Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is found in many food products including honey, dried fruits, coffee and black garlic extracts. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 5-HMF pretreatment ranging from 31.5 to 126.0 μg/mL reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, 5-HMF-pretreated cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared with the only LPS-stimulated cells. 5-HMF suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IκBα, NF-κB p65, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt). Besides, 5-HMF was proved to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus to activate inflammatory gene transcription. These results suggest that 5-HMF could exert the anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, 5-HMF could be considered as a therapeutic ingredient in functional foods.
Highlights
Inflammation, as a normal, self-protective and highly regulated mechanism of the human body, is a complex biological response to external and internal stimuli such as infection and tissue injury.It can prevent attacks caused by pathogenic microorganisms, heal tissue damage and restore normal tissue structure [1,2]
The results showed that the expression levels of p38, ERK1/2, Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), IκBα and p65 were similar among the groups
The results showed that the expression6 levels of p38, ERK1/2, Akt, mTOR, IκBα and p65 were similar among the groups
Summary
Inflammation, as a normal, self-protective and highly regulated mechanism of the human body, is a complex biological response to external and internal stimuli such as infection and tissue injury. Anti-inflammatory health molecules foods/supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, The daily intake of natural anti-inflammation to suppress chronic inflammation and antioxidants and vitamins have drawn growing attention because theyand might prevent or reduce silent alleviate inflammatory-associated symptoms could be a permanent valid strategy. 5-HMF has and beenused found a great deal of heatis substance mainly produced by acid-catalyzed thermal dehydration of fructose as ainflavoring substance processed Chinese traditional medicine such as black garlic extracts [14]. 5-HMF has been found in a great deal of heat-processed that aged black garlic exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties [14]. 5-HMF has been other research reports showed that black garlic was effective in alleviating the inflammation via the subjectedoftonitric widespread controversy regarding its toxicity and carcinogenicity [18,19].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
