Hot Water Method Research Articles

Submerged liquid fermentation of Ulva prolifera Müller tissue and applications for improving growth performance in juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino)

Ulva prolifera Muller, an alga rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, is a natural feed resource for aquatic animals. In this study, instead of extracting polysaccharides (PUs) from U. prolifera, algae powder was used directly as the primary carbon source in a fermentation medium. Five percent (5%) algae powder was more conducive to fermentation. Using submerged liquid fermentation, the soluble components of U. prolifera were released efficiently in a 50-L fermenter. Levels of mannitol acquired using submerged liquid fermentation were 1.8 times higher than those acquired using the hot-water method, and polysaccharides were efficiently hydrolyzed to form oligosaccharides with an average molecular weight of approximately 3300 Da. Furthermore, a 2-month experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of U. prolifera fermentation extracts on the growth performance of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino). Diets containing algae fermentation extracts in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1% significantly increased linear shell growth rate (LGR), weight growth rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR). Diets supplemented with fermentation extracts in concentrations of 0.5 and 1% significantly increased the degree of green coloration in the shell. Treatment of algae tissue using submerged liquid fermentation has the advantages of high efficiency and convenient process monitoring. Additionally, the technique can be scaled up for use in animal husbandry and aquaculture.

Chemical characteristics, antioxidant and anticancer potential of sulfated polysaccharides from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) were isolated by hot water method using 80% alcohol and semi purified by anion-exchange column chromatography. The chemical analysis of the extract showed 78% carbohydrates, 18% reducing sugars, 60% non-reducing sugars, 2% protein, 33% sulfate, 39% uronic acid, and 4% ash. The elemental analysis of this C. reinhardtii sulfated polysaccharide-enriched extract (Cr-SPs) showed 53% carbon, 8% hydrogen, and 6% nitrogen. FTIR analysis of Cr-SPs showed characteristic bands of sulfated polysaccharides. Further, the Cr-SPs showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 22.29–80.9% at 0.01–1 mg mL−1, 38–77% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 0.01–1 mg mL−1, 9.8–81% ABTS radical scavenging activity, 34.5–67.6% of ferrous chelating ability, and 11.62–75% of total antioxidant capacity. Cr-SPs also showed efficient in vitro anticancer activity. Specifically, they inhibited triple-negative breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) proliferation with an IC50 of 172 μg mL−1. Concentration-dependent reduction in the number of colonies formed by MDA-MB-231 cells suggested their potential to inhibit the clonal expansion of the cancer cells. Higher concentrations of crude extract were found to disrupt the microtubule networks in these cells. The cells treated with Cr-SPs eventually underwent apoptosis as evidenced by the formation of characteristic DNA ladder. These results indicate that Cr-SPs find promising opportunities for cancer treatment.

Physicochemical, functional, and biological properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit

Water-soluble polysaccharides (RTFP) were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit by hot water method. The physicochemical, functional, and hypoglycemic properties of RTFP were investigated. The results revealed that RTFP mainly contained carbohydrates (63.79 ± 0.73%, g/g), uronic acids (14.8 ± 0.06%, g/g), and proteins (4.10 ± 0.58%, g/g). RTFP was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and fucose with molar percentages of 33.8, 37.3, 20.7, 1.74, 3.43, and 2.95%, respectively. Functional analyses indicated that RTFP had good oil-holding capacity, foaming properties, and emulsifying capacity. The rheological results showed that RTFP exhibited typical shear-thinning behavior and viscoelastic properties influenced by sample concentration, temperature and inorganic salt. Additionally, RTFP exhibited favorable inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase in a mixed inhibition type, and against α-amylase in an uncompetitive inhibition type. These results suggest that RTFP can be exploited as a multi-functional additive or hypoglycemic agent in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Bulb extracts of Boophone disticha induce hepatotoxicity by perturbing growth, without significantly impacting cellular viability

