Homogeneous Microstructure Research Articles

New Materials from the Integral Milk Kefir Grain Biomass and the Purified Kefiran: The Role of Glycerol Content on the Film’s Properties

Microbial exopolymers are gaining attention as sources for the development of biodegradable materials. Milk kefir, a fermented dairy product produced by a symbiotic community of microorganisms, generates milk kefir grains as a by-product, consisting of the polysaccharide kefiran and proteins. This study develops two materials, one from whole milk kefir grains and another from purified kefiran. Film-forming dispersions were subjected to ultrasonic homogenisation and thermal treatment, yielding homogeneous dispersions. Kefiran dispersion exhibited lower pseudoplastic behaviour and higher viscous consistency, with minimal effects from glycerol. Both films exhibited continuous and homogeneous microstructures, with kefiran films being transparent and milk kefir films displaying a yellowish tint. Analysis revealed that milk kefir films comprised approximately 30% proteins and 70% kefiran. Kefiran films demonstrated stronger interpolymeric interactions, as evidenced using thermogravimetric and mechanical tests. Glycerol increased hydration while decreasing thermal stability, glass transition temperature, elastic modulus, and tensile strength in both films. However, in kefiran films, elongation at the break and water vapour permeability decreased at low glycerol content, followed by an increase at higher plasticiser contents. This suggests an unusual interaction between glycerol and kefiran in the absence of proteins. These findings underscore differences between materials derived from the whole by-product and purified kefiran, offering insights into their potential applications.

Diffusion bonding of steels with a homogeneous microstructure throughout the joint

Diffusion bonding of steels with a homogeneous microstructure throughout the joint

Achieving microstructural homogeneity in the stir zone across thick AA6061 welds using self-reacting bobbin tool friction stir welding

This study focuses into strategizing the usage of self-reacting bobbin tool friction stir welding (SRBT-FSW) to obtain consistent microstructural homogeneity along the thickness of AA6061 aluminium alloy (AA) thick plates during welding. The SRBT-FSW technology, distinguished by its dual-shoulder design, represents a significant step forward in FSW by eliminating the requirement for a backing anvil and promoting balanced heat distribution. This study seeks to address the issues of maintaining uniform microstructural characteristics throughout the weld zone, which is crucial for the mechanical performance and durability of welded joints in structural applications. The experimental study entails the systematic welding of AA6061 plates of 6 mm thickness using a self-reacting bobbin tool under a fixed processing condition. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize the grain structure and phase distribution over the weld. Mechanical parameters like as tensile strength and hardness were determined to establish correlations between microstructure and mechanical performance. The results demonstrated that SRBT-FSW significantly enhances microstructural homogeneity across the weld zone, leading to improved mechanical properties. In the Bottom Zone (BZ), a refined grain structure with an average grain size (AGS) of 3.53 µm and a random or weak texture was observed, contributing to enhanced hardness and mechanical performance, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 220 MPa. In contrast, the Top Zone (TZ) exhibited a coarser AGS of 4.33 µm with a pronounced {111} crystallographic texture, resulting in a slightly lower UTS of 205 MPa. The Middle Zone (MZ), influenced by the greater heat input from both the TZ and BZ, showed an intermediate AGS of 3.99 µm, predominantly oriented along the {101} plane, and achieved a UTS of 194 MPa, with a slight reduction in ductility. This study highlights the potential of self-reacting bobbin tool friction stir welding as a reliable method for making high-quality, homogeneous welds in thick aluminium plates and paving way for their wider application in the aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, where homogeneous microstructural qualities are of significant importance.

A new process for preparing ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbide by doping yttrium within the ammonium metatungstate solution

Ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbide has superior performance of high strength and high hardness, which is widely used in industrial fields. In the traditional process, high temperature carburization method is used to prepare tungsten carbide, and solid-phase mechanical milling method is used to mix grain growth inhibitor (Cr3C2) and tungsten carbide, which easily lead to large WC particle size and uneven WC grain size distribution in WC-Co cemented carbide, thus affecting mechanical properties of the alloy. In the new process, based on the genetic relationship between the particle size of ammonium paratungstate and tungsten carbide, ultrafine ammonium paratungstate uniformly doped with yttrium was firstly obtained by adding a certain amount of ammonia and yttrium oxide into the ammonium metatungstate solution. Then the ammonium paratungstate was calcined to obtain yttrium-doped tungsten trioxide, which was then converted into yttrium-doped ultrafine tungsten carbide powders by introducing carbon monoxide at a low temperature. Finally, the ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbide was prepared by pressure sintering. During the neutralization and crystallization process of ammonium metatungstate solution, the yttrium-doped ultrafine ammonium paratungstate (Fischer particle size 8.4 μm) with narrow particle size distribution and regular morphology was prepared. The yttrium-doped ammonium paratungstate was calcined at 500 °C for 90 min in air atmosphere to obtain yttrium-doped tungsten trioxide powder with a Fischer particle size of 4.5 μm and narrow size distribution. Then the yttrium-doped tungsten trioxide and carbon monoxide gas were reacted at 920 °C for 3h to obtain yttrium-doped ultrafine tungsten carbide powder with a Fischer particle size of 0.32 μm and a specific surface area of 4.44 m2/g, and ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbide with tungsten carbide grain size of 0.28 μm was obtained by pressure sintering. The yttrium uniform distributed effectively inhibited the abnormal growth of tungsten carbide grains. Compared with the WC-Co cemented carbide prepared by solid-phase mechanically mixing tungsten carbide powder and chromium carbide, the yttrium-doped WC-Co cemented carbide had a smaller average tungsten carbide grain size and a more homogeneous microstructure. The prepared yttrium-doped WC-Co cemented carbide had a hardness (HRA) of 94.6, a bending strength of 4841 M, and a coercive force of 42.3 KA/c.

