Hot Moist Research Articles

Jute and glass fibre hybrid laminates

Hybrid laminates have been fabricated from randomly oriented jute fibre mats and woven glass fabrics with a common polyster resin matrix. Hand lay up techniques were used to simulate practical production methods in the field. A variety of laminate constructions were mechanically tested and some laminates were in addition assessed for environmental stability. Modified rule of mixtures expressions successfully predicted the tensile properties of the laminates and the jute plies were seen to control the failure of hybrid laminates at about 0.8% strain. Fracture toughness measurements of GIC andK IC indicate that hybrid laminates have maximum toughness (G IC ≈ 12 kJ m−2 when jute plies are sandwiched between glass fabric facings. All the hybrid laminates were found to be tough in impact, although here fabric plies used as the laminate core maximize the work of fracture at a value of approximately 45 kJ m−2. Hybrid laminates with jute facings are, as expected, least able to withstand hot moist environments. However, significant moisture uptake by the polyester resin matrix was measured for all laminates. Optical and scanning electron microscopy have been used to explain the mechanical performance and environmental resistance of the hybrid laminates.

Incidence of burn wound sepsis in 600 burned patients treated in a developing country

Infection is the most important problem in the treatment of burns in a developing country. A burn compromises a major body protective mechanism, namely the skin. Hence, the susceptibility to local infection increases at these sites. The incidence of burn wound sepsis is very high in south India as the socio-economic conditions and the standard of personal hygiene are poor and the hot moist climatic conditions encourage bacterial growth. These three factors are rarely present in the temperate zone countries of Europe and North America. This study was undertaken to identify more clearly the factors that are responsible for the higher incidence of burn wound infection and to formulate methods of treatment which are appropriate for our patient population living in a tropical country.

Architectural PTFE-Coated Glass Fabrics—Their Structure and Limitations

PTFE-coated glass fabrics, used as membranes for advanced architectural tension structures, offer advantages over conventional low cost coated fabrics in terms of their chemical stability, mechanical properties, and expected service life. These ma terials have a high shear stiffness, however, and the brittle behavior of glass fibers necessitates careful handling. The structure and performance of several commercial PTFE-coated fabric systems were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and weathering in artificial and natural environments. Acoustic emission analysis demonstrated that these flexible coated fabrics respond to stress in a predictable manner similar to rigid composite materials. The susceptibility of these materials to bending and fatigue loads was confirmed in flexure tests. Sintered PTFE coatings contain pinholes and regions of surface rupture around glass sphere filler particles. Exposure of coated fabrics to hot moist environments and to the natural environment, when loaded uniaxially outdoors, results in further surface damage. PTFE coatings are likely to incur progressive surface damage during envi ronmental exposure in architectural membranes, leading to possible damage to the underlying glass fabric.

Effects of Temperature and Humidity of Inhaled Air on the Concentration of Ethanol in a Man's Exhaled Breath

1. Ten healthy men each drank a moderate dose of ethanol in experiments to test if the temperature and moisture content of inhaled air could alter the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath. 2. They breathed air at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH) for about 1 min before the concentration of ethanol and the temperature of end-expired breath were determined. Control breaths were analysed after the same men breathed ordinary room air (23°C, 55% RH). All tests were made during the postabsorptive phase of ethanol metabolism and the breath samples were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. 3. When the men breathed cold dry air (5°C, 0% RH), the expired ethanol concentration decreased by 9·6 ± 0·69% (mean ± se) and breath temperature dropped by 1·40 ± 0·08°C. Cold moist air (5°C, 100% RH) decreased breath ethanol concentration by 6·4 ± 1·02% and breath temperature dropped by 1·1 ± 0·07°C. With hot dry air (80°C, 0% RH) as the breathing medium the concentration of ethanol was lowered by 4·3 ± 1·27% but expired breath temperatures were unchanged from the control tests. On breathing hot moist air (50°C, 100% RH), breath ethanol concentrations decreased by 10·3 ± 0·59%, even though breath temperatures rose by 1·8 ± 0·14°C above that of the controls. 4. Ethanol dissolves in the watery mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and can equilibrate with inhaled and exhaled air. It seems likely that during exchanges of heat and water vapour between respired air and the mucus, which largely depends on the temperature and humidity of inhaled air, the equilibrium of ethanol at the breath/mucus interface becomes disrupted. This leads to changes in the concentration of ethanol in expired air.

