Census Of Housing Research Articles

A REVIEW OF CITIES HIERARCHY IN ALGERIA USING THE RANK-SIZE RULE

Algeria's economic and social changes in recent decades have resulted in major shifts in the geographic distribution of its people. The phenomenon of urbanization in Algeria is relatively recent and is characterized by its very rapid growth and deep disparities in its spatial arrangement. Algeria, has an ancient urban tradition and is experiencing an accelerated urbanization process, with a scale unsurpassed for several decades. The purpose of this article is to investigate urban expansion and the phenomenon of urbanization in Algeria. Between 1954 and 2008, two processes occurred: the extension of existing urban districts and the urbanization process. This was an era of tremendous economic, social, and political changes in Algerian society. Our study was primarily based on the Algerian General Census of Population and Housing (ONS, 2008) and the use of the city-size criterion (city range-size distribution) in accordance with Zipf's hierarchical model. In this study, we examine urban growth and the phenomena of urbanization, which is caused by the development of the strata of existing urban centers or by the transition from rural to urban between 1962 and 2008, a period of major economic, social, and political change.

Residential concentration of the new elite class between 2010 and 2020 in South Korea

Recently, a new elite class, often called the upper-middle class, has emerged as a distinct social group. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution of this new elite class in South Korea in the years 2010 and 2020. Using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, we defined new elites as those in 3-digit managerial and professional occupations with high wages (top 50%) and low property levels (bottom 50%). We utilized the Population and Housing Census to identify the spatial distribution of elite roles at the district level and visualized them using cartograms. We identified consistent elite concentrations in Seoul and southern Gyeonggi, but their presence was restricted to specific districts by 2020. Sejong emerged as an administrative hub attracting new elites. Moreover, Busan and Ulsan experienced increasing elite populations, whereas Gwangju and Daegu witnessed a decline. These findings highlight the growing spatial polarization of the new elite class. Our study provides a basis for policies aimed at improving educational opportunities and promoting social mobility.

Mapping the spatial patterns of ethnic segregation and its implications to urban policy in Nairobi city

In modern times, cities around the world have grappled with the challenges of racial and ethnic segregation. In Nairobi city, with its diverse ethnic makeup, there is widening inequalities and emerging patterns of ethnic segregation, where the five main ethnic groups - Kamba, Luo, Kikuyu, Luhyia, and Kisii - experience varying levels of spatial concentration. This study analysed the spatial patterns of ethnic segregation in Nairobi, using geocoded questionnaire data from the 2019 Kenya population and housing census data. We used the Index of Dissimilarity in STATA software and Geo-segregation Analyzer and Anselin’s Local Moran I method in GIS to map ethnic segregation patterns. Our findings uncovered a striking socio-spatial divide based on ethnicity. Anselin Local Moran’s I indicators further pinpointed areas with the highest levels of segregation and spatial clustering of specific ethnic groups. These findings offer crucial insights for urban planners and policymakers. By pinpointing areas experiencing the most severe spatial segregation, our research could inform spatially targeted interventions and resource allocation. This could inform policies that foster inclusivity, reduce spatial inequalities, and build a more equitable and socially cohesive city.

Language Data in National Population and Housing Census of Nepal 2021: A Critical Analysis

Analysis of NPHC 2021 language data based on retention of ancestral language as MT and MT in ethnic population, increase in MT and SL speakers after the previous census. Among them 39, 25, and 53 languages have problems with the first, second, and third variables respectively; and all have problems with the fourth variable. Unclear questions, improper technical word definitions, organized activities of caste/ethnic organizations and activists to influence the answers, and insufficient training for the enumerators are responsible for the problems. The post-enumeration survey did not include language data for validity and reliability evaluation. Future language policies and planning based solely on census data will lead to serious problems.