IntroductionTraditional remedies remain a prominent form of therapy in developing countries, such as South Africa. Boophone disticha, or the poison bulb, is used for the treatments of wounds. There is generally a lack of scientific evidence to support its safety or use. As hepatotoxicity is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, and a leading factor in drug attrition during development, more emphasis should be placed on pre-clinical evaluation thereof. The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro hepatotoxicity of an ethnomedicinal and organic extract of the bulbs. Materials and methodsHot water (ethnomedicinal) and methanol (organic) extracts were prepared and assayed on HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells to assess for effects on cell density (sulforhodamine B staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 ratiometry), reactive oxygen species levels (H2-DCF-DA cleavage/activation), reduced glutathione levels (monocholorobimane adduct formation), fatty acid accumulation (nile red staining), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation), caspase-3/7 activation (Ac-DEVD-AMC activation), adenosine triphosphate levels (chemiluminescence), cell viability (Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide) and cellular kinetics (propidium iodide). ResultsAlthough cell density was reduced by both extracts (hot water extract IC50=51.39μg/mL; methanol extract IC50=35.11μg/mL), cell viability was not reduced to the same degree (6–10% after 24h; ~2% at 72h) after exposure to the IC50's. Furthermore, cellular kinetics was not significantly affected. Although mitochondria appeared to depolarize slightly, reactive oxygen species levels were reduced to below baseline. Reduced glutathione levels also decreased. Fatty acid levels increased, however, lipids did not peroxidise. Adenosine triphosphate levels increased, while caspase-3/7 activity was reduced to below baseline. Discussion and conclusionExtracts of B. disticha did not induce a loss of cell viability, however, notable reduction in cell density was apparent. While the methanol extract was more cytotoxic than the hot water extract, the latter still carries a risk should it be chronically used. Although cellular kinetics were not affected, it is proposed that extracts may shift cells into a quiescent phase of non-proliferation which the assay is not sensitive enough to detect. The antiproliferative effect is likely in response to altered redox status. However, mitochondrial depolarisation did not increase free radical levels, with no lipid peroxidation as consequence. Furthermore, a propensity for fatty acid accumulation was observed, which carries the risk of hepatosteatotic detriments. The antiproliferative effect may delay repair of hepatic injury, and thus reduce quality of life. Further emphasis should be placed on early investigation of herbal remedies for their effects on hepatocellular functioning.

소목의 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 및 항암활성

Caesalpinia sappan L. is an oriental medicinal plant distributed in the Asia Pacific region including India, Malaysia, and China. The dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan has been traditionally used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. In this study, the effects of extract methods of C. sappan on contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. As a result, hot water extract from C. sappan (CSWE) significantly exhibited contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids (22.6 mg GAE/g and 14.5 mg QE/g) higher than 70% ethanol extract (CSEE) (17.6 mg GAE/g and 13.2 mg QE/g). However, CSEE showed greater antioxidant activity than CSWE in both DPPH and ABTS. Also, the cytotoxicity of C. sappan against three kinds of cancer cell lines was higher in CSEE than in CSWE. These results show that ethanol extract is a better extract method than hot water method to maintain antioxidant and anti-cancer activities.

Single-step microwave-assisted hot water extraction of hemicelluloses from selected lignocellulosic materials – A biorefinery approach

The viability of single-step microwave-induced pressurized hot water conditions for co-production of xylan-based biopolymers and bioethanol from aspenwood sawdust and sugarcane trash was investigated. Extraction of hemicelluloses was conducted using microwave-assisted pressurized hot water system. The effects of temperature and time on extraction yield and enzymatic digestibility of resulting solids were determined. Temperatures between 170–200°C for aspenwood and 165–195°C for sugarcane trash; retention times between 8–22min for both feedstocks, were selected for optimization purpose. Maximum xylan extraction yields of 66 and 50%, and highest cellulose digestibilities of 78 and 74%, were attained for aspenwood and sugarcane trash respectively. Monomeric xylose yields for both feedstocks were below 7%, showing that the xylan extracts were predominantly in non-monomeric form. Thus, single-step microwave-assisted hot water method is viable biorefinery approach to extract xylan from lignocelluloses while rendering the solid residues sufficiently digestible for ethanol production.