Corrosion of solder-coated TiPdAu thin film conductors in a moist chlorine atmosphere

When solder-coated thin metal films are exposed to moist reactive atmospheres, corrosion could lead to metal depletion (open circuit), migration (short circuit) or preferential attack of one of the metal layers (adhesion and contact resistance). Therefore, a study was made of the corrosion of a metal system that simulates gold-plated bonding pads on a thin film hybrid-integrated circuit after lead attachment by soldering. The metallization consisted of sputtered tantalum nitride, evaporated titanium and palladium, and plated gold coated with 60-40 SnPb solder alloy. We examined the effect of chlorine on units with and without encapsulation, units with both thermocompression- and solder-bonded leads and, for comparison, units without solder coating. During exposure to an atmosphere at 85 °C, 85% relative humidity, with or without about 0.3 ppm chlorine, in situ measurements were made periodically of the leakage current between conductors and of the end-to-end conductor resistance. The principal results of electrical tests and of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed the following. 1. (1) Encapsulation (DC96-084 RTV rubber) prevents corrosion in the hot moist chlorine atmosphere. 2. (2) Without encapsulation, failures occur by short circuiting between baised adjacent conductors owing to dendritic growth of tin and lead (with solder coating) or of gold (without solder). Failure rates under normal operating conditions cannot be reliably estimated, especially at low relative humidities, because of uncertainty in acceleration factors. 3. (3) The sheet resistance of solder-coated conductors increases with the 0.25 power of time, independently of the tested parameters. This increase, however, presents no practical problems.

Temperature Maintenance of Hot Moist Compresses

Temperature Maintenance of Hot Moist Compresses

Temperature Maintenance of Hot Moist

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PEMPHIGUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; FAVORABLE RESPONSE TO TOPICAL TREATMENT.

In a patient with pemphigus erythematosus the lesions responded well to the application of hot moist compresses followed by the inunction of a highly concentrated fluocinolone acetonide cream.

Current acne therapy. A compiled report.

This report emphasizes that the treatment of acne continues to be an individualized problem. One can summarize the material in this compilation by outlining the treatment procedures most frequently used in the two groups of acne. Simple Acne.—Dietary Restrictions—Prohibit: chocolate, cocoa, nuts, iodized salt, cola drinks. Restrict: Fatty foods, dairy products, sweets. Oral Treatment (a) vitamin A 50,000 to 100,000 u. daily. (b) Estrogenic hormones, natural estrogen 0.625 mg. to 1.25 mg. daily, continuously or premenstrually. Local Therapy: (a) medicated soapless cleanser; (b) proprietary drying agent; (c) antiseborrheic shampoo. Physical Therapy: ultraviolet exposure. Complex Acne.—In general, the same regimen used in simple acne is employed with the following additions: Oral Treatment: tetracycline, 250 mg. 2 or 3 times daily for one week; then 1 or 2 times daily for 3 to 4 weeks. Surgery: As an office procedure, the comedones are expressed and pustules and cysts drained. Physical Therapy: (a) roentgen ray—In selected cases, patients 13 yr. of age or older, 75 to 100 roentgens 3 to 4 times per month. Total dosage will not exceed 1,000 r. (b) hot moist compresses; (c) cryotherapy. Other Treatment: staphylococcic vaccine.

Corticotropin (ACTH) in the treatment of acute subacromial bursitis.

The multiplicity of successful treatments advocated for subacromial bursitis indicates that failures are common. Various treatments that have been used are injection of the subacromial bursa with procaine hydrochloride, iron cacodylate injections, short wave local treatment, hot moist packs, immobilization, surgical excision of the bursa, radiation therapy, and manipulation of the shoulder with the patient under a general anesthetic. Radiation therapy has been more or less accepted as being the most efficacious treatment for acute subacromial bursitis. Meyerding and Ivins 1 stated that acute lesions have responded to roentgen treatment in contrast to failure in cases of more chronic lesions. Forty of the 150 patients in their series were treated with roentgen rays. Lattomus and Hunter 2 found that the best results were obtained in the cases of acute disease, either first attacks or acute exacerbations of a chronic condition. Leucutia (in Portmann 3 ) stated that the severe pain in

Commercially prepared pack (the hydrocollator).

