Honey Extracts Research Articles

Euphorbia honey and garlic: Biological activity and burn wound recovery

Currently, chronic wounds and microbial resistance to antibiotics have led to search new healing agents. Combinations of natural products are widely practiced in traditional medicine and exhibited synergistic activity with increased efficacy in treating several pathologies. This study assays the antioxidant, synergistic antimicrobial and burn wound healing activities of Euphorbia honey and Allium sativum (garlic). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each natural product was determined against microorganisms commonly found in wound infections. The synergistic antimicrobial effect was assessed by mixing different concentrations of honey and garlic extract below their relative MICs. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of both natural products and a selected mixture of them were evaluated. Efficacy of that mixture was also evaluated as topical application on male and female Wistar rats skin burn wound, compared to Euphorbia honey and two conventional treatments. Results showed that the mixture honey–A. sativum has synergistic antimicrobial effect against all tested strains. Besides, A. sativum presented higher antioxidant activity along with higher TPC and TFC compared to honey and their mixture. However, the mixture showed higher wound healing activity reflected by shorter epithelialization and wound contraction time, as well as, better histological recovery of the treated tissues. Our results also showed that burn wound healing is not affected by gender. Our findings support the idea of combining natural products as an effective therapy.

Antibacterial activity of honey and Nigella sativa L. seed extracts against animal wound bacteria

This study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Algerian honey and some extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds against animal wound bacteria. To do this, the preparation of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by macerating the seed powder in increasingly polar solvents (ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol). The antibacterial activity of honey and Nigella sativa L. seed extracts against the bacterial isolates was studied by Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The results showed that the different honey concentrations (20%, 50%, 70% and 100% v/v) were found to be active against all the bacterial isolates. The different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts showed a variable activity at the concentration 300 mg/mL against the bacterial isolates. Ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates. Methanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates except Escherichia coli. Also, ethyl acetate extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds was found to be active against all the bacterial isolates except Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion; Algerian honey (of the region of El-Eulma) and ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seeds can be used as an alternative remedy for the treatment of different animal wounds.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Selected Natural Products on Microorganisms Isolated from Throat of Patients with Throat Infection

Introduction: Natural products have been used in traditional medicines for treatment of infections due to the antimicrobial activity they exhibit. This study therefore evaluates the efficacy of honey, ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on microorganisms isolated from throat of patients with throat infection.
 Methods: The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of honey, ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts was investigated against microorganisms isolated from throats of infected patients at the ENT Department of State Specialist Hospital, Akure, using agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion technique respectively.
 Results: Bacteria isolated from patients with throat infection were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis while the fungal isolates were Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The antibacterial and antifungal assay results showed that all bacterial isolates were inhibited by honey, garlic and ginger extract. Honey, ginger and garlic showed highest inhibition against P. mirabilis (19.01±0.31 mm), P. aeruginosa (20.20±0.42 mm) and S. aureus (23.00±0.01 mm) respectively also, antifungal assay results showed that all the extracts had antifungal effect on the fungal isolates. The combination of equal concentrations of honey plus garlic showed the highest inhibitory effect on all the test bacteria followed by honey plus ginger then garlic plus ginger while the combination of honey plus garlic had the highest inhibitory effect on Candida albicans (21.63±0.02 mm) but garlic plus ginger combination showed the highest inhibitory effect on Candida tropicalis (21.68±0.04 mm). 
 Conclusion: The result of this study therefore showed that the bacteria and fungi isolated from throat of patients with throats infection demonstrated sensitivity towards the tested samples of honey, garlic and ginger and hence, can serve as effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of throat infections.

