Horizontal Axis Of Rotation Research Articles

П Р О М Ы С Л О В Ы Е В Е Т Р Я Н Ы Е Э Л Е К Т Р О С ТА Н Ц И И ДЛЯ ДОБЫЧИ ТЯЖЕЛОЙ НЕФТИ И ПРИРОДНЫХ БИТУМОВ

Available oil fields are being depleted. But explored reserves of heavy oil and natural bitumen in the world are known to be at least 5.6 trillion barrels, which is about 2 times more than discovered reserves of conventional oil. To produce these hy- drocarbons, the formation must be heated to greatly reduce the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen. Existing methods use superheated steam to heat the formation for 2-6 months. Steam is generated using natural gas and clean water. This leads to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and to the deple- tion of rivers. To reduce the damage to nature, it is proposed to heat the formation simultaneously with steam and electrical current passing through the formation. It is proposed to use the electricity of the field wind farms designed with a vertical axis of rotation of the turbine. The design scheme of the station pro- vides stability in storm winds without a foundation, it can be mounted in 3-4 days, it is transportable and much less expensive than turbines with a horizontal axis of rotation. The technical characteristics of such field wind farms are discussed.

The comparison of dual axis photovoltaic tracking system using artificial intelligence techniques

<span>In this paper, the efficiency of photovoltaic panels is improved by adding a sun tracking system. The solar tracking system is used for tracking the sun so that photovoltaic always faces the sun. This system uses a dual axis consisting of horizontal rotation axis and a vertical rotation axis. The horizontal rotational axis motion is to follow the azimuth angle of the sun from north to south. Then, to follow the sun's azimuth angle from east to west is the vertical axis motion. Both types of movements are controlled using a PID controller that is optimized with an artificial intelligence approach, namely particle swarm optimization (PID-PSO), firefly algorithm (PID-FA), imperialist competitive algorithm (PID-ICA), bat algorithm (PID-BA), and ant colony optimization (PID-ACO). Experiments of various approaches were carried out and the corresponding performance compared. The experimental results show that PID-BA performs best in terms of settling time and overshoot. The results also allow the comparison of different PID controller and the calculation of the fastest completion time.</span>

Аналіз стану гібридних вітроенергетичних установок та їх імітаційне моделювання

The analysis of the provision of wind power plants of low power power supply to different consumers, taking into account the installed capacity and remoteness, is carried out. The expediency of using some design solutions of wind power plants with a horizontal axis of rotation, which are included in the power limitation up to 20 kW, is considered. It was found that low-power hybrid wind turbines equipped with storage devices are the most suitable option for providing power supply to consumers, where there is no centralized power grid within a radius of 20 km. It is noted that the most preferable for use are synchronous alternators over asynchronous or direct current generators. Two technical solutions for the operation of wind turbines are considered, one of which combines the traditional use of the installation with the consumer; and in the other - the connection of the wind turbine with an electric consumer using solar panels, a storage battery and a voltage inverter. It is noted that both options have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice, as well as a feature of the electromechanical system of wind turbines is the unpredictable and uncontrollable input of primary energy of a stochastic air flow, which leads to fluctuations in the output parameters (voltage and current frequency). Therefore, in order to eliminate this drawback and ensure the supply of electricity to consumers, the electricity generated by the generator will be used to charge the storage battery. It is noted that the disadvantages of traditional wind turbines create a significant contradiction, consisting in the emergence of the need to increase their energy efficiency of operation by improving the traditional design, on the one hand, and the inability of existing wind turbines to provide such an increase, on the other hand. In this case, the most rational solution may be the use of a wind turbine design with solar panels, which will ensure the operation of the wind turbine in a windless period and efficient adjustment of electrical payloads with increasing wind speed using the accumulated energy to power the current collectors. When conducting research in the field of wind energy, it is often necessary to use different models. The mathematical model describes a real object only with a certain degree of approximation (detail). In this case, the type of model depends both on the nature of the object under study and on the research tasks, modeling techniques, and the required accuracy of object description. The study proposes a simulation model of a wind power plant in the Simulink software application to estimate the generated power. The dependences of the design power of the wind turbine on the wind speed at three different radii of the wind turbine are obtained. Key words: wind power plant, consumer, installed capacity, renewable energy sources, wind speed, simulation, wind turbine, storage battery, generator, voltage inverter