Addressing Urban Sprawl: is Densification the Solution? A Case Study of Sétif, Algeria

Objectives: The rapid and uncontrolled urban growth in Sétif, northeastern Algeria, has resulted in horizontal densification, continual expansion, and the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas. This transformation highlights the need for effective territorial strategies to manage urban growth sustainably. The primary objective of this study is to promote urban densification through concepts like "inward urbanisation" and "building the city within the city," aiming to optimise land use and counter the negative impacts of urban sprawl. Methods: To address the challenges of urban sprawl and its environmental impacts, the study employs a morphological approach. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is utilised in conjunction with data from the General Census of Population and Housing (RGPH) to analyse spatiotemporal changes in Sétif. This methodological approach enables a detailed examination of the city's morphological and demographic evolution, providing insights into patterns of urban expansion and densification. Results: The findings reveal various strategies for urban development in Sétif, focusing on alternatives to traditional urban density and sprawl. The study identifies and suggests the implementation of new, dense, and hybrid urban forms that align with sustainable development goals. These urban forms are designed to enhance the city’s livability while respecting societal needs and environmental considerations. The strategies proposed address the necessity for adaptable urban designs that support a more compact, resource-efficient city model. Conclusion: This research underscores the importance of rethinking urban planning strategies to manage rapid urbanisation in Sétif. The proposed strategies are essential for transforming Sétif into a dense, sustainable, and appealing urban environment. The study advocates for a shift from expansive urban growth to a densification model that promotes sustainability and aligns with the evolving expectations of the city’s residents.

Effect of Local Fire Risks and Preventive Measures on the Installation of Residential Firefighting Systems in Detached House

This study analyzes the major factors affecting the installation of residential firefighting systems in detached houses. In particular, it investigates the dependence of local fire risk and local government prevention efforts, along with housing and household characteristics, on the type of installation. This study used data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census, the first nationwide survey on residential firefighter system installation, and employed multinomial logistic regression analysis. The analysis results revealed that less than half of households had installed all firefighting systems, where the installation rate differed significantly by region. Housing and household characteristics also influenced the installation type. Local fire risk as well as the local government’s fire prevention policies positively affect the installation of residential firefighting systems.

Measuring functioning and disability in Korea: comparing general and dedicated surveys using the ICF

Abstract Background Functioning is the third health indicator besides mortality and morbidity. Although Korea periodically collects functioning information, the functioning indicator has not been generated yet. This study aimed to evaluate how functioning information is currently collected in Korea’s health and disability surveys, especially in terms of comparability and comprehensiveness, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference framework. Methods Data sources included three health and disability surveys in Korea (Population and Housing Census, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Survey on the Living condition of Persons with Disabilities) and two international ICF-based surveys (International Spinal Cord Injury Survey, Model Disability Survey). Functioning information was linked by category to the ICF Generic-30 Set utilizing the ICF linking rules. Results Three ICF categories (walking, washing oneself, dressing) were covered by all the data sources. Excluding the Census, which inherently differs from the other data sources, all the surveys addressed six ICF categories-b152 emotional functions; b280 sensation of pain; d240 handling stress and other psychological demands; d450 walking; d510 washing oneself; d540 dressing. Despite of the common ICF categories, important differences in the operationalization of questions and response options were found. Conclusions The overlap of content of health and disability surveys in Korea enables interoperability with other data sources. Available functioning data can be used for estimating the functioning indicator and metric, as recommended by WHO, which can serve as a valuable epidemiological indicator for complementing mortality and morbidity indicators and for estimating and monitoring rehabilitation or long-term care needs of the Korean population. Key messages • Korea’s health and disability surveys periodically collect functioning information at the national level, and the level of overlap across surveys enables interoperability with other data sources. • This study can contribute to generate a Korean common health metric based on functioning that can serve as a valuable epidemiological indicator by utilizing the international standard ICF.

Socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable mortality: results from the Italian nationwide cohort

