Hot Humid Environment Research Articles

Core temperature changes and sprint performance of elite female soccer players after a 15-minute warm-up in a hot-humid environment.

Warm-up session should be modified according to the environmental conditions. However, there is limited evidence regarding the proper soccer warm-up time for female players in the heat. The purpose of this study was to examine the rise in core body temperature and the sprint performance after a 15-minute warm-up in a hot-humid environment using female soccer players during the different phases of their menstrual cycle. Thirteen eumenorrheic national female soccer players (aged 18.8 ± 1.3 years, (Equation is included in full-text article.)53.05 ± 6.66 ml·kg·min) performed a 15-minute warm-up protocol at an ambient temperature of 32.5 ± 1.6° C with a relative humidity of 53.6 ± 10.2% during their early follicular and midluteal phases of their cycle. The warm-up protocol is composed of jogging, skipping by moving the legs in various directions, and sprinting alternated with jogging, followed by a 45-minute recovery period. Rectal temperatures were recorded during the rest period and every 5 minutes throughout the warm-up and recovery phases of the study. Heart rate was monitored at rest and every 5 minutes during the warm-up. Forty-yard sprint time was assessed immediately after the completion of warm-up, which was later compared with the time at baseline. The value for the baseline was obtained at least 2 days before the experiment. During the early follicular and midluteal phases, the rectal temperatures obtained at the end of the warm-up period were significantly (p < 0.05) higher by 1.26° C (95% confidence interval [CI] = +0.46 to +2.06° C) and 1.18° C (95% CI = +0.53 to +1.83° C), whereas the heart rates increased to 153.67 ± 20.34 and 158.38 ± 15.19 b·min, respectively. After 20 minutes of the recovery period, the rectal temperature decreased by approximately 50%. The sprint times were significantly (p < 0.05) faster post-warm-up during both the early follicular (5.52 seconds; 95% CI = 5.43-5.60 seconds) and midluteal phases (5.51 seconds; 95% CI = 5.41-5.60 seconds) compared with the baseline time (5.66 seconds; 95% CI = 5.58-5.74 seconds). There were no significant differences in any parameters assessed after warm-up between the 2 phases. In conclusion, a 15-minute warm-up increased the core temperature by approximately 1° C and improved the 40-yd sprint time for elite female soccer players in a hot environment regardless of menstrual phase.

Core temperature changes and sprint performance of elite female soccer players after a 15-minute warm-up in a hot-humid environment

Core temperature changes and sprint performance of elite female soccer players after a 15-minute warm-up in a hot-humid environment

Patterns of Skin Diseases among Pediatric Patients Attending the Pediatric Dermatological Clinic at King Hussein Medical Center

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine and highlight the spectrum and patterns of skin diseases among pediatric patients attending the pediatric dermatological clinic at King Hussein Medical Center and Queen Rania Abdullah Hospital for Children. Methods: All newly diagnosed pediatric patients who presented to the outpatient clinic of pediatric dermatology clinics between February 2008 and March 2013 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria included patients with skin disease below the age of 15 years. Patients were divided into three age groups: infant, preschool and school age children. Skin diagnosis was made clinically and laboratory investigations were ordered when necessary. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe the study variables. Results: A total of 5,004 patients were included in the study. Some subjects had more than one disorder. The age ranged from one day to 15 years with a mean of 8.6±7.4 years. There were 2,577 males (51.5%) and 2,427 (48.5%) females, with a male to female ration of 1.1:1. Preschool children were more frequently affected than other children. Analysis of underlying etiologies revealed that the majority of dermatoses were infections and infestations (35.3%), followed by eczema (30.1%) and hypersensitivity reaction (6.5%). Conclusions: Skin diseases are common in children especially the preschool age group with no significant difference between genders. The most common skin disease in this study was cutaneous infections followed by eczema. Higher consanguinity, overcrowding and hot humid environment may explain the high prevalence of infections.

Validity and reliability of a field technique for sweat Na+ and K+ analysis during exercise in a hot-humid environment.

