Associations of dual sensory impairment with long-term depressive and anxiety symptoms in the United States

Abstract

ObjectiveWe explored the associations of dual sensory impairment (DSI) with long-term depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as low perceived social support (LPSS) as a modifier of these associations. MethodsMultinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of DSI and single sensory impairment (hearing [pure-tone average > 25 dB] and vision [impaired visual acuity and/or contrast sensitivity]) with long-term depressive symptom (≥8 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale) and anxiety symptom (present on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist) latent classes from group-based trajectory models (rare/never; mild/moderate increasing; chronically high) among 2102 Health, Aging and Body Composition Study participants (mean age:74.0 ± 2.8 years; 51.9 % female) over 10 years. Models were adjusted by demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, and LPSS. An additional model evaluated the two-way interaction between DSI and LPSS. ResultsDSI was associated with increased risk of being chronically depressed (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.99, 95 % Confidence Interval, CI: 1.25, 3.17), not mild/moderate increasingly depressed (RR = 1.25, 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.71). DSI had increased risk of being mild/moderate increasingly anxious (RR = 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.16, 2.19) and chronically anxious (RR = 1.86, 95 % CI: 1.05, 3.27) groups, as compared to no impairments. Hearing impairment was associated with being mild/moderate increasingly anxious (RR = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.79). No other associations were found for single sensory impairments. LPSS did not modify associations. LimitationsSensory measures were time-fixed, and LPSS, depression and anxiety measures were self-reported. ConclusionsFuture research is warranted to determine if DSI therapies may lessen long-term chronically high depressive and anxiety symptoms.