs is recommended.Originality/valueThis study provides insights into the social and economic dimensions of owner-occupied housing in order to create a more profitable investing policy for promoting home ownership.