This study compared a field versus reference laboratory technique for extracting (syringe vs. centrifuge) and analyzing sweat [Na+] and [K+] (compact Horiba B‐722 and B‐731, HORIBA vs. ion chromatography, HPLC) collected with regional absorbent patches during exercise in a hot‐humid environment. Sweat samples were collected from seven anatomical sites on 30 athletes during 1‐h cycling in a heat chamber (33°C, 67% rh). Ten minutes into exercise, skin was cleaned/dried and two sweat patches were applied per anatomical site. After removal, one patch per site was centrifuged and sweat was analyzed with HORIBA in the heat chamber (CENTRIFUGE HORIBA) versus HPLC (CENTRIFUGE HPLC). Sweat from the second patch per site was extracted using a 5‐mL syringe and analyzed with HORIBA in the heat chamber (SYRINGE HORIBA) versus HPLC (SYRINGE HPLC). CENTRIFUGE HORIBA, SYRINGE HPLC, and SYRINGE HORIBA were highly related to CENTRIFUGE HPLC ([Na+]: ICC = 0.96, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively; [K+]: ICC = 0.87, 0.92, and 0.84, respectively), while mean differences from CENTRIFUGE HPLC were small but usually significant ([Na+]: 4.7 ± 7.9 mEql/L, −2.5 ± 9.3 mEq/L, 4.0 ± 10.9 mEq/L (all P < 0.001), respectively; [K+]: 0.44 ± 0.52 mEq/L (P < 0.001), 0.01 ± 0.49 mEq/L (P = 0.77), 0.50 ± 0.48 mEq/L (P < 0.001), respectively). On the basis of typical error of the measurement results, sweat [Na+] and [K+] obtained with SYRINGE HORIBA falls within ±15.4 mEq/L and ±0.68 mEq/L, respectively, of CENTRIFUGE HPLC 95% of the time. The field (SYRINGE HORIBA) method of extracting and analyzing sweat from regional absorbent patches may be useful in obtaining sweat [Na+] when rapid estimates in a hot‐humid field setting are needed.

The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid on the oxidative status, live weight and recovery rate in road transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment

The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on live weight following transportation is vital in animal husbandry. This study investigated the influence of AA on live weight, rectal temperature (rt), and oxidative status of transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment. Twenty-four goats were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D of six animals each. Group A were administered AA 100 mg/kg intramuscularly 30 min prior to 3.5 h transportation. Group B was administered AA following transportation. Group C were transported but not administered AA as positive controls while group D were not transported but were administered normal saline as negative controls. Live weight, rt and blood samples were collected before, immediately post-transport (pt), 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 10 days pt. Plasma was used for malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis while hemolysates were used for superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis. There was minimal live weight loss in group A compared to groups B and C. Group A recorded reduced MDA activities and increased SOD activities compared to groups B and C which recorded significantly high MDA activities. This study revealed that AA administration ameliorated the stress responses induced by transportation in animals in hot humid tropical environments. The administration of AA to goats prior to transportation could ameliorate stress and enhance productivity.

Thermal-work strain in law enforcement personnel during chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) training.

Background:Thermal safety standards for the use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) ensembles have been established for various US occupations, but not for law enforcement personnel.Objectives:We examined thermal strain levels of 30 male US law enforcement personnel who participated in CBRN field training in Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts.Methods:Physiological responses were examined using unobtrusive heart rate (HR) monitors and a simple thermoregulatory model to predict core temperature (Tc) using HR and environment.Results:Thermal strain levels varied by environments, activity levels, and type of CBRN ensemble. Arizona and Florida volunteers working in hot-dry and hot-humid environment indicated high heat strain (predicted max Tc>38.5°C). The cool environment of Massachusetts reduced thermal strain although thermal strains were occasionally moderate.Conclusions:The non-invasive method of using physiological monitoring and thermoregulatory modeling could improve law enforcement mission to reduce the risk of heat illness or injury.