Honey extracts inhibit PTP1B, upregulate insulin receptor expression, and enhance glucose uptake in human HepG2 cells

Honey is a food known for its medical properties. In this work, we have studied the impact of different types of honey on insulin signalling pathway. We found that honey extracts inhibit the enzyme PTP1B, one of the main negative regulators of insulin receptor signalling. HPLC-MS analysis allowed us to confirm the presence of several natural PTP1B inhibitors in the honey extracts analysed. Statistical analysis methods show a correlation between specific 1H-NMR resonance frequencies/HPLC peaks and the inhibitory power of the samples. This finding will allow the prediction of the biological properties of honey samples applying relative simple analytical methods. Finally, we demonstrated that the treatment of HepG2 cells with honey extracts enhances the expression of insulin receptor, and stimulates glucose uptake. For the first time, our results demonstrate that bioactive components of honey could improve glycaemic control by both inhibiting PTP1B and stimulating the expression of insulin receptor in liver cells.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation via Suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is found in many food products including honey, dried fruits, coffee and black garlic extracts. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 5-HMF pretreatment ranging from 31.5 to 126.0 μg/mL reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, 5-HMF-pretreated cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared with the only LPS-stimulated cells. 5-HMF suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IκBα, NF-κB p65, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt). Besides, 5-HMF was proved to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus to activate inflammatory gene transcription. These results suggest that 5-HMF could exert the anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, 5-HMF could be considered as a therapeutic ingredient in functional foods.

Simultaneous Identification of Phenolic Compound from the Honey of Stingless Bee by Using HPLC

Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products including honey, propolis, pollen, bee venom, and royal jelly. Stingless bee honey reportedly has many medicinal and therapeutic uses and excellent potency. This study aimed to identify the phenolic compounds using a fast and specific reversed-phase HPLC method in the extract of stingless bee honey. A magnetic stirrer was used for the pretreatment process of a sample with methanol at a temperature of 50°C for 40 min, followed by separation on a column size of 250 mm x 4.6 mm (5μm) hypersil gold-C18 (Thermo Electron Corporation) with water–methanol–acetonitrile (45:40:15 v/v/v) containing acetic acid 1.0% as a mobile phase. A 254-nm wavelength was used to detect the extract. The standard retention times of the gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.610, 2.875, 3.150, 5.789, and 8.983 min, respectively. The existence of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in the stingless bee honey extract was found to match according to the standard retention time. In the stingless bee honey, the retention times of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.613, 2.866, 3.157, 5.790, and 8.966 min, respectively. In the stingless bee honey, the amounts of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were 1.426%, 2.533%, 16.922%, 1.851%, and 13.773%, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that stingless bee honey is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds that have strong antioxidant properties.

Supplementation of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Extract Enhanced the Medicinal Values and Prebiotic Index of Hungarian Acacia Honey.

Acacia honey, as a favored delicacy, was supplemented with extracts of distinctive Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi or reishi) variants to enhance its biological value and lay the foundations for prospective functional food application. Health promoting effects of G. lucidum have already been documented and its prebiotic features have been verified. In spite of promising studies and its unambiguous nutritional value, G. lucidum mushroom has not gained extensive use in the food industry so far. Special honey-based foodstuffs fortified with G. lucidum extract were developed as novel food prototypes, and screened for their enhanced total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant (FRAP), and antiradical activity (DPPH). The obtained variants were also investigated for the possibly increased prebiotic index by means of an in vitro digestion procedure. A concentration dependent positive correlation was observed for all the studied parameters in case of the investigated prototypes. Supplementation of acacia honey with 0.5% reishi mushroom extract significantly increased the TPC, the antioxidant activity, and the radical scavenging power. A statistically significant improvement in the prebiotic index was also observed for the developed prototypes when compared with pure acacia honey. The evidence gained from the conducted studies fully supports the conception of combining honey and reishi extract to obtain a functional food product of high biological potential.

Biological properties of phenolic compound extracts in selected Algerian honeys—The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase activities