Abstract Background Inequalities in avoidable mortality have been well evaluated in many European countries. We aimed to assess the association between socioeconomic status and avoidable mortality in Italy. Methods The nationwide closed cohort of the 2011 Census of Population and Housing was followed up for 2012- 2019 mortality. Outcomes of preventable and of treatable mortality were evaluated among people aged 30-74. Exposures were education level and residence macro area (North-West, North-East, Center, South-Islands). Adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were estimated through multivariate quasi-Poisson regression models, by sex and group of causes, taking into account age at death and macro area of residence. Relative index of inequalities (RII) was estimated for preventable, treatable, and non-avoidable mortality and for some specific causes. Results The cohort consisted of 35,708,459 residents (48.8% men, 17.5% aged 65-74), 34% with a high school diploma, 33.5% living in the South-Islands; 1,127,760 deaths were observed, of which 65.2% for avoidable causes (40.4% preventable and 24.9% treatable). Inverse trends between education level and mortality were observed for all causes; comparing the least with the most educated groups, a strong association was observed for preventable (males MRR = 2.39; females MRR = 1.65) and for treatable causes of death (males MRR = 1.93; females MRR = 1.45). Highest RII were observed for HIV/AIDS and alcohol-related diseases (both sexes), drug-related diseases and tuberculosis (males), and diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and renal failure (females). Higher risks of preventable and of treatable mortality were found for those living in the South-Islands. Conclusions We documented relevant socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable mortality in Italy, especially in the Southern regions. They represent a possible missed gain in health and suggest a reassessment of priorities and definition of health targets with the lens of equity. Key messages • An inverse socioeconomic gradient in avoidable mortality was observed in Italy, both for preventable and for treatable mortality, with geographical heterogeneity. • Greatest social disparities were found in mortality for causes strongly associated with risk behavior and for which it is possible to identify risk factors on which to intervene.

Intergenerational effects of education on child mortality: Evidence from the compulsory primary schooling law in Vietnam

We leverage the introduction of Vietnam’s primary compulsory schooling law as a natural experiment to provide new evidence on the effects of parents’ education on child mortality. Employing data from the 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census and a regression discontinuity design, we show that the reform increased average schooling duration by approximately half a year. Our key findings reveal that one additional year of maternal schooling induced by the law reduced child mortality by 29.4%, with the majority of improvements concentrated among women residing in rural areas, minor ethnicities, and female children. While increased paternal education also exhibited a negative impact on child mortality, the effect diminished in magnitude and became statistically insignificant when controlling for maternal education. This suggests that neglecting to account for spousal education does not introduce substantial biases in estimates of maternal education’s effect on child mortality but may lead to an upward bias in estimates for fathers’ education. Further, our results indicate that increased maternal education was associated with increasing age at marriage and first birth, reducing total fertility, and engaging more in paid work, all of which could serve as potential pathways for child mortality reduction.

Prevalence and predictors of internet use among Ghanaian older adults: evidence from the Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census

Internet use among older adults has several beneficial impacts on their health and general wellbeing. However, there are limited studies on internet use among older adults in low- and middle-income countries, including Ghana. Also, studies on internet use among older adults have used surveys rather than census data, which minimises the potential for sampling bias and improves representativeness. Therefore, this study used census data to examine the prevalence and predictors of internet use among Ghanaian older adults. This study utilised the Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census. The data were analysed using Pearson’s chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Overall, 52.9% of older adults used the internet 3 months preceding the census. Older adults mainly use mobile phones to access the internet. The significant predictors of internet use were age, sex, educational status, marital status, religious affiliation, place of residence, sight and hearing impairment, household wealth status, and ecological zone. Internet use among Ghanaian older adults was relatively high. Policymakers should consider these intrapersonal (age, sex, educational status, and sight and hearing impairments), interpersonal (marital status and household wealth), institutional (religious affiliation), and community (place of residence and ecological zone) level factors when developing interventions to promote internet use among older adults.

Model-Based Prediction for Small Domains Using Covariates: A Comparison of Four Methods

Abstract We consider methods for model-based small area estimation when the number of areas with sampled data is a small fraction of the total areas for which estimates are required. Abundant auxiliary information is available from the survey for all the sampled areas. Further, through an external source, there is information for all areas. The goal is to use auxiliary variables to predict the outcome of interest for all areas. We compare areal-level random forests and LASSO approaches to a frequentist forward variable selection approach and a Bayesian shrinkage method using a horseshoe prior. Further, to measure the uncertainty of estimates obtained from random forests and the LASSO, we propose a modification of the split conformal procedure that relaxes the assumption of exchangeable data. We show that the proposed method yields intervals with the correct coverage rate and this is confirmed through a simulation study. This work is motivated by Ghanaian data available from the sixth Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) and the 2010 Population and Housing Census, in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) region, which comprises eight districts that are further divided into enumeration areas (EAs). We estimate the areal mean household log consumption using both datasets. The outcome variable is measured only in the GLSS for 3 percent of all the EAs (136 out of 5019) and 174 potential covariates are available in both datasets. In the application, among the four modeling methods considered, the Bayesian shrinkage performed the best in terms of bias, mean squared error (MSE), and prediction interval coverages and scores, as assessed through a cross-validation study. We find substantial between-area variation with the estimated log consumption showing a 1.3-fold variation across the GAMA region. The western areas are the poorest while the Accra Metropolitan Area district has the richest areas.