Thermoregulatory, Cardiovascular, and Perceptual Responses to Intermittent Cooling During Exercise in a Hot, Humid Outdoor Environment

Decreasing core body temperature during exercise may improve exercise tolerance, facilitate acclimatization, and prevent heat illness during summer training. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent superficial cooling on thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses during exercise in a hot humid environment. We used a randomized, counterbalanced, repeated measures investigation with 2 conditions (control and cooling) during exercise and recovery outdoors on artificial turf in a hot, humid tropical climate in the sun (wet bulb globe temperature outdoors [WBGTo], 27.0 ± 0.8° C; range, 25.8-28.1° C) and in the shade (WBGTo, 25.4 ± 0.9° C; range, 24.3-26.8° C). Participants were 10 healthy males (age, 22.6 ± 1.6 years; height, 176.0 ± 6.9 cm; mass, 76.5 ± 7.8 kg; body fat, 15.6 ± 5.4%) who wore shorts and T-shirt (control) or "phase change cooling" vest (cooling) during 5-minute rest breaks during 60 minutes of intense American football training and conditioning exercises in the heat and 30 minutes of recovery in the shade. Throughout, we measured core (Tgi) and skin (Tchest) temperature, heart rate (HR), thermal and thirst sensations, and rating of perceived exertion. We found significant (p ≤ 0.001) hypohydration (-2.1%); for Tgi, we found no significant differences between conditions (p = 0.674) during exercise and progressive decreases during recovery (p < 0.001). For [INCREMENT]Tg,i we found no significant (p = 0.090) differences. For Tchest, we found significantly (p < 0.001) decreased skin temperature in the cooling condition (Tchest, 31.85 ± 0.43° C) compared with the control condition (Tchest, 34.38 ± 0.43° C) during exercise and significantly (p < 0.001) lower skin temperature in the cooling condition (Tchest, 31.24 ± 0.47° C) compared with the control condition (Tchest, 33.48 ± 0.47° C) during recovery. For HR, we found no significant difference (p = 0.586) between the conditions during exercise; however, we did find significantly (p < 0.001) lower HR during recovery. Thermal sensations were significantly (p = 0.026) decreased in the cooling (4.4 ± 0.2 points) compared with the control (5.0 ± 0.2 points) condition but not for other perceptual responses. The cooling effects of "phase change cooling" material were effective in reducing skin temperature but did not sufficiently reduce core body temperature or cardiovascular strain.

A comparative study of corrosion resistance of different coatings for mortar–embedded steel plates

In view of corrosion problem encountered in mortar–embedded steel plates used in joints of precast concrete cylinder pipes, an experimental study was undertaken at the initiative of the manufacture of the pipes to evaluate the relative performance of three chosen types of commercial coatings namely, red oxide, zinc primer, and epoxy coatings for protection of mortar–embedded steel plates against chloride-induced corrosion. Three different types of experiments were planned for this comparative performance evaluation: natural corrosion, accelerated corrosion and chloride exposure test. Test specimens were prepared using cement–sand mortar with cement–sand ratio of 0.5 (ASTM type I cement) and water–cement ratio of 0.5, using an embedded steel plate at the mid-depth. For natural corrosion, specimens admixed with 12% NaCl solution were placed in humidity and temperature controlled chamber to promote corrosion in hot–humid environment. In accelerated corrosion test, the weight loss and corrosion current densities were measured. Chloride penetration and corrosion initiation time were measured in specimens subjected to ponding with 10% NaCl solution. The results of all three tests convincingly showed that epoxy-coating, out of the three tested, performed as the best corrosion protection coating for mortar–embedded steel plates against chloride-induced corrosion.

Improvement of Graybiel’s scoring system for grading of motion sickness in hot-humid environment

Improvement of Graybiel’s scoring system for grading of motion sickness in hot-humid environment

Effect of Seasons on the Reproductive Performance of Bovan Nera and Isa Brown Parent-stock Chickens in a Hot Humid Environment

Seasons play an important role in the performance of breeder chickens, but lack of adequate records on its specific effects in specific seasons could influence the efforts of breeders to improve on local ecotypes of chicken for standardization into breeds. This is why Nigeria still depends mainly on imported breeds of chicken for commercial production of chicken. In this study, the influence of Early Wet (EW), Late Wet (LW) and Early Dry (ED) and Late Dry (LD) seasons on reproductive parameters of Bovan Nera (BN) and Isa Brown (IB) parent-stock chickens were studied in the humid South-West Nigeria. Ten-year data on both genotypes were obtained from Ajanla Farms Hatchery Ibadan and analysed for Eggs Set (ES), Egg Fertility (EF), Egg Hatchability (EH), Pullet Day-old Chicks (PDC) and Hatching Rejects (HR) to study the effect of seasons on these parameters. ANOVA (p<0.05) showed that seasons have significant influence on EF, EH and HR in BN; and ES, EH and HR in IB. Late wet season gave the best results on reproduction thus making it potentially the most favorable season for hatching activities in both genotypes, and therefore may signal good fortune in commercial chicks production enterprises of breeder chickens in hot humid regions.