IntroductionHoney is used in various cultures as a traditional medicine and folkloric treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory activities of 31 Algerian honeys and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds extracts of these honeys. MethodsThe anti-inflammatory activity of honey was evaluated by the method of inhibition of BSA (Bovin Serum Albumin) heat-induced denaturation. The inhibition of AChE and α-glucosidase by the honey extracts was evaluated by in-vitro methods. ResultsThe highest percentage of inhibition (85.33%) of BSA denaturation was obtained with polyfloral honey (H27). Radical scavenging activity of honey samples against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) varied from 4.41 to 83.93% and from 2.52 to 63.24%, respectively. AChE inhibitory activity is one target to prevent neurodegenerative damage in Alzheimer’s disease. AChE inhibition recorded values from 20.69 to 76.04%. α-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose is preconized for the control of hyperglycemia and prevent diabetes damages. Honey extracts demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity. Moreover, the effect of Fabaceæ honey (H19) (IC50 = 52.20 μg/mL) was found to be more potent than acarbose (IC50 = 204.27 μg/mL). Correlations were observed between antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities, AChE and α-glucosidase inhibitions with total phenolic compounds and flavonoids content in honey samples. ConclusionThis study showed that honey could be exploited as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent within therapeutic medicine.

An Investigation of Inhibition Effects of Honey, Pollen, Propolis and Royal Jelly Extracts on Thioredoxin Reductase Enzyme Activity

The thioredoxin reductase enzyme is an enzyme that prevents the mechanism of apoptosis from working and thus triggers the formation of cancer. Therefore, the inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase enzyme is thought to prevent or inhibit cancer. In this study, the effects of extracts of plateau honey, pine honey, chestnut honey, mad or wild honey, pollen, propolis and royal jelly on thioredoxin reductase enzyme activity were investigated. Enzyme activities were measured at constant substrate and different inhibitor concentrations to calculate IC50 values. Over five different inhibitor concentrations were used for measuring the inhibition constant. Total antioxidant activity were investigated in order to compare the extracts used in the inhibition study. The strongest inhibitory effect was seen in the pollen methanol extract (IC50 = 2.44μg /mL)

Italian acacia honey exhibits lytic effects against the crayfish pathogens Aphanomyces astaci and Fusarium avenaceum.

This study purpose was to evaluate the invitro inhibitory properties of Italian acacia honey extracts against pathogenic aquatic oomycete/fungal isolates that cause different diseases in crayfish, resulting in an elevated mortality rate. The antimycotic activity of acacia honey aqueous extracts was evaluated against the strain UEF88662 of Aphanomyces astaci (oomycete) and the strain SMM2 of Fusarium avenaceum (fungus). The extracts preparation was carried out with water by a cheap, not complex and organic solvent-free procedure, with low environmental impact and the higher possibility of large-scale reproducibility. The anti-oomycete and antifungal activities were quantitatively evaluated by growth, survival and sporulation microbiological assays. The extracts displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory efficacy on oomycete and fungal growth and survival, as well as on the production of oomycete and fungal spores. Supported by future invivo studies, our results encourage the use of natural extracts like honey as innovative tools to counteract mycotic infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The continuous spread of aquatic fungal disease as the 'crayfish plague' and the 'burn spot disease' has severe ecological and commercial repercussions. Critical factor to prevent further spread is the availability of effective antifungals possibility derived from local natural resources to use in innovative strategies of control and eradication of these diseases. This study provides relevant information about the invitro anti-oomycete and antifungal activity of Italian acacia honey aqueous extracts against two highly infectious and dangerous pathogenic species, Aphanomyces astaci and Fusarium avenaceum, that are responsible for important crayfish diseases.

Potential antimicrobial activity of honey phenolic compounds against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

This study is focused on the potential antimicrobial activity of honey phenolic compounds against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. For this purpose phenolic compounds were isolated from 33 Iranian honeys obtained from different botanical and geographical origins using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Characterization of honey extracts was carried out by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibition zone were used to determine the antimicrobial capacity of honey phenolic extracts against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results shown that E. coli was the most sensitive bacteria and P. aeruginosa the most resistant strain. Moreover, five phenolic extracts shown lower MIC values than the whole honey pointing out that honey phenolic fraction may exert antimicrobial activity by itself and be a source of bioactive compounds to develop functional ingredients.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and honey extracts significantly reduce inflammatory cytokines and liver function enzymes in experimental rats fed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