HYBRID SYSTEM OF DUAL AXIS PHOTOVOLTAIC TRACKING SYSTEM USING PID-CES-ACO

In this paper, the efficiency of photovoltaic panels is improved by adding two solar tracking systems. The solar tracking system is used to track the sun so that the photovoltaic always faces the sun. This system uses a dual axis consisting of a horizontal rotation axis and a vertical rotation axis. The motion of the horizontal axis of rotation follows the sun's azimuth angle from north to south. The motion of the vertical axis of rotation following the sun's azimuth angle from east to west is the vertical axis motion. Both types of movement are controlled using PID and Fuzzy controllers which are optimized with an artificial intelligence approach, namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Experiments with PID control approach and CES control were optimized using the ACO method (Hybrid PID-CES-ACO method). In this research, PID-CES-ACO was the best model, obtained on the horizontal axis of overshot 1328 pu, the smallest undershot was 0.116, and the fastest settling time was 0.183 s, on the vertical axis the smallest overshot was 1.246 pu, the smallest undershot was 0.044, the fastest settling time was 0.163 s

INFLUENCE OF CURRENT IMBALANCES AND CENTER POSITION HARDNESS ON VIBROACTIVITY OF HORIZONTAL DRUM MACHINES

The issues of reducing the vibration caused by rotating rotors at the frequency of the first rotor harmonic (so-called rotor vibration) are among the most important in the design, manufacture and operation of almost all types of modern rotary machines. The washing machine as an object of study of the dynamics and reduction of vibration and noise is of particular interest due to the constant presence of randomly located and wandering imbalance of laundry in the drum and low requirements for accuracy of its manufacture and assembly of parts and assemblies. A mathematical model of oscillations of a multiconnected tank-drum system on elastic suspensions for the main types of machines and spin centrifuges with a horizontal axis of rotation is created. The model is developed in a linear formulation based on the Lagrange equation of the II kind for a washing machine. The accuracy and adequacy of the mathematical model was tested directly on the field object by measuring noise, vibration, forces in the supports and stress distribution in the individual elements and components of the machine in the entire range of drum speeds. Studies of the nature of system oscillations depending on the change in position and attachment points of elastic and damping elements were performed using simulation in the Simulink environment. As a result of research, the basic requirements for the layout of horizontal rotary machines of the drum type were experimentally confirmed: the center of mass of the tank must lie on the axis of rotation of the drum; the axis of rotation of the drum should be the main central axis of inertia of the tank; the center of mass of the tank must coincide with the center of mass of the loaded drum; the center of rigidity of the system of elastic supports must coincide with the center of gravity of the tank, and the main axes of rigidity – with the main central axes of inertia of the tank; the main axes of the constant viscous friction must coincide with the main central axes of inertia of the tank. The results of the theoretical study were applied to the problem of evaluating the efficiency of a liquid auto-balancing device for a proper squeezing machine depending on its dynamics.

Analysis of the shoe length for continuous pressing equipment with a horizontal rotation axis of impeller

Analysis of the shoe length for continuous pressing equipment with a horizontal rotation axis of impeller

Thermochemical treatment of a cladding fuel simulator based on UO2 with an oxidizing mixture NxOy + O2 + CO2 + H2O(steam)

Thermochemical treatment of irradiated fuel simulator containing UO2 of ceramic properties by NxOy + O2 + CO2 + H2O(steam) oxidizing mixture was tested in the range of 588 to 663 K. Fragments of new fuel elements were used as a feed material containing uranium-235 within 0.72 wt. % and 50 mm in length while jam of ends cutoff was 30% or less. Ability in principle to convert ceramic fuel in zirconium cladding into powder-like material during 3 hours was proven under NxOy + O2 + CO2 + H2O(steam) atmosphere at temperatures of 623–643 K. Thermochemical treatment was carried out in a furnace based reactor equipped with horizontal axis of rotation. Following thermochemical treatment of ceramic fuel simulator by NxOy + O2 + CO2 + H2O(steam) oxidizing mixture at temperature of 623 and 643 K, we made black powders separated from zirconium claddings completely. Fuel coming out of cladding was 99.9%. These powder s are in agreement with molecular formula U3O8 based on gravimetric analysis. Powder-like material was proven to be triuranium octoxide (X-ray peaks for 20; 21.5; 26; 34; 44; 46; 47;52) in accordance with X-ray phase analysis and typical reflections of XRD patterns. Particle sizes of powder in its basic fraction were 2–6 microns (95% of derived product or more).This research was supported by TPU development program.