Hygroscopic aerosol deposition in the human upper respiratory tract under various thermo-humidity conditions

The deposition of hygroscopic aerosols is highly complex in nature, which results from a cumulative effect of dynamic particle growth and the real-time size-specific deposition mechanisms. The objective of this study is to evaluate hygroscopic effects on the particle growth, transport, and deposition of nasally inhaled aerosols across a range of 0.2–2.5 μm in an adult image-based nose-throat model. Temperature and relative humidity fields were simulated using the LRN k-ω turbulence model and species transport model under a spectrum of thermo-humidity conditions. Particle growth and transport were simulated using a well validated Lagrangian tracking model coupled with a user-defined hygroscopic growth module. Results of this study indicate that the saturation level and initial particle size are the two major factors that determine the particle growth rate (d/d0), while the effect of inhalation flow rate is found to be not significant. An empirical correlation of condensation growth of nasally inhaled hygroscopic aerosols in adults has been developed based on a variety of thermo-humidity inhalation conditions. Significant elevated nasal depositions of hygroscopic aerosols could be induced by condensation growth for both sub-micrometer and small micrometer particulates. In particular, the deposition of initially 2.5 μm hygroscopic aerosols was observed to be 5–8 times that of inert particles under warm to hot saturated conditions. Results of this study have important implications in exposure assessment in hot humid environments, where much higher risks may be expected compared to normal conditions.

Study on rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation during heat acclimatization training in artificial hot-humid environment

Objective To study the relationship between adaptability improvement to hot-humid environment with the changes of rectal temperature,heart rate,and scores of comprehensive sensation before and after training in hot-humid environment.Methods Thirty healthy male university students were trained and tested under a temperature of 39.0℃ and a relative humidity of 80.00% for a week.Their rectal temperature,heart rate,and scores of comprehensive sensation were monitored every time before and after training.The obtained data were subjected to ANOVA analysis and Tukey-tests.The improvement rate of rectal temperature and improvement rate of comprehensive sensation scores were calculated each time after training in hot-humid environment.Results and conclusion We found that rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation were consistent in demonstrating the improvement of the adaptability to hot-humid.It is suggested that rectal temperature and scores of comprehensive sensation should be used as reference standards for adaptability improvement to hot-humid environment,and heart rate is not recommended,but the combination of three indices should be used as safety control standard.

Mouth rinsing improves cycling endurance performance during Ramadan fasting in a hot humid environment

This study examined the effect of mouth rinsing during endurance cycling in a hot humid environment (32 °C and 75% relative humidity) on athletes in the Ramadan fasted state. Nine trained adolescent male cyclists completed 3 trials that consisted of a carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR), a placebo mouth-rinse (PMR), and a no-rinse (NOR) trial during the last 2 weeks of Ramadan. Each trial consisted of a preloading cycle at 65% peak rate of oxygen consumption for 30 min followed by a 10-km time trial (TT10 km) under hot humid condition. During the CMR and PMR trials, each cyclist rinsed his mouth with 25 mL of the solution for 5 s before expectorating the solution pre-exercise, after 5, 15, and 25 min of the preloading cycle, and 15 s prior to the start of TT10 km. Time to complete the TT10 km was significantly faster in the CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial (12.9 ± 1.7 and 12.6 ± 1.7 vs. 16.8 ± 1.6 min, respectively; p < 0.017). Ratings of perceived exertion taken at the end of the TT10 km was lower in both CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial, although the difference was significant only between CMR and NOR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mouth rinsing with either carbohydrate or placebo solution provided ergogenic benefits compared with a no-rinse condition on TT10 km performance in acute Ramadan fasted subjects during endurance cycling in a heat stress environment.

