Hopkins Symptom Checklist Research Articles

Mental Health Impacts of Using Social Media Among University of Halabja Students (Kurdistan Region of Iraq)

In the recent years, the use of social media has increased. Social media is the fastest way to reach information and make online communication. According to worldwide digital population- Internet - Statista on Jul 26, 2022, there are five billion internet users worldwide, which means 63 percent of the population in the world. This data further indicates that the male’s use of social media was higher than females. The Kurdish version of Hopkins Symptoms CheckList -25 and Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess psychological distress among university students that used social media. The questionnaire was distributed randomly among university students. Finally, 143 university students participated in the study. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 65.03%, 62.24%, the level of stress was (M = 17.77, SD = 5.570). As a result, high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among both females than males Halabja University students were found. This study aimed to indicate the impacts of social media on mental health among Halabja University students. The study found out that the use of social media has been making negative impacts on students’ mental health.

Hardiness and mental health during naval deployment: The relation is mediated by social processes and not by self-regulatory processes

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating effects of cohesion and self-efficacy on the relation between hardiness and symptoms of anxiety and depression during naval international operations. Objective and methodIt was hypothesized that an indirect effect of both cohesion and operational self-efficacy would emerge even when controlling for pre-deployment measures of symptoms. ResultsThe results revealed a strong indirect effect of cohesion on the relationship between hardiness and scores on Hopkins Symptom Checklist – 25 items. The effect was evident for the total score and the dimensions of anxiety as well as depression. No effect was found for operational self-efficacy. ConclusionIt was concluded that the social process of cohesion outperforms the self-regulatory process of operational self-efficacy as a mediator between hardiness and mental health. Greater focus on developing crew cohesion may thus be important for maintaining mental health under stressful conditions.

Two-year changes in sleep duration are associated with changes in psychological distress in adolescent girls and boys: the fit futures study

ABSTRACT Objective Studies indicate an inverse association between sleep duration and psychological distress. We aimed to explore associations between changes in sleep duration and changes in psychological distress in girls and boys. Methods The Fit Futures Study is a broad adolescent study providing data from 373 girls and 294 boys aged 15–18 years collected in 2010/2011 (FF1) and 2012/2013 (FF2). Psychological distress was measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and sleep duration was self-reported. Change score variables were calculated as the change between baseline and follow-up for sleep duration and HSCL-10, respectively. Associations between changes in sleep duration and changes in HSCL-10 were explored by linear regressions, in gender-stratified analyses. Results At FF1, girls and boys slept on average 6.93 (SD = 1.08) and 7.05 (SD = 1.20) hours per night respectively, and correspondingly, 6.83 (SD = 1.19) and 6.85 (SD = 1.21) at FF2. At FF1, 22.8% of the girls and 25.8% of the boys slept ≤ 6 h per night, and correspondingly 28.0% and 28.2% at FF2. In girls and boys, one unit increase (30 min) in sleep duration was associated with a decrease in HSCL-10 score of B [95% CI] = −0.090 [−0.131, −0.048], p < 0.001, and −0.054 [−0.091, −0.017], p < 0.001, respectively. The associations remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion Our findings show that increased sleep duration was associated with decreased psychological distress during adolescence. Future studies should examine the causality between sleep duration and psychological distress.

Prevalence of depression in Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Depression is one of the most studied mental health disorders, with varying prevalence rates reported across study populations in Uganda. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to determine the pooled prevalence of depression and the prevalence of depression across different study populations in the country. Papers for the review were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, African Journal OnLine, and Google Scholar databases. All included papers were observational studies regarding depression prevalence in Uganda, published before September 2021. The Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Prevalence Studies was used to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of the included papers, and depression pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effects meta-analysis. A total of 127 studies comprising 123,859 individuals were identified. Most studies were conducted among individuals living with HIV (n = 43; 33.9%), and the most frequently used instrument for assessing depression was the Depression sub-section of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (n = 34). The pooled prevalence of depression was 30.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26.7-34.1, I2 = 99.80, p<0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than during the pre-pandemic period (48.1% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.021). Refugees had the highest prevalence of depression (67.6%; eight studies), followed by war victims (36.0%; 12 studies), individuals living with HIV (28.2%; 43 studies), postpartum or pregnant mothers (26.9%; seven studies), university students (26.9%; four studies), children and adolescents (23.6%; 10 studies), and caregivers of patients (18.5%; six studies). Significantly high levels of heterogeneity among the studies included. Almost one in three individuals in Uganda has depression, with the refugee population being disproportionately affected. Targeted models for depression screening and management across various populations across the country are recommended. Protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022310122).