Thermal pasteurization process evaluation using mashed potato model food with Maillard reaction products

Model foods with Maillard reaction product formation have been utilized to evaluate thermal sterilization processes, but these models are not optimal for pasteurization. Model foods for pasteurization applications have been developed, but studies on temperature sensitivity and validation are limited. The goal of this research was to assess the temperature sensitivity of chemical marker and color formation in mashed potato model foods and conduct validation testing using a microwave-assisted pasteurization system (MAPS) and conventional, hot water methods. Reaction kinetics were determined for chemical marker M-2 (4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone) and color formation (L* and a* values). Results showed that the thermal resistance constants (z-values) were 20.6–24.0 °C for M-2, 20.8–28.8 °C for L* value, and 10.3–25.6 °C for a* value. Correlation analysis between M-2, L*, and a* values and thermal lethality and cook value showed that model foods were most relevant for pasteurization process quality evaluation. Thermal treatment equivalent at the cold spot was approximately 11 min at 90 °C for all pasteurization processes. Model foods pasteurized in MAPS had less color change than those from hot water processes, implying the less severe MAPS process yielded better quality. Model foods and image analysis techniques used in this study could be helpful quality evaluation tools for pasteurization processes.

Food Quality Evaluation using Model Foods: a Comparison Study between Microwave-Assisted and Conventional Thermal Pasteurization Processes

Thermal process optimization has focused on traditional sterilization, with limited research on pasteurization or microwave-assisted thermal processing. Model foods have been developed as quality evaluation tools for thermal pasteurization processes, but there are no comprehensive studies demonstrating how these model foods could be used to evaluate and compare the resulting food quality after different pasteurization processes. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology using image and quantitative analyses for quality evaluation of pre-packaged food pasteurized using a microwave-assisted pasteurization system (MAPS) and traditional hot water method. Four pasteurization processes (MAPS and hot water method at 90 and 95 °C) were designed to have an equivalent accumulated thermal lethality at the cold spot of at least 90 °C for 10 min to control nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum spores. Color-based time-temperature indicators in mashed potato and green pea model foods were quantified using image analysis. Results showed that median color values were useful in assessing overall color change, and interquartile range was an indicator of burnt areas. MAPS 95 °C was the best process because it had the smallest hot spot cook values and the least color change, while the 90 °C hot water process was the worst. Model foods and image analysis techniques were useful pasteurization process quality evaluation tools and made it possible to visualize the potential food quality change volumetrically, throughout a food package. In the future, these tools could be combined with computer simulations to optimize the quality of pilot-scale and industrial MAPS or conventional pasteurization processes.

Characterization of Proteoglycan and Hyaluronan in Hot Water Extract from Salmon Cartilage.

Salmon cartilage proteoglycan fractions have recently gained favor as ingredients of functional food and cosmetics. An optimal hot water method to extract proteoglycan from salmon cartilage has recently been developed. The extracted cartilage includes hyaluronan and collagen in addition to proteoglycan as counterparts that interact with each other. In this study, biochemical analyses and atomic force microscopical analysis revealed global molecular images of proteoglycan in the hot water extract. More than seventy percent of proteoglycans in this extract maintained their whole native structures. Hyaluronan purified from the hot water extract showed a distribution with high molecular weight similar to hyaluronan considered to be native hyaluronan in cartilage. The current data is evidence of the quality of this hot water cartilage extract.