Comparación de las características morfológicas y fisicoquímicas de diez cultivares de carambola.

La carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) es una fruta comercial principalmente sembrada en el sur de la Florida para el mercado local. Se evaluaron diez cultivares comerciales de carambola; a cada uno de ellos se les evaluó el dulzor, acidez, tamaño y color de la fruta. Los árboles de carambola están sembrados en un suelo Krome gravely loam, en Miami-Dade, Florida, EE.UU. Se determinaron características físicas de las frutas midiendo la longitud del fruto, diámetro y peso. Las características fisicoquímicas se determinaron midiendo el dulzor (Brix, ° Bx), pH, firmeza (kg/cm), y el color de la fruta usando los valores L*, a *, b * del sistema CIE Lab. Tean Ma' tuvo un pH significativamente más bajo que los otros cultivares utilizados en el estudio. 'Hew 1' fue significativamente más larga, y 'Fwang Tung' demostró un diámetro significativamente mayor en comparación con el de otros cultivares. El valor L* para 'Arkin' fue significativamente menor que en otros cultivares, pero el valor b * de 'Wheeler' fue significativamente mayor. Hubo una cantidad significativamente mayor de semillas producida por 'Arkin' en comparación con las de los otros cultivares utilizados en el estudio. Los resultados demostraron que existen diversos cultivares que producen frutos grandes y dulces en el ambiente cálido y húmedo del sur de Florida

The hygroscopic properties of wood fibre, sepiolite and expanded perlite-based breathable wall for moderating the humidity environment

This paper presents an evaluation of a series of novel wood fibre, sepiolite and expanded perlite (WSE)-based mortars that have been developed by Hunan University. The evaluation investigated the influence of morphology structure and the effect of different hot-humid environments on hygroscopic properties of WSE-based mortar to form breathable wall which can provide a moderation of moisture, indoor air quality and thermal insulation of building. The microstructure, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties and hygroscopic properties of WSE-based mortar specimens were assessed to characterize the relationship between performances of the material. WSE is an inorganic porous fibre-aggregate mixture. The hygroscopic properties of the mortars can be greatly improved by adding the WSE fibres-aggregates, especially under high temperature (40℃) and high relative humidity (98%) during summer. The addition of admixture can improve the properties of WSE-based mortar to meet requirements of special performances (such as compressive strength) without affecting the hygroscopic properties. The WSE-based breathable wall is a good moisture buffering controller that could improve indoor air quality. The evaluation presented in this paper should provide the design fundamental for development of breathable wall for future built environment, to allow optimizing the boundary conditions for energy saving and control of indoor humidity environment by incorporating the mortars as finishing materials.

Experiment Study on Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete under Heat Injury Environment of High Ground Temperature Tunnel

With the tunnel growing more long and deep,heat injury problems have become increasingly prominent.In order to analyze how would the environment of high ground temperature impact on compressive strength of shotcrete, experiment was designed to explore the compressive strength of C25 shotcrete at 28d age by simulating environmental. The test results show that: water tank and the oven can more accurately simulate the natural hot-humid and hot-dry environment; Compared to the standard curing conditions, Whether in the hot-humid environment or hot-dry environment, the compressive strength of shotcrete is decreased. Mixed with 25% fly ash can improve the compressive strength of shotcrete in hot-humid environment.

Corrosion Behavior of Different Steel Substrates Coupled With Conductive Polymer Under Different Serving Conditions

The corrosion behaviors of stainless steel and nickel-plated carbon steel coupled with conductive polymer were investigated in both hot humid environment and simulated marine environment. The corrosion currents of different steel substrates and conductive polymer in simulated marine environment at room temperature were measured. The corrosion surfaces of different steel couples were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical compositions were examined by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. The corrosion mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the stability of both stainless steel and nickel-plated carbon steel in hot humid environment was excellent and no corrosion happened in the blank test for 360 h while slight corrosion existed in the contact area of coupled steel substrates. In simulated marine environment, the corrosion current of the stainless steel was lower than 100 μA and some directional rod-like particles formed on the surface of the stainless steel, which arc mainly caused by oxidative corrosion among different phases. The corrosion current of the nickel-plated carbon steel couples was much greater than that of stainless steel couples and nickel plate cracking resulted in the corrosion of the internal iron because the coated nickel layer was not dense enough.