Onset of Work-Life Conflict Increases Risk of Subsequent Psychological Distress in the Norwegian Working Population.

We aimed to assess whether the onset of work-life conflict is associated with a risk of subsequent onset of psychological distress. Respondents from a randomly drawn cohort of the general Norwegian working population were interviewed in 2009 (T1), 2013 (T2), and 2016 (T3) (gross sample n = 13,803). Participants reporting frequent work-life conflict at T1 and/or psychological distress (five-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist mean score ≥ 2) at T2 were excluded to establish a design that allowed us to study the effect of the onset of work-life conflict at T2 on psychological distress at T3. Logistic regression analysis showed that the onset of frequent work-life conflict more than doubled the risk of the onset of psychological distress at T3 (OR = 2.55; 95% CI 1.44–4.51). The analysis of the association between occasional work-life conflict and psychological distress was not conclusive (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 0.77–1.90). No differential effects of sex were observed (log likelihood ratio = 483.7, p = 0.92). The calculated population attributable risk (PAR) suggests that 12.3% (95% CI 2.84–22.9%) of psychological distress onset could be attributed to frequent work-life conflict. In conclusion, our results suggest that the onset of frequent work-life conflict has a direct effect on the future risk of developing symptoms of psychological distress in both male and female workers.

A confirmatory factor analysis of hopkins symptoms checklist (HSCL-25) Nepali version

Aim: To examine the validity and reliability of HSCL-25 through using CFA. Methods: A non-experimental survey design was used to examine the anxiety and depression of doctors (n=547) using online and paper-and-pencil methods with the use of N-HSCL-25. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and other applicable psychometric tests were carried out. Results: A positive and strong correlation between anxiety and depression were measured with a correlation coefficient value of .88. The reliability scores of Cronbach alpha for anxiety and depression were 0.890 and 0.926 respectively. Three items, including a suicide screening item, of the depression sub-scale, and two items of the anxiety sub-scale had to extricate due to poor factor loadings. Post-hoc CFA verified Nepali version of HSCL-20, bi-factor model, with model fit scores for SMRs, RMR, and RMSEA less than 0.08. The model fit scores of NFI, TLI, AGFI, and CFI were above .90. Conclusions: CFA confirmed N-HSCL-20 with validity and reliability indicators for further use in the Nepali population. The study recommends using a separate suicide screening tool in the Nepali context.

Intervention in professional dance students to increase mental health- and nutrition literacy: A controlled trial with follow up.

IntroductionThere is a need to change the culture within the art of dance, as it has been associated with injuries and mental health consequences. This study evaluates an intervention designed to increase mental health literacy, enhance nutritional knowledge, reduce symptoms and effects of low energy availability, and strengthen understanding of sports nutrition and recovery strategies, in dance students of mixed genders.Material and methodsA total of 125 dance students received three workshops, with 39 arts and crafts students serving as references. The results were evaluated by the Eating Disorder Examination questionnaire, the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, the Hopkins Symptom Check List, and questions on mental health literacy, sports nutrition, and recovery knowledge.ResultsDance students achieved sustained improvements in mental health and nutrition knowledge and temporary improvements in driven exercise (i.e., performing exercise because of a compulsive drive). No other benefits were identified from the intervention.ConclusionOur findings indicate the need for an ongoing education program to reduce the occurrence and development of negative mental health outcomes and low energy availability in professional dance students. Such approaches may not only improve the mental health of dance students but also potentially prevent the high frequency of injuries.

Distressed but Highly Satisfied: Professional and Personal Distress of Nepali Doctors