Liver is the key organ (detoxifier) that gets injured by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which deplete the body's stores of anti-oxidants. ROS is present in all chronic liver diseases leading to oxidative stress. Consumption of foods high in anti-oxidants replenishes and supplies the body with important anti-oxidants which break down ROS lowering inflammatory responses and preventing liver damage. In this work, clove and honey, which are known to be rich in anti-oxidants extracts were evaluated for their potential to breakdown ROS, Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and lower oxidative stress in rats. Purified extracts were tested in vitro for ROS scavenging by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and in vivo using CCl4-induced liver injury model. A total of 50 experimental rats were assigned to 5 groups each consisting of 10 animals and treated as follows; 1. CCl4 group: fed on CCl4 in olive oil 2. honey group: fed CCl4 then honey extract, 3. clove group: CCl4 then clove extract, 4. double negative control group: rats fed on standard diet and 5 Negative control: fed olive oil, At 10 weeks, liver histopathology was done and sera collected for liver and kidney function tests. CCl4 -only treated rats showed fibroblastic cells proliferation and inflammatory cells infiltration which was absent in the control animals. Clove extract did not exhibit fibroblastic cells proliferation at all. Both clove and honey significantly reduced cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α and EGF) and liver function enzymes'(ALT, AST and GGT) activity (58.5,56; 119,121 and 6.1; 6.3) compared to the CCl4 group (97; 191 and 10.1). Clove highly inhibited DPPH (77.2%) compared to honey (6.5%) and conferred better liver protection against CCl4. These findings indicate that clove and honey contain compounds that have anti-oxidant activity with the ability to reverse liver fibrosis. Frequent consumption of these foods may lower liver damage and prevent development of some liver diseases. Public health education on nutritional benefits of these foods is strongly encouraged.

Effect of Parkia biglobosa husk extracts and honey blend on the chemical, sensory and bacterial attributes of traditional West African soft cheese

This study examined the effect of Parkia biglobosa (Locust bean) husk extract and honey blend on the chemical, sensory and bacterial qualities of traditional West African soft cheese. In this study, soft cheese was treated with blends of honey and ethanol extract of P. biglobosa husk at varied levels of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4% (being percentages of the milk used) for both of the components immediately after coagulation. Seven (7) treatments were studied in a completely randomized design and assessment of the proximate composition and sensory attributes of the cheese was done. The Total Bacterial Count (TBC) was also monitored throughout a five days period. The result revealed that the control cheese was highest in moisture, and ash, but lower in cheese fat content. General acceptability was highest for the cheese curds fortified at 1:3, 2:2 and 3:1 % Honey/P. biglobosa. The 3/1: Honey/P. biglobosa treated cheese showed the highest inhibition rate against bacterial growth. The treatments fortified with 1:3, 2:2 and 3:1 % Honey/P. biglobosa also had the lowest TBC for the days of microbial assay. Seratia odonrifera and Seratia liqueficiens were prominently identified at days 2 and 4 of storage. The study recommend the use of 1:3 , 2:2 and 3/1 % Honey/ P. biglobosa cheese curd fortification as an improvement of the nutritional, sensory and bacterial attributes of West African soft cheese.

Antibacterial Activity of Honey Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Infected Wound

Wound infections have been recognized as the most critical problem especially in the presence of foreign materials that increase the risk of serious infection even with relatively small bacterial infection. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from infected wounds. Different concentrations of honey extract (25, 50, 75 and 100 v/v) were tested using agar well diffusion method to determine their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from infected wounds of patients attending Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano. The antibacterial activity of the honey showed that the honey demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the test isolates with higher activity in Staphylococcus aureus (with average zone of inhibition of 15.90mm) than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.63mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract from this study ranges from 6.25 – 50mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranges from 25 – 50mg/ml. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there is no significant different in the activity of honey against the isolates at p<0.05. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that honey is active against wound bacterial isolates and can be used as a therapy for wound infection.

Anti-tumor and anti-metastasis activities of honey bee larvae powder by suppressing the expression of EZH2.