بهینهیابی شرایط استخراج آبی بتاگلوکان از جو بدون پوشینه رقم لوت به روش سطح پاسخ

در این پژوهش تاثیر شرایط استخراج شامل زمان، نسبت حلال به آرد جو و pH بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمایی، رفتار جریان، پایدارکنندگی کف و امولسیون و رنگ بتاگلوکان استخراج شده از دانه جو بدون پوشینه رقم لوت توسط طرح مرکب مرکزی و به روش سطح پاسخ تعیین گردید. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل آماری و ضرایب مدل‌ها نشان داد که مدت زمان استخراج، نسبت حلال به آرد جو و pH اثر معنی‌داری بر بازدهی و خلوص بتاگلوکان، پایداری کف و امولسیون، ضریب قوام (k)، شاخص رفتار جریان (n) و مولفه های رنگیL*، a* و b* داشت. افزایش زمان استخراج و نسبت حلال به آرد جو اثر مطلوبی بر بازدهی و خلوص بتاگلوکان استخراج شده گذاشت که این امر خود موجب بهبود خاصیت قوام‌دهندگی و ویژگی‌های رفتار جریان آن شد. از طرفی با افزایش قدرت قوام‌دهندگی بتاگلوکان، توانایی پایدارکنندگی سیستم‌های کف و امولسیون نیز افزایش یافت. افزایش pH موجب کاهش بازدهی استخراج و افزایش خلوص بتاگلوکان گردید. بهترین شرایط استخراج زمانی حاصل شد که زمان استخراج 90 دقیقه، نسبت حلال به آرد جو 10 به 1 و pH، 33/7 بود. در این نقطه بهینه، بازدهی استخراج، 12/4 درصد؛ خلوص، 11/69 درصد؛ پایداری کف، 95/86 درصد؛ پایداری امولسیون، 77/88 درصد؛ ضریب قوام، Pa.sn 51/1؛ شاخص رفتار جریان، 62/0؛ L*، 42/73 ؛ a*، 81/0 و b*، 72/8 بود.

Effect of Pre-treatment method on the Hydrolysis of Corn cob and Sawdust

Efficient pre-treatment has been found to be crucial step before enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose into fuels or chemicals. As a result various pretreatment methods have been developed to facilitate these bio-conversion processes, and this research focuses on the effect of two pretreatment methods such as liquid hot water and sulphuric acid pre-treatment to remove some of the components like lignin and hemicellulose which form structural barrier to enzymatic accessibility of cellulose in corn cobs and sawdust. The cellulosic materials were first dried in oven at 65 o C for 24 hours, and using solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, the two methods were carried out at resident times ranging from 10 - 40 minutes. The liquid hot water method involved heating the cellulosic materials in water at 120 o C and 1atmosphere in a pressure vessel, and for the second method, the dried cellulosic materials were refluxed in 5 % sulphuric acid at a temperature of 120 o C. Pretreated samples were filtered and liquid fractions were analyzed for the presence of reducing sugars, while solid residues were dried in the oven and weighed to measure the mass lost during pretreatment as a pointer to lignin breakdown. It was observed that the mass lost increased with time for both pretreatment methods, but the liquid hot water pretreatment gave higher lignin and hemicellulose removal when compared to the sulphuric acid pre-treatment. The pretreated materials were hydrolyzed with two combinations of commercial enzymes namely cellulase/ hemicellulase and cellulase/β glucosidase. The reducing sugar was measured using Dinitrosalycilic acid (DNSA) method and the sugar yields from corn cobs were higher than that of sawdust when subjected to similar process conditions, and the enzyme combination of cellulase/glucosidase gave higher yields of reducing sugars. A model equation which describes the hydrolysis process was developed from first principles and the experimental data obtained gave a good fit.

Hemicellulose and lignin removal to improve the enzymatic digestibility and ethanol production

Fourteen herbaceous energy crops were selected to investigate their recalcitrance to cellulosic enzyme. The results about enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum and Pennisetum hybrids indicated that both hemicellulose and lignin content had a negative influence on enzymatic digestibility (ED), especially for the latter.Furthermore, liquid hot water (LHW) and aqueous ammonia (AA) methods were applied to enhance the ED of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). A high ED of 90% was obtained for sample with 50% removal of xylan and lignin in the AA process, which was 20% higher than that of LHW due to the significant removal of lignin hindering and exposing of fibers. However, the total sugars recovery of LHW were about 10% higher than that of AA resulted to the high yield of hemicellulose-derived sugars.Moreover, SCB hemicellulose and lignin were removed with the help of LHW and following AA process. The ethanol concentration reached to 30.6 g/L after a fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis following simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process with a high substrates loadings of 20% (w/v), low enzyme loading of 20 FPU/g glucan, and low fermentation time of 24 h.