Background: This research studied the prevalence of professional and personal distress of Nepali doctors, and examined the impact of their professional quality of life (ProQOL) on their distress. Aim: To examine the situation of personal and professional distress and explore interrelationships between measures of ProQOL (burnout - BO, secondary traumatic stress - STS, and compassion satisfaction - CS) with personal distress (anxiety, depression and somatic burden) of Nepali doctors. Methods: A survey design was used to examine the personal and professional distress of doctors using an online and a paper-and-pencil survey with the use of Somatic Symptoms Scale (SSS-8), Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25) and Professional Quality of life Scale in Nepali (ProQOL5-N) tools. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to measure the influence of professional distress on personal distress. Results: The prevalence of anxiety, depression, psychosomatic distress and suicide risks of Nepali doctors (N= 557) were 30.89 %, 25.41 %, 20.50% and 5.70% respectively. BO and STS scores showed moderate risks (BO = 95.25% and STS = 76.23 %), with just over 1% doctors at high risk for BO and STS (1.28% and 1.65% respectively). Nepali doctors were highly satisfied with their service (CS = 93.42%). The data on SEM showed a reasonably good fit between the STS and CS measures and levels of personal distress of the studied population, but BO could not be tested. A moderate but statistically significant positive effect of STS on personal distress, except psychosomatic distress, was found. The effect of CS on personal distress could not be determined. Conclusions: One-fifth of Nepali doctors had a high level of personal distress. The risk for BO and STS was moderate. It was found that Nepali doctors found highly satisfied with their service. The impact of professional distress on personal distress could not be fully determined

Attitudes and stigma toward seeking psychological help among Saudi Adults

BackgroundIn the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), public attitudes and stigma toward mental health illness seem to prevent people from seeking psychological help, which negatively impacts an individual's life. The primary objective of this study was to investigate people's attitudes toward seeking psychological help and identify the extent to which the associated stigma is responsible for preventing them from seeking psychological help.MethodsTwo hundred eighteen adults recruited from the community living in the Eastern Province of the KSA completed the questionnaires, customized to create the Arabic version of Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPH-SF-A), the Arabic version of Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH-A), and the Arabic version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25-A).ResultsBoth stigma and psychological distress significantly affected attitudes toward seeking professional help. Furthermore, it indicated that attitudes were negatively correlated with stigma while positively correlated with psychological distress. No significant difference in attitudes toward psychological help-seeking was identified between male and female participants. However, males displayed higher levels of stigma, while females showed greater psychological distress. Furthermore, the groups who received psychological treatment demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward seeking psychological help.ConclusionStigma and psychological stress influence attitudes toward treatment-seeking behavior for mental illness, making them two major predictors responsible for the underutilization of mental health services. More research is needed to assess specific sociodemographic disparities across more data sources and the factors that further contribute to stigma and psychological distress.

Effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress among people with substance use disorders receiving opioid agonist therapy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (FruktBAR)

BackgroundPeople with substance use disorders generally have unhealthy diets, including limited intake of fruit and vegetables. Evidence shows substantial health benefits from increasing fruit and vegetable consumption on various indicators and possibly also psychological distress. A pilot study has indicated that supplementation with fruit smoothie could be promising also among people receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid dependence. FruktBAR will compare the efficacy of added fruit smoothie supplementation to people receiving opioid agonist therapy compared to standard treatment without added supplementation.MethodsFruktBAR is a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The trial will aim to recruit 302 patients receiving opioid agonist therapy. The intervention involves daily supplementation with 250 ml fruit smoothie including a variety of fruits such as apple, pineapple, mango, bananas, orange, blueberries, passion fruit, coconut, lime, and blackcurrant. The main endpoints are 16 weeks after intervention initiation. Participants will be included and followed up during and after the intervention. The target group will be patients with opioid dependence receiving opioid agonist therapy from involved outpatient clinics in Bergen and Stavanger, two of the largest cities in Norway. The main outcome is psychological distress assessed with Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-10) at the end of the intervention period 16 weeks after initiation, and will be compared between the intervention and control arms. Secondary outcome measures are changes in fatigue, physical functioning assessed with a 4-minute step-test, health-related quality of life, biochemical indicators of inflammation, and biochemical indicators of fruit intake.DiscussionThis study will inform on the relative advantages or disadvantages of fruit supplementation in addition to the current medically and psychologically oriented treatment of people receiving opioid agonist therapy. If the supplementation is efficacious, it can be considered for further scale-up.Trial registrationRegistered 2022-02-08 in ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05229770.

Estimated prevalence rates and risk factors for common mental health problems among Syrian and Afghan refugees in Türkiye.