Transforming and Modernizing Population and Housing Censuses in Africa: Experiences from the 2020 Round (2015-2024)

The objective of our organization is to assist African National Statistical Offices (NSOs) to transition from manual to digital systems, use better methods and new technologies, and increase the reliability and accessibility of their statistics. Innovative approaches adopted to support the transformation to digital censuses include: Use of hand-held devices at the enumeration and dissemination stages to improve data collection and usability respectively. Use of GIS, GPS and digital remote-sensing to enable census-mapping. Provisioning of tablets – sourcing and sharing. Electronic operations dashboards to enable real-time monitoring of progress and quality of enumeration. Automatic data linkage algorithms for census to post-enumeration survey matching. Capacity building initiatives for NSO staff. As a result, to date 29 censuses have been carried out in the 2020 Round, with another 19 planned for 2024/25. Delays have been caused by economic, security and political constraints, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic. The implications of adopting new technologies are clear. Electronic data collection improves quality, reduces processing time and enabled enumeration during the pandemic by minimizing face-to-face contact. We will support documentation of experiences and lessons learnt in the current census round to contribute to the 2030 round. In conclusion, the challenge of working during the pandemic gives NSOs an opportunity to ‘build back better’ and transition to full digital systems. There is a need to focus on the types of results that make the most difference e.g., on disaggregation, small area statistics, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reporting, Agenda 2063 reporting, and monitoring of national development plans.

Potrzeby osób z niepełnosprawnościami na poziomie lokalnym na przykładzie powiatu trzebnickiego

Getting to know the needs of people with disabilities might truly contribute to the improvement of their quality of life. The aim of the study discussed in this article is the hierarchisation of the needs of people with disabilities at the local level, on the example of Trzebnica poviat, and determining whether there are differences between their order of needs and that indicated at the regional level. The study was carried out from June to September 2020 among people with disabilities aged 15 and over divided into two samples: one consisting of 50 inhabitants of Trzebnica poviat and the other of 188 inhabitants of Dolnośląskie (Lower Silesian) Voivodship. Quota sampling in terms of selected socio-economic features, i.e. the respondents’ gender, place of residence and degree of disability was adopted in the study. Information about the surveyed population obtained from the National Population and Housing Census 2011 and non-governmental organisations was used in the sample selection process. People with disabilities inhabiting Trzebnica poviat identified bathroom modernisation as well as obtaining medicine and care products as their most urgent needs. They pointed to the absence of lifts in residential buildings, obstacles to travelling independently by means of public transport, lack of information about available training, poor prospects for obtaining resources for pursuing their interests and poor condition of roads as the most nagging everyday problems. The comparison of the order of needs of people with disabilities from the Trzebnica poviat and that of people with disabilities from the whole Dolnośląskie Voivodship shows there are differences. However, diagnosing the needs of people with disabilities at a local level and the subsequent implementation of relevant changes by local governments might improve the quality of life of people with disabilities in the whole region.

Towards the 4th population census in Ethiopia: Some insights into the feasibility of the Post-Enumeration Survey

While national registry systems are evolving worldwide and, in some cases, replacing reliance on censuses, in countries where well-established population registers are lacking, the population and housing census remains the primary source of detailed data on the number of people, their spatial distribution, age and gender structure, living conditions, and other key socio-economic characteristics. The quality of the census findings is crucial for several reasons, including building public trust in the national statistical system. In many developing countries, conducting a Post-Enumeration Survey appears to be the only feasible way to evaluate the census results. Indeed, the lack or incompleteness of reliable demographic data from alternative sources precludes the use of other methods. This paper discusses some aspects of the feasibility of a Post-Enumeration Survey in Ethiopia. In particular, the paper reports on the main critical issues that emerged from the pilot surveys carried out in the framework of a cooperation project – funded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation – aimed at providing methodological support and technical assistance for the preparation of the 4th Ethiopian Population and Housing Census.