Moist heat is an extremely effective measure in treatment of inflammations of the eyelids and the anterior segment of the globe, and at first glance it would be hard to think of a simpler method than the application of hot moist pads. The application, to be of any value, however, must be continued for 15 minutes or more, during which time the pad must be kept moist and the temperature constant. In these days of personnel shortages, hospital nursing staffs, with the best will in the world, find it difficult, and often impossible, to carry out orders for moist heat when it means tying up the time of a nurse or an attendant with one or two patients for a relatively long time while these requirements are met. Some months ago there came to my attention a commercially prepared pack (the Hydrocollator steam pack), which retains moist heat for 30

The Sensitive Plant as Weed and its Control

Mimosa pudica, Linn., the common sensitive or touch-me-not plant, ordinarily grows in waste lands, field bunds and sides of channels on the West Coast. It is found to thrive well in hot moist situations and spreads rapidly, covering on an average. 36 sq. ft. of ground. Its prickly stem and branches, procumbent habit. and a hardy, tenacious root system make its eradication by ordinary, implements, troublesome as well as laborious. It proves a menace particularly in house compounds and shady porombokes where ginger, yam and other root-crops are grown. With the first soaking rains in May every year, a large number of the plants are seen to spring up. They sprout directly from seeds or, under favourable conditions, from old stalks. The. present paper deals with a study of its spread and the chemical means of control adopted at the Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi in South Malabar.

The Effect of Muscular Exercise in a Hot Moist Environment on the Mepacrine Concentrations of Blood, Plasma and Urine

The Effect of Muscular Exercise in a Hot Moist Environment on the Mepacrine Concentrations of Blood, Plasma and Urine

Inhalant sensitization and shock in guinea pigs under controlled atmospheric conditions

Abstract 1. 1. Statistics are presented of reactions of 350 guinea pigs sensitized and shocked by inhalation of horse dander in various controlled weather conditions. More than 1,500 shock exposures were made. 2. 2. The conditions under which the greatest number and most severe anaphylactic reactions occurred were: (a) shifting from hot dry air to low barometric pressure, (b) shifting from low pressure to hot dry air, and (c) shifting from hot moist to cold dry air without the allergen and back to hot moist with the allergen. 3. 3. The single weather conditions, in the order of the number of severe reactions which occurred in each were: (a) hot dry, (b) room air, (c) cold dry, (d) hot moist, and (e) cold moist air. 4. 4. The single weather conditions, in the order in which the greatest number of all types of reactions occurred were: (a) hot moist, (b) cold dry, (c) hot dry, (d) room air, and (e) cold moist air. 5. 5. The single weather conditions, in the order in which the most severe reactions in the first shock exposure occurred were: (a) hot dry, (b) hot moist, (c) cold dry, (d) room air, and (e) cold moist air. 6. 6. In one well controlled experiment the experimental low pressure condition was conducive to a significantly higher number of reactions than was that of high pressure.

MISS ELIZABETH KENNY'S BOOK ON "THE TREATMENT OF INFANTILE PARALYSIS IN THE ACUTE STAGE"

To the Editor:— Journalpublished recently a review of a book by Miss Elizabeth Kenny entitled The Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage. book is not easy to read or easy to understand and contains much controversial material. During 1941 I used the Kenny treatment as far as it was possible in the hospitals to which my patients were admitted. I am convinced that this is the best treatment for the victims of infantile paralysis during the early postparalytic period. Regardless of the confusion occasioned by the theory as outlined by Miss Kenny, the method is definitely good. Not only do I believe that this is true of the hot moist fomentations which are used twelve hours each day on patients who have had the disease but I believe that the muscle training program carried out by workers trained by Miss Kenny represents the best type

A Note on “Buchanan's Laterite”

In 1909 I wrote a letter to the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (p. 431) objecting to a statement in a review of the late Sir John Harrison's Goldfields of British Guiana that only products of weathering containing free aluminium hydroxide in hot moist climates should be considered as laterite. This letter led to contributions from the late J. W. Evans, T. Crook, and Sir John Harrison. It is particularly interesting now to read again J. W. Evans's remarks. In the volume for 1910, pp. 189, 190, he said hehad intimate acquaintance with the material to which the name laterite was first given in the area in which it was typically developed. On p. 190 he said that laterite varies, but one feature remains constant, the small amount of combined silica in proportion to the alumina present and that “it is in this respect that laterites differ from clays, which also occur as tropical decomposition products and are sometimes incorrectly described as laterites ”. On p. 381 of the same volume J. W. Evans wrote: “I admit that he (Buchanan) did not know its true chemical composition, but in spite of that it must be accepted as the type of what we ought to call laterite.”