Türkiye hosts 4 million refugees and asylum seekers, with Syrians and Afghans being among the largest refugee groups in country. There are limited comparative data on the conflict- and displacement-related experiences of these groups and the relation with mental health status. To assess the mental health status of Syrians and Afghans in Türkiye, identify risk factors and explore to what extent differences in mental health conditions are related to potentially traumatic events and post-displacement stressors. Two parallel online survey studies were conducted between April and June 2021 among 798 Syrians and 785 Afghans in Türkiye. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, traumatic events (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), post-displacement stressors (Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist), symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, short form). For Syrian and Afghan participants respectively, estimated prevalence rates were: 41.1% and 50.3% for depression; 39.6% and 41% for anxiety; and 41.6% and 46.5% for PTSD. In both groups, significant predictors were female gender, exposure to potentially traumatic events, and structural and socioeconomic post-displacement stressors. Additional risk factors were older age for Afghans and higher education for Syrians. Self-reported symptoms of common mental health problems are highly prevalent among Syrian and Afghan refugees and associated with a wide range of risk factors. After controlling for conflict- and displacement-related experiences, Afghans reported higher anxiety symptoms than Syrians, which is likely related to their legal status in Türkiye.

Establishing the Association Between Snus Use and Mental Health Problems: A Study of Norwegian College and University Students.

Smoking and mental health problems are public health concerns worldwide. Studies on smoke-free tobacco products, especially snus are scarce. Snus is considered less harmful than smoking and in the United States allowed to be marketed accordingly, but may still add to the burden of disease. Data stem from the Norwegian Students' Health and Wellbeing Study (SHoT study) in 2018 (162 512 invited, 50 054 (30.8%) completed). Smoking, snus use, health service and medication usage and mental health problems, including the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), were assessed using self-report. The aims were to explore the associations between smoking and snus use and mental health problems and treatments. Furthermore, the association between both daily smoking and daily snus use and mental health problems. Associations were tested with χ2-, t-tests, and logistic regression. Daily snus users had 38% increased odds (odds ratio [OR]: 1.38, CI: 1.30 to 1.46), and daily smokers had 96% increased odds (OR: 1.96, CI: 1.65 to 2.34) of having a high HSCL-25 score, adjusted for gender, low socioeconomic status (SES), using tobacco, participating in therapy and using antidepressants daily. Both daily smoking and daily snus use were associated with an increased level of mental health problems. The adjusted probability for mental health problems was lower for snus use; however, snus use prevalence was tenfold in our sample. Despite the lack of causal and directional conclusions, these associations may have implications for future legislation on snus. They also highlight the importance of more research, especially as snus is considered less harmful and seemingly replacing smoking in Norway.

Associations of dual sensory impairment with long-term depressive and anxiety symptoms in the United States

ObjectiveWe explored the associations of dual sensory impairment (DSI) with long-term depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as low perceived social support (LPSS) as a modifier of these associations. MethodsMultinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of DSI and single sensory impairment (hearing [pure-tone average > 25 dB] and vision [impaired visual acuity and/or contrast sensitivity]) with long-term depressive symptom (≥8 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale) and anxiety symptom (present on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist) latent classes from group-based trajectory models (rare/never; mild/moderate increasing; chronically high) among 2102 Health, Aging and Body Composition Study participants (mean age:74.0 ± 2.8 years; 51.9 % female) over 10 years. Models were adjusted by demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, and LPSS. An additional model evaluated the two-way interaction between DSI and LPSS. ResultsDSI was associated with increased risk of being chronically depressed (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.99, 95 % Confidence Interval, CI: 1.25, 3.17), not mild/moderate increasingly depressed (RR = 1.25, 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.71). DSI had increased risk of being mild/moderate increasingly anxious (RR = 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.16, 2.19) and chronically anxious (RR = 1.86, 95 % CI: 1.05, 3.27) groups, as compared to no impairments. Hearing impairment was associated with being mild/moderate increasingly anxious (RR = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.79). No other associations were found for single sensory impairments. LPSS did not modify associations. LimitationsSensory measures were time-fixed, and LPSS, depression and anxiety measures were self-reported. ConclusionsFuture research is warranted to determine if DSI therapies may lessen long-term chronically high depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Psychological Distress Factors among Caregivers of Children Receiving Cancer Therapy, at Muhimbili National Hospital.

Psychological distress is a major problem among caregivers of patients with chronic illness such as cancer. Psychological distress in caregivers affects the provision of healthcare services. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors contributing to psychological distress among caregivers of children receiving cancer treatment at Muhimbili National Hospital. A cross sectional hospital-based study was done. Questionnaires were used to collect information on socio demographic characteristics and psychological support while Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 25 was used to determine psychological distress. The association between the socio demographic characteristics, psychological support and psychological distress was determined using logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariate analysis) and p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Prevalence of psychological distress was 64 (66.7%) among 96 caregivers interviewed while the proportion of psychological support was 71 (74%.) The social demographic characteristics were not associated with psychological distress. Psychological support from family member was protective against psychological distress (p=0.025, OR=0.047, CI 0.003-0.686) while other means of psychological support and self-copying mechanism to psychological distress were not associated with psychological distress. The prevalence of psychological distress was high despite the high proportion of psychological support. Socio demographic characteristics had no association with psychological distress. Psychological support from family member was protective against psychological distress. Further studies are needed to assess the social cultural aspect, content and context of psychological support.