Predictors of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage mortality: a community-based study in Brno, Czech Republic.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious medical condition with high mortality. However, factors leading to long-term mortality after ICH are largely unclear. The aim of this community-based study is to assess predictors of long-term mortality after spontaneous ICH. We identified all patients admitted with spontaneous ICH to hospitals with a certified stroke unit in Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic (CR), in 2011, the year of the Czech Population and Housing Census. We reviewed their medical records for risk factors, radiographic parameters, and measures of post-stroke neurological deficit [National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)]. Using the dates of death from the Czech National Mortality Register, we calculated mortality at 30days, six months, one year, and three years after the ICH. Multivariate analysis with forward stepwise logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of mortality (p < 0.05). In 2011, 1086 patients with stroke were admitted to the four stroke-certified hospitals in Brno, CR. Of these, 134 had spontaneous ICH, with complete data available in 93 of them entering the final analysis. The mortality at 30days, 6months, 1year, and 3years post-ICH was 34%, 47%, 51%, and 63%, respectively. The mortality was highest in the first few days post-event, with 50% of patients dying in 255days and average survival being 884 ± 90days. Both NIHSS and modified ICH (MICH) score showed to be strong and reliable predictors of short- as well as long-term mortality; the risk of death post-ICH increased with older age and size of ICH. Other risk factors contributing to higher, primarily shorter-term mortality included history of cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation. In our community-based study, we found that severity of neurological deficit at admission (NIHSS), combined with age and size of ICH, well predicted short- as well as long-term mortality after spontaneous ICH. A history of cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation at presentation were also predictors of mortality, underscoring the need for optimal cardiac management in patients with ICH.

Evaluating the impact of a 24-hour economy on Ghana's economic landscape: A computable general equilibrium approach

The National Democratic Congress (NDC), Ghana's leading opposition political party, has unveiled an ambitious ‘24-hour economy’ policy proposal ahead of the country's forthcoming general elections in 2024. The policy aims to revitalise the nation's economic landscape by fostering round-the-clock operations in key sectors. This paper employs a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model framework, underpinned by the 2015 Ghana Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and the 2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census (PHC) data, to evaluate the potential impact of the policy on Ghana's economy.Results indicate that under the proposed ‘24-hour economy’ policy, Ghana's real GDP growth (not to be confused with GDP growth rate) in ten years would be 31.71 % higher than it would have been under a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario in the same timeframe. This indicates substantial augmentations in economic output within the Ghanaian economy under a ‘24-hour economy’ setting. Further, the policy would generate more than 3 million jobs within five years of its implementation, with manufacturing, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, services, construction and transport sectors experiencing substantial employment gains.The policy's transformative effects are driven by its ability to stimulate capital investment and capital formation, boost productivity and increase household incomes.The paper concludes that the NDC's proposed ‘24-hour economy’ policy holds substantial potential for transformative economic growth in Ghana. However, there are potential challenges associated with the implementation of the policy, which then necessitates a holistic approach to policy formulation, focusing on inclusive growth and sustainable development strategies.

მოსახლეობის აღწერა - მდგრადი განვითარების მონიტორინგის მნიშვნელოვანი ინსტრუმენტი

Among the global problems in the world, one of the important topics is the demographic situation. Basic and accurate parameters of the demographic situation are collected during the census, that is why the general population census is an event of national importance. Like the rest of the world, population censuses in Georgia have a centuries-old history. The frequency and main characteristics of the censuses were conducted at different times with different purposes and interests. It is based on the methodology developed by the United Nations and is conducted in accordance with unified, standard and normative indicators. The introduction of a whole series of innovations is designed for sustainable development in accordance with the task of the 2030 agenda. The use of census data shows us that the role and importance of censuses in the modern global world has grown even more. The "Recommendations of the Conference of European Statisticians for the 2020 Round of the Population and Housing Census", which was prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) for the 2015 round, is particularly noteworthy. The recommendations addressed such important aspects of the population census as data privacy and security, legislation, definitions of terms, phases of the census, publication and dissemination of results, quality assurance and quality management, and technologies used in the census process. Along with the given recommendations, the document focuses on the list of data that countries should receive in the 2020 round of population and housing census, namely: population, its geographical, demographic and economic characteristics; Agriculture, education, migration, ethno-cultural characteristics, disabilities, household and family characteristics and housing characteristics. The census of 2024 will provide us with important and versatile information, which is necessary to assess the demographic situation in the country, to clearly see the existing problems and challenges. The new population census methodology developed by the United Nations and, accordingly, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFDA) includes a number of innovations in the census questionnaire, which deals with immigration status, disabilities, type of marriage and marriage registration. The introduction of innovations is designed for sustainable development in accordance with the task of the 2030 agenda.