Effect of phosphate–silane pretreatment on the corrosion resistance and adhesive-bonded performance of the AZ31 magnesium alloys

A phosphate–silane surface treatment is developed to improve the corrosion resistance of phosphated magnesium AZ31 by dihydric phosphate solution. Silane KH560 solution is selected to treat the phosphated magnesium AZ31 alloys. The morphology, thickness and composition of the coating and the corrosion resistance of the coated samples are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS analyses and corrosion tests (including hydrogen evolution detection and EIS). An about 2μm silane coating consisting of SiOSi and SiOMg bonds is formed on the surface of the phosphated magnesium alloys. The silane coating apparently improves the corrosion resistance, adhesive bonded performance and durability in hot-humid environment of the phosphated magnesium AZ31 alloys by means of increasing the polarization resistance RpCP in NaCl solution, initial bond strength and residual bond strength of adhesive-bonded joints in hot-humid environment. The improvement of silane pretreatment on the corrosion resistance and adhesive-bonded performance of phosphated Mg AZ31 is attributed to the improvement of SiOSi bonds in silane coating on the intermolecular interaction between the adhesive and phosphate coating and sealing effect of silane coating to the micro pores in phosphate coating.

The Influence of Hot Humid and Hot Dry Environments on Intermittent-Sprint Exercise Performance

To examine the effect of a hot humid (HH) compared with a hot dry (HD) environment, matched for heat stress, on intermittent-sprint performance. In comparison with HD, HH environments compromise evaporative heat loss and decrease exercise tolerance. It was hypothesized that HH would produce greater physiological strain and reduce intermittent-sprint exercise performance compared with HD. Eleven male team-sport players completed the cycling intermittent-sprint protocol (CISP) in 3 conditions, temperate (TEMP; 21.2°C ± 1.3°C, 48.6% ± 8.4% relative humidity [rh]), HH (33.7°C ± 0.5°C, 78.2% ± 2.3% rh), and HD (40.2°C ± 0.2°C, 33.1% ± 4.9% rh), with both heat conditions matched for heat stress. All participants completed the CISP in TEMP, but 3 failed to completed the full protocol of 20 sprints in HH and HD. Peak power output declined in all conditions (P < .05) but was not different between any condition (sprints 1-14 [N = 11]: HH 1073 ± 150 W, HD 1104 ± 127 W, TEMP, 1074± 134; sprints 15-20 [N = 8]: HH 954 ± 114 W, HD 997 ± 115 W, TEMP 993 ± 94; P > .05). Physiological strain was not significantly different in HH compared with HD, but HH was higher than TEMP (P < .05). Intermittent-sprint exercise performance of 40 min duration is impaired, but it is not different in HH and HD environments matched for heat stress despite evidence of a trend toward greater physiological strain in an HH environment.

The influence of dexamethasone treatment and successive road transport stress on the occurrence of caprine pneumonia in a hot humid tropical environment

Aim: The information on the effect of multiple stress and caprine pneumonia especially in a hot humid environment is limited in literature. Materials and Methods: Sixteen goats were divided into 4 groups. All goats were observed for respiratory signs while temperature was monitored daily. Dead ones were necropsied while the s The clinical, gross, histopathological, immunohistochemical scores were according to standard methods. Results: The mean total clinical score was higher in group B than group A, C and D. T The dead goats in groups A, B, C had lung lesions typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. An average of the lung consolidation of dead animals in group A was 15%, in group B, 8.5% and group C, 6.5% mostly involving the anterior and ventral part of the lung. The immunostaining results was also similar with all the lung samples positive for both Pasteurella multocida and haemolytica especially in the groups A, B, C with enhanced severity in A > B > C. Conclusion: This further buttress the need to reduce stress in farm animals and the emergence of P. multocida over M. haemolytica in the epidemiology of bacterial caprine pneumonia in stressed goats in Malaysia.