Deparaffinization of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using hot water instead of xylene

This study aimed to deparaffinize formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues using hot water instead of xylene and measuring the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA from the respective tissues. To deparaffinize the tissue sections with hot water, small sections were exposed to 90 °C distilled sterile water. After 25 FFPE tissue samples were deparaffinized with the hot water method, DNA was then extracted. The mean of optical density and the ratio of absorbance of the DNA solution were 220.01 ± 36.1 ng/μl and 1.65 ± 0.1, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) gene showed that the method can be used as a tool for different applications.

Effect of Extractives on Digestibility of Cellulose in Corn Stover with Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment

Many herbaceous lignocelluloses suitable for ethanol production have high extractives contents, such as some straws and corn stover. The high extractives content might affect pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, extractives were removed from corn stover, and then extractives-free corn stover and ordinary corn stover were respectively pretreated using a liquid hot water (LHW) method and hydrolyzed to evaluate the effect of extractives on cellulose digestibility. Extractives-free corn stover presented higher cellulose digestibility than ordinary corn stover after the same pretreatment conditions. A total of 87.3% of cellulose was digested in extractives-free corn stover, compared to 71.0% in ordinary corn stover, after pretreatment at 200 °C for 20 min. It is speculated that some water-soluble extractives could buffer H+ ions from water and acetic acid during LHW pretreatment process, reducing xylan removal. Another reason for these results might be that some extractives could condense on corn stover after LHW pretreatment, which hinders cellulose hydrolysis.

PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI TEPUNG AMPAS TEBU MELALUI PROSES HIDROLISIS TERMAL DAN FERMENTASI: PENGARUH PH, JENIS RAGI, DAN WAKTU FERMENTASI

Bioethanol is ethanol, which made from starch, glucose, or cellulose of plants. In this research, it has been made from cellulose of sugarcane baggase. This research was conducted to study about the effect of pH, yeast type and the duration of fermentation to yield’s ethanol. The main processes in this research were thermal hydrolysis by liquid hot water (LHW) method, fermentation by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purification by vacuum distillation. The variables in this research were pH 4; 4,5; and 5; baker’s yeast and fermented glutinous cassava; and the duration of fermentation were 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. Based on the analysis of the yield, the volume of bioethanol is 23 mL with 0,95 g/ml density and 161,59 kkal/kg heat value as the best yield, under the condition of pH 5 and 4 days of the duration of fermentation using baker’s yeast.

Effect of light on structural properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from soybean sprouts

In the current study, the structural and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were characterized from soybean sprouts grown in the presence or absence of light. The crude polysaccharides, PL (polysaccharides from light-grown sprouts) and PD (polysaccharides from dark-grown sprouts), were extracted by hot water method, and were further purified by chromatography of DEAE-52. Under scanning electron microscope, the smooth surface of PL was distinct from that of PD. Two purified fractions (PL3 and PD3), although both were mainly composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, had different molecular weight, 126.61 vs. 111.94kDa, respectively. In vitro, stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) were observed in PL3 compared with PD3. These results indicate that light treatment can significantly enhance polysaccharides’ antioxidant activity. This work also provides a scientific basis for the further exploitation of polysaccharides from soybean sprouts grown in the light. Light treatment may have a potential application in vegetable processing industry.