Honey bee larvae products have been widely used as traditional daily supplements and complementary medicine for health promotion. However, there is little scientific evidence about their bioactivities. This study was designed to examine the anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects of honey bee larvae powder (HLP) and explore the underlying mechanism. A subcutaneous transplantation model (murine breast cancer cell 4T1-LUC) and lung metastasis model (murine melanoma cell B16-F10) were established to evaluate the anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects of HLP. Honey bee larvae powder extract (HLE) was obtained by 70% ethanol extraction, and its chemical composition was determined according to physiochemical methods. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to test the cytotoxicity of HLE, and qRT-PCR assays were conducted to examine the mRNA levels of tumor marker EZH2 in HLE-treated tumor cells. In vivo xenograft tumor assays in BALB/c mice revealed dose-dependent suppression of tumor growth and lung metastasis showing an inhibition rate of 37.5% and 70.4% at 6 g/kg HLP-administered group with no toxicity to the animals. In vitro studies indicated that HLE showed no cytotoxicity to cancer cells at doses up to 1000 μg/mL, however, it significantly decreased EZH2 mRNA levels in HLE (1000 μg/mL)-treated B10-F10 cells (28.49%) and 4T1-LUC cells (26.75%). Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms involved and to isolate the active components of honey bee larva may provide more valuable information for its development and application in cancer treatment.

WOUND DRESSINGS UPLOADED WITH MYRTLE BERRIES EXTRACT AND NIGELLA SATIVA HONEY

Objective: Wound dressings are frequently developed by introducing new products to target different aspects of the wound healing process. Many medicated dressings incorporated with natural extracts and chemicals have been developed. Chronic wounds could be invaded by many bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are usually detected in the higher layer of wounds or in the deepest region of wound bed, respectively. They can express many virulence factors affecting wound healing process and leading to severe infections and antibiotic resistance. Methods: Starch based impregnated gauze containing either N. sativa honey, myrtle berries hydro-alcoholic extract or a combination were prepared. There efficacy against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolated from chronic wounds. Results: N. sativa honey mixture was the most potent against P. aeruginosa with an inhibition zone diameter of 18.1±0.3 mm, while the myrtle berries hydro-alcoholic extract mixture was the most potent against S. aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of 18.4±0.5 mm. The prepared impregnated gauzes deliver a moist environment that helps wounds epithelialize more rapidly. Conclusion: In conclusion, honey and myrtle berries hydro-alcoholic extract provide antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that will accelerate the healing process of wounds. Peer Review History: Received 14 April 2018; Revised 25 April; Accepted 8 May, Available online 15 May 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Prof. Dr. Husniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, husniyekayalar@gmail.com Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com Similar Articles: COMPARISION OF ANTIDYSLIPIEMIC POTENTIAL OF 80 MILLIGRAMS OF FENOFIBRATED WITH 8 GRAMS OF NIGELLA SATIVA SEEDS DAILY

HONEY NATURALLY FORTIFIED WITH ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FOR DATES

The goal of this research is to produce a new fortified natural honey produced from Zahdi Dates (Phoenix dactylifera), this study consider to be the first that have made in this type of dates in Iraq (according to the search I made in libraries and research centers), after testing and analyze and experiments on the new product (and comparing with pairings) and after using instrumental analysis apparatuses like Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-Mass) and others, it was found that the quantity of the product was multiplied by 4 and also it was found that the fortified honey is non-toxic for human being consumption (according to the study that was made on rats) and has anti-oxidant activity in addition to its anti-inflammatory activity and also can be used as food and treatment due to its dates composition specially the “Amide Compounds” like Oleic Acid Amide in addition to Nona Decane Amide and Bis-Dodcan Amide. Also, the new honey contains “Ester Compounds” like Tetra Decyl Ester, the fortified honey also contains acids and other compounds, the analysis results shows it contains a very active compound that has medical importance (comparing with the control) like: • 4-H-pyran-4-one,2,3dihydro-3,5dihydroxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6- methyl • 3,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, • 3-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one The results also shows the fortified honey contain a very active compounds to free radicals like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) followed by non-fortified honey and date extracts in a percentage 98.34%, 76.25% and 60.47% consequently. Also, it was found an increase in the activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for both enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Isolation and identification of bacteria causing mastitis in small ruminants and their susceptibility to antibiotics, honey, essential oils, and plant extracts.