The impact of educational concerns and satisfaction on baccalaureate nursing students’ distress and quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHigh levels of psychological distress and poor overall quality of life (QOL) have been identified among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic necessitated improvised reconstructions of educational curriculums and restrictions in clinical placement and training at campuses, possibly reducing educational quality.ObjectivesWe explored whether baccalaureate nursing students’ concerns and satisfaction with the educational curriculum, focusing on the conduct of clinical training, were associated with perceived psychological distress and overall QOL.MethodsBaccalaureate nursing students (N=6088) from five Norwegian universities were invited to an internet-based, cross-sectional survey during the second wave of the pandemic. The survey included COVID-19 specific questions on health, education and clinical training, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5) and overall QOL. Data from national surveys on satisfaction with the educational curriculum, before and during the pandemic were used for comparison.ResultsIn total, 2605 (43%) students responded, of whom 1591 (61%) had been engaged in clinical training during the pandemic. Overall, 53% were either satisfied or fully satisfied with their educational curriculum, with the level of satisfaction being significantly lower than pre-pandemic reference values. Also, 79% were concerned or highly concerned about the educational quality. In multiple regression analyses for all students, lower levels of satisfaction and higher levels of quality concerns were associated with worse SCL-5 scores. Furthermore, satisfaction with the educational curriculum was positively associated with overall QOL. For students engaged in clinical training, only concerns about infecting others were additionally associated with psychological distress. None of the items related to clinical training were associated with overall QOL.ConclusionNursing students’ educational satisfaction and quality concerns may significantly impact perceived psychological distress and overall QOL during a pandemic. However, with necessary adaptations implemented, concerns regarding the conduct of clinical training account for little of these associations.

Resilience and its association with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the aftermath of trauma: A cross-sectional study from Nepal

BackgroundResilience is a multidimensional construct. Despite its importance as protective against psychiatric disorders, it remains largely unexplored in context of Nepal. We investigated the role of resilience in the development of various psychiatric symptoms as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression following trauma in clinical population in a psychiatry outpatient. MethodsWe interviewed one hundred patients who sought treatment in psychiatry outpatient of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. The sampling strategy was purposive and inclusion criteria were 18–60 years and trauma history. We used the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1 for trauma categorization, the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version to measure the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and the 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 to assess the level of anxiety and depression symptoms. We used Nepali adapted resilience scale derived from the original Wagnild and Young Resilience scale to measure resilience. We investigated the associations between resilience scores and the scores on depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder using bivariate and multivariate analysis. We adjusted for trauma type, socioeconomic status, employment, marital status and gender in the final models. ResultsResilience was found to have negative relation with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression symptoms even after adjusting for other important factors in patients with trauma in the final multivariate analysis. ConclusionResilience was independently and negatively related with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in patients with history of trauma presenting to the hospital. Interventions aiming to promote resilience in trauma patients might be effective in reducing psychiatric symptoms such as stress disorder, anxiety and depression. Prospective studies using more robust measures of resilience combining personal attributes to social support systems, across different settings in trauma population should be the focus of future research.

Prevalence of probable depression and factors associated with mean Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) depression score among young women at high risk aged 15-24 years in Kampala, Uganda.