Impact of Altered Cell Wall Composition on Saccharification Efficiency in Stem Tissue of Arabidopsis RABA GTPase-Deficient Knockout Mutants

Use of biomass for second-generation biofuel production is severely hindered by the inherent recalcitrance of the plant cell wall to digestion. Trafficking is crucial for compartmentalisation within the cell. This process is partly regulated by small Rab GTPase proteins. In particular, control of trafficking to the cell wall is regulated through the RABA clade. Manipulation of this regulatory system offers tantalising opportunities for manipulation of cell wall composition and hence recalcitrance. Trafficking-defective rabA mutants have already been shown to impact cell wall composition. To study the impacts of these mutants on cell wall digestion, we developed a saccharification process for Arabidopsis based on the hot water method. We then showed that following pre-treatment, stems from the T-DNA knockouts of the three RABA4 genes expressed in Arabidopsis stem show an increased sugar release on saccharification. These rabA4 mutants have been shown to impact the “hemicellulose-rich” fraction during cell wall fractionation. Furthermore, we go on to show that these mutant lines also show increased sugar release when subjected to saccharification without pre-treatment. Finally, we used X-ray diffraction to show that rabA4 mutants had no impact on cellulose crystallinity, thus supporting the hypothesis that the increases in saccharification were not due to alterations of the cellulose microfibrils but were a direct effect of reduced hemicellulose levels. We also present data to show that the growth characteristics of these plants were unaffected. The data obtained from these lines are most easily explained by the reported alteration in hemicellulose increasing pre-treatment efficiency.

Anti-hemolysis of Aqueous Crude Extract of Siamese Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica) during Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice

Malaria-associated hemolysis is associated with mortality in malaria patients. It has been speculated that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by parasite infection and propagation are involved in its pathophysiology. Hence, this study was aimed to investigate the anti-hemolysis of Siamese neem tree (Azadirachta indica) extracts against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Leaf aqueous crude extract of Siamese neem tree was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. ICR mice were infected with 1×107 infected red blood cells of P. berghei ANKA by intraperitoneal injection and given the extracts (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) for 4-consecutive days. To assess hemolysis, hematocrit levels were then evaluated. Hematocrit level was markedly decreased during malaria parasite propagation in mice. However, anti-hemolytic effect was observed in infected mice treated with the extracts at dose-dependent manners, especially at doses of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg. Although hemolysis was observed in pyrimethamine, antimalarial drug, treated group, but it could be protected by combination treatment of pyrimethamine with this extract. In conclusion, aqueous crude extracts of Siamese neem tree exerted anti-hemolysis induced by malaria infection and could be used as combination tre

Protective Effects of Tinospora crispa Stem Extract on Renal Damage and Hemolysis during Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice.

Renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria are associated with mortality in adult patients. It has been speculated that oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection is involved in its pathology. Thus, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of Tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during Plasmodium berghei infection. T. crispa stem extract was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. Groups of ICR mice were infected with 1 × 107 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA by intraperitoneal injection and given the extracts (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) twice a day for 4 consecutive days. To assess renal damage and hemolysis, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and hematocrit (%Hct) levels were then evaluated, respectively. Malaria infection resulted in renal damage and hemolysis as indicated by increasing of BUN and creatinine and decreasing of %Hct, respectively. However, protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis were observed in infected mice treated with these extracts at doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. In conclusion, T. crispa stem extract exerted protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria infection. This plant may work as potential source in the development of variety of herbal formulations for malarial treatment.

Effect of Black Tea Extract on Hypoglycemia Induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection in Mice

Hypoglycemia was found as one of all causes of death in malaria disease and urgently needed to fine new drugs to treat this condition. Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of black tea extract on hypoglycemia induced by Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Aqueous crude extract of black tea was freshly prepared using hot water method and used for efficacy test in vivo. For in vivo test, P. berghei ANKA infected mice were given orally by gavage with 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg of black tea extract for 4 consecutive days. Blood glucose levels were then measured. It was found that aqueous crude extract of black tea exerted dose-dependent anti-hypoglycemic activity, especially at a dose of 2000 mg/kg showed the highest activity. Although, pyrimethamine treated group showed significantly (p<0.01) decreasing of blood glucose levels, combination treatment with black tea extract could protect and maintain blood glucose to normal level. It can be concluded that aqueous crude extract of black tea presented anti-hypoglycemic activity against P. berghei infection in mice.