ВПЛИВ МОМЕНТНОЇ НЕЗРІВНОВАЖЕНОСТІ ТА ПОЛОЖЕННЯ ЦЕНТРУ ЖОРСТКОСТІ НА ВІБРОАКТИВНІСТЬ ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНЫХ БАРАБАННИХ МАШИН

The issues of reducing the vibration caused by rotating rotors at the frequency of the first rotor harmonic (so-called rotor vibration) are among the most important in the design, manufacture and operation of almost all types of modern rotary machines. The washing machine as an object of study of the dynamics and reduction of vibration and noise is of particular interest due to the constant presence of randomly located and wandering imbalance of laundry in the drum and low requirements for accuracy of its manufacture and assembly of parts and assemblies. A mathematical model of oscillations of a multiconnected tank-drum system on elastic suspensions for the main types of machines and spin centrifuges with a horizontal axis of rotation is created. The model is developed in a linear formulation based on the Lagrange equation of the II kind for a washing machine. The accuracy and adequacy of the mathematical model was tested directly on the field object by measuring noise, vibration, forces in the supports and stress distribution in the individual elements and components of the machine in the entire range of drum speeds. Studies of the nature of system oscillations depending on the change in position and attachment points of elastic and damping elements were performed using simulation in the Simulink environment. As a result of research, the basic requirements for the layout of horizontal rotary machines of the drum type were experimentally confirmed: the center of mass of the tank must lie on the axis of rotation of the drum; the axis of rotation of the drum should be the main central axis of inertia of the tank; the center of mass of the tank must coincide with the center of mass of the loaded drum; the center of rigidity of the system of elastic supports must coincide with the center of gravity of the tank, and the main axes of rigidity – with the main central axes of inertia of the tank; the main axes of the constant viscous friction must coincide with the main central axes of inertia of the tank. The results of the theoretical study were applied to the problem of evaluating the efficiency of a liquid auto-balancing device for a proper squeezing machine depending on its dynamics.

Hybrid System of Dual Axis Photovoltaic Tracking System Using ANFIS-ACO

In this paper, the efficiency of the photovoltaic panels is improved by adding two solar tracking systems. The solar tracking system is used to track the sun so that the photovoltaic always faces the sun. This system uses a dual axis consisting of a horizontal rotation axis and a vertical rotation axis. The motion of the horizontal axis of rotation follows the sun's azimuth angle from north to south. Then to follow the sun's azimuth angle from east to west is the vertical axis motion. Both types of movements are controlled using PID and Fuzzy controllers, which are optimized with an artificial intelligence approach, namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Experiments with PID control, Fuzzy control, and ANFIS control approaches optimized by the ACO method (ANFIS-ACO Hybrid method). The experimental results show that ANFIS-ACO has the best performance in terms of settling time and overshoot.

Theoretical prerequisites for improving the body low loader granular fertilizer spreader

It is known that the use of granular forms of fertilizers is a universal solution for plant growing enterprises using organic, mineral, organomineral fertilizers in their activities. For crop farming enterprises, the application of granular fertilizers is the most convenient way to enrich the soil with nutrients. For the surface main application and top dressing, spreaders of different designs are used, distributing fertilizers in a continuous layer with different indicators of uniformity. At present, the development of machines of various designs is underway to operate applying solid fertilizers. The main tasks of research by various authors in the field of mechanization of the distribution of fertilizers over the surface of the field are to reduce the uneven distribution of fertilizers across the width, increase the sowing width, as well as reduce the changeover time for the fertilization operation. The article presents studies related to the improvement of the design of the working bodies of the machine for applying granular fertilizers, installed on the horizontal axis of rotation. To achieve the goal of increasing the working width of the unit without reducing the quality of the sifting, an option was proposed to supplement the design of a low-frame body spreader for solid fertilizers.

Mixing of Particles in a Rotating Drum with Inclined Axis of Rotation

Various experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to study the mixing processes inside rotating drums with a horizontal axis of rotation in the past, but little effort has been made to investigate the rotating drums with an inclined axis of rotation, though such inclined drums exist in industrial waste management, food processing, power and pharmaceutical industries. To fill this gap, in this work, the discrete element method was used to study the mixing phenomena of a rotating drum for different angles of inclination from 0° to 15°. It was found that for inclined rotating drums, the whole bed Lacey mixing index is higher than that for the horizontal drum by 7.2% when the angle of inclination is 10°. The mixing index is related to the area ratio of the active region to the whole bed and volumetric fill. Increase in volumetric fill would lead to the decrease of the mixing index. The mixing index and area ratio exhibit similar patterns along the length of the drum for different angles of inclination.