Temperature Changes in Gastrointestinal Tract in Relation to Heat and Cold on Skin

For our temperature readings of a mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract we used a Queen's potentiometer. Ten dogs were used. Under nembutal anesthesia, the abdomen was opened and an opening in the stomach or intestine was made. For measurements of temperature of mucous membrane of the stomach the ends of 3 thermocouples (devised by Bachem), covered with shellac and embedded in celloidin, were introduced into the stomach and fastened to the inner surface by a ligature. For recording the temperature of the mucous membrane of the intestine the 3 thermocouples mounted on a piece of a rubber tubing of suitable diameter, and fastened with a rubber band were introduced into the intestine (duodenum). For measuring the temperature of the rectum the thermocouples were introduced through the anus. Heparin was injected intravenously (10 mg. per kilo), the femoral artery opened and a long glass thermometer introduced through it into the abdominal aorta. Ice packs and hot moist towels were applied to the skin of the chest of dogs. The results are shown on the accompanying graphs. The abscissa represents the time from the beginning of the experiment, the ordinates—temperature in centigrade. Dotted lines represent the findings of the temperature in the abdominal aorta, the straight line—the temperature of the surface of the mucous membranes. The perpendicular lines show the time of application of cold and heat to the body surface of the dog.

Temperature Changes in the Liver in Relation to Heat and Cold on Skin

For recording the temperature in the liver we used a fever recorder of Siemens and Halske. To this apparatus were devised special electrodes of a size suitable to requirements of the case, made of a piece of flat mica wound around by an iron wire of a diameter of 0.00175 in. The electrodes were insulated on one side by cork and mica and on the other side (sensitive part) with shellac and celluloid. Both ends of a wire were attached to heavier wires, connected with the galvanometer and the latter with the fever recorder.Six dogs were used. Under nembutal anesthesia, the abdomen was opened and the flat electrode placed between the lobes of the liver, fastened by its wires to the external surface of the abdominal wall by means of an adhesive plaster and the abdomen closed. Heparin was injected intravenously (0.01 per kilo), the femoral artery opened and a long glass thermometer introduced through it into the abdominal aorta. Ice packs and hot moist towels were applied to the skin of the chest of dogs.The res...

Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast

I AM reporting these cases as, contrary to some statistics, this lesion seems to be a rather unusuaI one. Besides, they were seen ear-her than most reported cases, which is an important factor as we must make earher diagnoses in this group if we are to have even an earIy mortahty of Iess than one IOO per cent. The cancer mortaIity from breast carcinomas is aIready very high but these cases are practically always rapidIy fataI. The first patient presented a lesion which was onIy moderateIy advanced for this type but died within a few months. The next patient, a Iittle more advanced, disappeared after I had examined her and the third case is stiI1 Iiving but the condition is only a few months oId. (Since writing this report, the third case has died of loca1, cerebra1 and massive Iung metastases, six months after operation.) was no history of chills nor acute onset. From the appearance of the breast, I believed this was a mild inflammatory condition aggravated bv the pendulous condition. I ordered elevation, rest in bed and hot moist applications. One week Iater she reported and was much improved. The tenderness was nearIy gone; the edema not so marked and the pink coIor aImost absent. 1 ordered a continuation of the same treatment. At the end of another week she returned feeling Iess comfortable, but as she had onIy partiahy carried out my orders, I toId her to continue as she had been doing: that is, eIevation, heat and bet1 rest.

Red Rain at Bordigbera, Italy

‘RED rain’ fell at Bordighera on the morning of October 31, coating the pavements and vegetation with a dense red-brown deposit which turned to salmon colour when dry. The shower, which terminated about noon (English summer time), was accompanied by a current of hot moist air from the east. The previous day was wet and overcast, and the evening after the shower there was a thunderstorm with long flashes of lightning from east to west at an estimated altitude never touching below 2500 feet. Samples of the deposit (doubtless sand from the Sahara) are being preserved for microscopical examination.