Aim:The present work aims to isolate and identify bacteria that cause mastitis in small ruminants and evaluates the antibacterial activity of some antibiotics, honey, essential oils, and plant extracts.Materials and Methods:A total of 289 milk samples were collected from udder secretions of sheep (n=189) and goat (n=100) from El-Fayoum, Beni-Suef, and Giza governorates. Screening subclinical mastitis (SCM) was done using California Mastitis Test (CMT); identification of the isolates was achieved using Gram’s staining, hemolytic pattern, colony morphology, and biochemical tests using Analytical Profile Index.Results:On clinical examination, the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) was found to be 5.88% and 7% in sheep and goat, respectively. On CMT, SCM was found to be 25 (13.23%) and 11 (10%) in sheep and goat, respectively. Bacteriological examination of all milk samples found the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) (31.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (19.5%), Escherichia coli (EC) (8.3%), Streptococcus spp. (5.6%), Klebsiella spp. (3.77%), and Pseudomonas spp. (1.89%), while no bacteria were cultured from 81.66% of the samples. Identification of 9 isolates of CNS was achieved by using API staph test to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The highest bacterial resistance was found in EC (67.14%) followed by Kp (45.28%) and SA (26.57%).Conclusion:Onion and black cumin essential oils followed by Egyptian honey showed strong antibacterial effects against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Finally, our study proved that Egyptian honey, onion, and black cumin essential oils have a marked strong antibacterial effect against bacteria isolated from small ruminant mastitis, but still further extensive studies are needed to discover the therapeutic properties of these plant extracts and honey.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Varieties of Locally Produced Egyptian Honey

THE PRESENT study investigated the physicochemical, antioxidant, and microbiological properties of six types of honey obtained from Alexandria, Egypt. Physicochemical properties showed that optical density in the tested honey samples ranged from 0.50 to 1.65, while the pH was in the acidic range. Moisture contents and electrical conductivity in honey samples ranged from 0.5 to 0.64, and 0.29-0.79 mScm-1, respectively. Total phenol varied from 5500 and 14120 mg/kg in the samples. Flavonoid contents were between 926-1657 mg/kg. The greater amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds leads to more potent radical scavenging effect as shown by Cotton, Eucalyptus, and Black seed honey samples. Microbiological characteristics showed that Black seed followed by Eucalyptus honey extracts gave the maximum antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, E. coli and S. mutans with maximum inhibition zones equal to 42.67, 39.00, 36.00, 27.33 and 18.67 mm at 100 μl, respectively, for Black seed honey, and 41, 38.33 and 35.67 mm and approximately equal inhibition zones of 13.67 mm against E. coli and S. mutans at 100 μl, respectively, for Eucalyptus honey. The minimum inhibitory concentration values against the pathogenic bacteria showed that, at 25% concentration, Black seed and Eucalyptus honey had an effect on E. coli and K. pneumonia, while Clover honey had an effect on P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis. Thus, honey can be used for nutritional, medicinal and industrial purposes and can be an important commodity in the international market.

Effect of Manuka Honey and Licorice Root Extract on the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis: An In Vitro Study

Chronic bad breath (also known as “halitosis”) is very common in general population and nearly 50% of the general population have halitosis. Liquid mouthwashes such as Listerine®, and ACT®, mouth fresheners, and sugar-free gum are commonly used to alleviate bad breath, but these products are not portable, have many side effects, or only temporarily mask the problem. Hence, a lozenge made from natural ingredients would be an excellent alternative to reduce bad breath. We evaluated the effectiveness of natural ingredients such as Manuka Honey and Licorice root extract in reducing growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the main bacteria that cause bad breath. Solutions containing Manuka honey and/or licorice root extract, Listerine®, or ACT® were added to P. gingivalis cultures to assess their effect on bacterial growth. After 18 hours, the absorbance at 680nm of each solution was measured as an indicator of growth. We found that Manuka honey is almost as effective as Listerine® and ACT® in reducing P. gingivalis growth, while licorice root extract, had a very minor effect. Aliquots from the cultures that were inoculated on to brain heart infusion (BHI) plates showed similar trends on growth inhibition. These data suggest that a natural lozenge made from Manuka honey may be effective in reducing bad breath.