Concrete support structures for small wind turbines

Small wind turbines (SWT) generate electricity up to several dozen kilowatts. They can be divided into turbines with a horizontal axis of rotation (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines) and turbines with a vertical axis (Vertical Axis Wind Turbines).The paper discusses design issues related to various types of wind turbines, and lays down general principles for the selection of support structures for small wind turbines (SWT) with a horizontal axis of rotation. The possibilities of using E-type spun prestressed-concrete poles used in medium voltage overhead power lines as SWT supporting structures are presented and discussed with regard to technical benefits of their application.

The dependence of the quality of soil treatment on the parameters and operating modes of the working bodies of the cutter

The purpose of the field research was to verify the theoretical assumptions, calculations and comparative tests in the economic conditions of the mill. The object of research was a milling cutter with a horizontal axis of rotation of working bodies. The dependence of the quality of soil treatment on the parameters of the cutter: the speed of the unit, the circumferential speed of the knife, the depth of soil treatment is determined. Regression analysis methods are used to search for a regression equation that adequately describes the quality of soil cultivation from the studied parameters. It was found that the values of the homogeneity of the fractional composition of the soil during processing by the working bodies of the cutter meet the agrotechnical requirements at the values of the kinematic parameter λ=4 and the processing depth a=0.14 m. The best indicators of the fractional composition of the soil were obtained when the drum diameter D=0.4 m and the number of cutter knives in one plane Z=3-4 PCs. The purity of tubers in the combine hopper ranges from 10 to 30%, which is 1.5 times lower compared to the control area.

Analysis of the processing mechanism in a centrifugal concentrator with a horizontal axis of rotation

This scientific work presents the results of comparative tests of centrifugal concentrators with a vertical and horizontal axis of rotor spinning. The article also describes a qualitative analysis of the behavior of mineral particles in a centrifugal field with fluidization for concentrators with a horizontal axis. The experiment demonstrated that concentrators with a horizontal axis are not inferior in terms of the qualitative recovery indicators to concentrators with a vertical axis. The researches also provided facts about the wide practical application of concentrators with a horizontal rotor arrangement.

Analysing non-coaxial folding effects in the Small Circle Intersection method

SUMMARY The Small Circle (SC) tools analyse the stereographic tracks (small circles) followed by the palaeomagnetic vectors during folding processes. Working with interfolding and synfolding remagnetizations, the Small Circle Intersection (SCI) method allows finding the best solution of grouping that should correspond with the remagnetization direction. Once this is known, it is possible to determine the magnetization age as well as the degree of bed tilting at this moment. The SC tools are based on some assumptions, among which the coaxiality between the different deformation events is the one addressed in this work (i.e. absence of vertical axis rotations, VARs, or differential horizontal axis rotations, dHARs). This assumption is based on the necessity of knowing the rotation axis for folding after the acquisition of the remagnetization, and SC tools consider the bedding strike as this axis, something that is only accomplished under coaxial folding. In order to explore how non-coaxiality affects the solutions derived from the SC methods, we first (i) identify the variables that control these errors through simple models that only consider two theoretical palaeomagnetic sites, after that it is possible (ii) to derive the mathematical relationships between them. Finally, we (iii) simulate errors derived from the use of SC tools using a population of 30 palaeomagnetic sites recreating different possible scenarios with VARs and dHARs in nature.

Kinematic and dynamic analysis of a schönflies parallel manipulator with horizontal rotation axis

Kinematic and dynamic analysis of a schönflies parallel manipulator with horizontal rotation axis