BackgroundIn populations at high risk of HIV infection, rates of depression can be elevated with far-reaching effects on overall well-being. There is limited research on depression among young women engaged in high-risk sexual behaviour in low and middle-income settings. We investigated the prevalence, correlates and factors associated with mean HSCL depression score among young women at high risk (aged 15–24 years old) in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a baseline analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Probable depression was measured using the 15-item Hopkins Symptoms Checklist for depression (HSCL). This checklist has been validated in Ugandan populations, and our reliability test gave a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.89. The test was administered to all the participants. Participants whose HSCL mean score was greater than 1.75 were categorized as having probable depression. Socio-demographics and behaviour data were collected and factors associated with mean HSCL depression score were analysed using multiple linear regression.ResultsData was available for 600 participants, mean age 20.4 (SD±2.44) years. The prevalence of probable depression was 56% (95% CI, 52%-60%). Probable depression symptoms were most prevalent among those who reported ever-experiencing violence from a sexual partner (64.7%), those aged between 20–24 years (58.2%) and those who reported more than 10 sexual exposures in the month prior to the interview (56.8%). At the adjusted analysis level, condom use during their last sexual intercourse prior to the survey decreased probable depression symptoms by 0.147 units compared to those who never used condoms (β = -0.147, 95% CI -0.266–0.027). Having experienced physical violence by a sexual partners increased mean HSCL depression score by 0.183 units compared to those who have never experienced violence (β = 0.183, 95% CI 0.068–0.300). Participants who reported ever using drugs of addiction had their mean HSCL depression scoreincrease by 0.20 units compared to those who have never used (β = 0.20,95% CI 0.083–0.317).ConclusionsProbable depression is high in this population and increased mean HSCL depression score is related to violence. Periodic screening for depression and interventions targeting depression, partner violence and risky sexual behaviours are recommended.

A STUDY OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN RELATION TO THEIR RESILIENCE

Education plays a very critical role in every society and it is part of our life. It acts as a social strategy which helps the person to live more happily individually or in society. Human beings cannot be able to live suitably without education. In the modern era of world, a student with good mental health can fully utilize his affective and cognitive potentialities. Mental health represents a psychic condition which is characterized by mental peace, harmony and self-control. Resilience is related to the positive psychology, which lay emphasis upon human strengthens and his successful adaption and modification even though risk. Resilience permits people to maintain a good mental health despite of difficulties. This study decided to assess the mental health level of college students in relation to their resilience. Descriptive method of research was used to conduct this study. The sample of 250 postgraduate college students selected on the random basis from Punjab. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Wagnild and Young ‘s scale was used to assess the mental health and resilience. After the collection data in a systematic way, results derived showed that most of the students possessed lower level of mental health and resilience. The mental health of male students was better than mental health of female college students. Male. The results of the study showed that there was no significant mean difference in mental health of rural and urban college students as well as high and low level of resilience. Also, the results of the study showed that there was no significant relationship between mental health and resilience of college students. Furthermore, the findings of the study show that resilience was not contributing as a significantly predictor for the mental health of students. Some suggestions for improving and enhancing mental health and resilience were also provided among students.

Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Health Care Personnel in Norwegian ICUs during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Prospective, Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced demanding work situations in intensive care units (ICU). The objective of our study was to survey psychological reactions, the disturbance of social life, work effort, and support in ICU nurses, physicians, and leaders. Methods: From May to July 2020, this cross-sectional study included 484 ICU professionals from 27 hospitals throughout Norway. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured on Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were measured on the PCL-5. Results: The study population were highly educated and experienced professionals, well prepared for working with COVID-ICU patients. However, 53% felt socially isolated and 67% reported a fear of infecting others. Probable cases of anxiety and depression were found in 12.5% of the registered nurses, 11.6% of the physicians, and 4.1% of the leaders. Younger age and <5 years previous work experiences were predictors for high HSCL-10 scores. Reported symptom-defined PTSD for nurses 7.1%; the leaders, 4.1%; and 2.3% of physicians. Conclusions: ICU health care professionals experienced talking with colleagues as the most helpful source of support. The COVID-ICU leaders reported a significantly higher mean score than physicians and nurses in terms of pushing themselves toward producing high work effort.

Resilience and its association with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression symptomatology in the aftermath of trauma: a cross-sectional study from Nepal

IntroductionResilience is a multidimensional construct. Despite being quoted as protective against mental disorders, it remains largely unexplored in our context.ObjectivesWe attempted to explore the role of resilience in the development of various psychiatric symptoms as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder following trauma in clinical population in a psychiatry outpatient of a university hospital.MethodsWe interviewed one hundred patients who sought treatment in psychiatry outpatient in a university hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. We collected sociodemographic and trauma related information using semi-structured interview format. Other instruments used were the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1 for trauma categorization, the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version to measure the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and the 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 to assess the level of depression and anxiety symptoms. We used Nepali adapted resilience scale derived from the original Wagnild and Young Resilience scale to measure resilience. We explored the associations between resilience scores and the scores on depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder using bivariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsResilience had negative correlations with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after adjusting for other variables such as gender, marital status, employment status, socioeconomic status and trauma types which were observed to have significant association in the bivariate analysis.ConclusionsThere was inverse correlation between resilience scores and depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Resilience should be considered in studies involving trauma population.DisclosureNo significant relationships.