To live with floods or not: Intersectionality of drivers of urban households' adaptation and relocation intentions

AbstractThe intent of households to relocate amidst floods in Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, using combined socio‐demographic and physical factors is analyzed within 1206 households. The National Master Sampling Frame of Ghana's Population and Housing Census is utilized for the sampling. The Probit estimation technique is employed to understand the intersectionality of social, economic, demographic, and physical considerations influencing households' decision‐making regarding relocation amidst flood risks. The findings show households' reluctance to relocate contrary to relocation considered mostly as preferred adaptation. The likelihood of relocating exhibited a non‐linear pattern, decreasing only when a population was younger until age 55 before reversing. Indigenous households preferred not to relocate. In communities where place attachment and revenue sources significantly impacted relocation decisions, households with secondary education, past flood experiences, and non‐indigenous status influenced higher perception of flood risk. Therefore, relocation as an effective global adaptation strategy to floods is not widespread. Thus, empowering households to accept a certain level of flood risk potentially avoids maladaptation and involves a combination of hard infrastructure measures and regulatory approaches in places of residence that do not compromise livelihoods. However, if relocation becomes necessary, a right‐based approach must be favored over an absolute risk‐based approach.

Modelling the cost of engage & treat and test & treat strategies towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana.

Despite several years of LF-MDA implementation, Ghana still has some districts with mf prevalence >1%, partly due to poor treatment coverage levels resulting from non-participation in MDA. To address the challenges, we implemented an Engage & Treat (E&T) and Test & Treat (T&T) strategies for individuals who miss or refuse MDA respectively, in a hotspot district, enabling us to reach many of those who seldom, or never, take part in MDA. This financial cost study was undertaken to analyse data on the LF-MDA, E&T and T&T implementation in 2021 and the financial cost to inform the rollout of the E&T and T&T as mop-up strategies in future LF-MDAs. This costing study analysed cost data from the 2021 LF-MDA implementation activities carried out by the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) programme of the Ghana Health Service and the SENTINEL study, carried out in Ahanta West district for the two interventions (i.e., E&T and T&T). The 2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census data was used to estimate the LF-MDA-eligible population. The financial cost per person treated was estimated and these costs were applied to the projected population to obtain the financial cost for subsequent years. Implementing MDA mop-up strategies either through the E&T or T&T to improve coverage comes at an additional cost to the elimination goals. For example, in 2024 the projected cost per person treated by the routine LF-MDA is estimated at US$0.83. The cost using the integrated LF-MDA and the E&T, T&T led by the NTD programme or T&T integrated into the health system was estimated at US$1.62, US$2.88, and US$2.33, respectively, for the same year. Despite the increased cost, the proposed combined LF-MDA and mop-up strategies will have a higher estimated population treated for 2024 (i.e., 1,392,211) compared to the routine LF-MDA approach (i.e., 988,470) for the same year. Combining LF-MDA with E&T/T&T mop-up strategies, despite their high costs, may provide NTD Programmes with the options of improving treatment coverage and reaching the LF elimination target sooner, given that the routine LF-MDA alone approach has been implemented for many years with some districts yet to reach the elimination targets.

Beyond compliance: The impact of data protection on statistical excellence – A view from the 2021 Population-Housing Census in Greece

In this paper we propose the idea that compliance of a producer of official statistics to the basic principles of data protection in the preparation of a survey, while imposing additional burden, complexity or even restrictions to the process, can actually prove to be an effective tool to ensure and demonstrate compliance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics and the European Statistics Code of Practice. To show the validity of this idea we utilize the Greek Population and Housing Census of 2021, conducted in 2021 by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), as a representative example of statistical survey, which was built from the beginning with a primary look to the basic data protection principles of the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (GDPR). While preparing the Census we came across the intrinsic interplay that exists between principles of the GDPR and the Fundamental Principles and the Code. In the paper we analyze this interplay as we came across it in the Census and show that it can be used as a tool to strengthen the implementation of basic principles of official statistics in all statistical production processes.