CONSTRUCTING AN APPROACHED SWEEP OF THE SURFACE GELICODE OF THE WIND GENERATOR

It is well-known that experts estimate that traditional energy sources, such as oil, gas and coal, may be depleted in the near future. This raises the question of finding alternative sources. In addition to the use of atomic energy, recent attention has been given to developments in the use of solar and wind energy. In this paper, attention is paid to the design features of the blades of the wind turbine with the vertical axis of rotation. Such wind turbines have a significant advantage over structures with a horizontal axis of rotation, since they do not need to be oriented in the wind direction. The main feature of the design of the considered wind turbines is their blades, which, most often, are compartments of non-expandable helicoidal surfaces, which complicates their manufacture, especially for individual use. In view of all the above, it seems relevant to construct an approximate sweep of the blade, which can be performed using the triangulation method. This method makes it possible, from an engineering point of view, to erroneously construct the contours of the sweep and to determine the approximate area of the blade, and thus to determine the cost of the required material. The paper deals with the method of triangulation for construction of the residential vertical turbine blade sweep, which can be used in a private house. To do this, split the blade height into several equal parts. The second step is to break a certain strip with concentric cylinders. Joining the points of intersection of the edges of the strip with segments, we obtain curvilinear triangles, which after the necessary calculations are transformed into planes. Thus, we create an approximate sweep of one strip across the entire surface. By copying this sweep as many times as we need, we get an approximate sweep for the entire blade. For an approximate calculation of the area of the helical surface, it suffices to find the area of planar triangles with which we have replaced the corresponding curvilinear ones.

Technique-technological prerequisites for improving soil fertility

Annotation Purpose. Improving soil fertility due to new technical and technological support for rational methods of processing and using by-products of crop production as fertilizer. Methods. Generalization of the monographic results of experimental research of combined machines and other printed materials. Results. The reasons for the decrease in soil fertility are given; the technological operation for increasing soil fertility, which consists of grinding plant residues, introducing a destructor and mixing them in a soil layer at a depth of 10–12 cm when processing the soil to 16 cm, is justified, a combined unit for its implementation has been developed. Conclusions. The structural and functional scheme of the combined unit for increasing soil fertility, consisting of an energy source, on the front hitch of which a crop shredder with a horizontal axis of rotation and hammer working bodies for grinding plant residues is hung, on the rear hitch a combined machine with active scapular and passive working bodies is justified for processing the soil to a depth of 16 cm, and a tank for the destructor is installed on the frame, which ensures its introduction and mixing with the soil to a depth of 10–12 cm without a time gap, which increases the efficiency of the destructor's action on improving soil fertility. Keywords: soil fertility, plant residues, shredder, destructor, active-passive working bodies.

Calibration of the Thermal Model of an Inertial Measurement Unit with Three Angular Rate Sensors

The paper considers the techniques developed for calibration of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) containing three angular rate sensors (ARS). Calibration is performed on a two-axis calibration turntable with a thermal chamber. For instrumental errors of ARS measurements, a priori parametric model is introduced, which includes biases, scale factor errors, small angles of nonorthogonality of sensitivity axes, and coefficients of temperature dependence for all these measurement errors. The problem of determining parameters of the parametric model is reduced to the problem of optimal estimation of the linear dynamic system state vector. In this context, the measurement vector is the vector of a small rotation between the model orientation of the IMU (calculated from the ARS readings) and the model orientation of the turntable faceplate (calculated from the turntable measurements). The approach proposed for formalization of the calibration problem is a modification of the method for calibration of an IMU as a whole inseparable unit, using a single-axis turntable with the horizontal axis of rotation, previously developed in the Laboratory of Control and Navigation of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The calibration experiment consists in a sequence of horizontal rotations about each of the ARS sensitivity axes. The results of numerical simulation and covariance analysis are considered.

GEARLESS WIND POWER PLANTS

The use of wind farms has great long-term potential as a highly efficient alternative source of cheap energy. The article is devoted to the development of new designs of wind power plants with the participation of the authors, which increase their energy, economic and operational efficiency. The developments concern designs that allow the use of a gearbox to be disconnected to connect a generator included in a wind farm. The principle of operation according to which depending on the magnitude of the voltage of the generator, ie the magnitude of the wind turbine speed, is connected to the thyristor rectifier one of the secondary windings of the transformer by means of switching on the corresponding pair of triacs by the device of selecting the working secondary winding. It is substantiated that any hardware logic or software-logic device, including a generator voltage sensor and threshold elements, will be used as a device for selecting the secondary transformer winding of the transformer, which will activate the corresponding pair of triacs depending on the voltage value of the generator. It is substantiated that the above-mentioned developments can be widely used in the creation of wind turbines with wind turbines of various design and purpose - with a horizontal or vertical axis of rotation, which includes generators for converting the energy of VP into electrical. It has been proved that the creation of an industrial or domestic wind turbine is one of the main tasks of ensuring an acceptable level of economic efficiency, realized by solving a number of technical problems.