Deformation Behavior of Harmonic Structure Designed CoCrFeMnNi HE Alloys

This paper presents the deformation behavior of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) produced from plastically undeformed and deformed powders. The investigation commenced with the preparation of ball-milled HEA powder at 90ks and 180ks, with a ball-to-powder ratio of 2:1, to induce severe plastic deformation on the outer layer of the HEA powder. Subsequently, the plastically undeformed and deformed HEA powders were successfully consolidated in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) furnace. The SEM observations revealed that the sintered plastically undeformed HEA powder exhibited conventional homogeneous microstructures (Homo), while sintered deformed HEA powders exhibited a regulated bimodal grain distribution known as harmonic structure (HS). The mechanical properties of the materials were characterized by performing tensile tests at room temperature (RT) and a low temperature of 193 K. The HS HEA exhibited an increase in proof strength of 16% to 40%, while the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 8% to 20% compared to the Homo HEA. Moreover, the strain hardening rate (SHR) curve indicates that both Homo and HS HEA exhibited oscillatory behavior at low temperature. However, Homo HEA exhibited more pronounced oscillation than HS HEA. The current results indicate that oscillatory behavior in the SHR curve is indicative of twin deformation. At low temperatures, the high rate of twinning deformation in Homo HEA was attributed to its higher ductility, while a good combination of high strength and high ductility produced by HS material was found to be influenced by HS design in addition to twinning deformation.

Effect of machining method and margin design on the accuracy and margin quality of monolithic zirconia crowns

The machining accuracy and marginal integrity of monolithic zirconia crowns with minimal invasive preparations may impact the long-term survival rate of tooth and periodontal health, but studies on the effect of machining method are lacking. The purpose of this in vitro study was to digitally evaluate the machining accuracy and margin quality of monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using gel deposition and conventional soft milling processes by comparing 2 different margin types. A total of 40 monolithic zirconia crowns were produced using gel deposition (Self-glazed Zirconia Group, SGG, n=20) and soft milling (Milled Zirconia Group, MG, n=20). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups with different margin designs (chamfer and feather-edge). The trueness and fit of crowns were compared using root mean square (RMS) values. Furthermore, the margin quality was examined before and after final sintering with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Scheirer-Ray-Hare and 2-way ANOVA test analysis nonparametric and parametric data, respectively (α=.05). The trueness analysis revealed that SGG had significantly lower RMS values for both the cameo and intaglio areas compared with MG (P<.001). In addition, crowns with a feather-edge margin exhibited significantly lower marginal RMS values than those with a chamfer margin (P<.01) according to the fit assessment. Followed by milling processes, SGG exhibited a constantly homogeneous microstructure compared with MG. Marginal defects were detected in both groups except for the SGG with the chamfer margin. SGG exhibited better accuracy associated with ductile-regime machining than MG, and SGG with chamfer margins displayed flaw-free margin areas. Moreover, the feather-edge margin showed improved marginal fit compared with the chamfer margin.

Novel insights into PLMN-13PT ceramics: impact of spark plasma sintering on compositional and dielectric properties

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the physical, structural, microstructural, dielectric, and optical properties of on 87[Pb(1−y)Laₓ(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]-13PbTiO3, (PLMN-13PT) ceramics. The primary objective was to evaluate how SPS influences the densification, grain growth, and compositional variations of these ceramics, which are critical for electronic device applications. The results demonstrate that SPS effectively achieves high relative density while suppressing grain growth, leading to a more homogeneous microstructure. However, the rapid densification process also induces compositional variations that significantly impact the dielectric properties, including the reduction of undesirable phases like pyrochlore, which are detrimental to performance. These findings highlight the potential of SPS for optimizing PLMN-13PT ceramics, enhancing their suitability for the miniaturization of multifunctional electronic devices.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Evaluation of Quenching and Annealing as Heat Treatment Methods

Residual stresses and anisotropic structures characterize laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) products due to rapid thermal changes during fabrication, potentially leading to microcracking and lower strength. Post-heat treatments are crucial for enhancing mechanical properties. Numerous dental technology laboratories worldwide are adopting the new technologies but must invest considerable time and resources to refine them for specific requirements. Our research can assist researchers in identifying thermal processes that enhance the mechanical properties of dental Co-Cr alloys. In this study, high cooling rates (quenching) and annealing after quenching were evaluated for L-PBF Co-Cr dental alloys. Cast samples (standard manufacturing method) were tested as a second reference material. Tensile strength, Vickers hardness, microstructure characterization, and phase identification were performed. Significant differences were found among the L-PBF groups and the cast samples. The lowest tensile strength (707 MPa) and hardness (345 HV) were observed for cast Starbond COS. The highest mechanical properties (1389 MPa, 535 HV) were observed for the samples subjected to the water quenching and reheating methods. XRD analysis revealed that the face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phases are influenced by the composition and heat treatment. Annealing after quenching improved the microstructure homogeneity and increased the HCP content. L-PBF techniques yielded superior mechanical properties compared to traditional casting methods, offering efficiency and precision. Future research should focus on fatigue properties.

Preparation of Magnesium Titanate by Using Magnesium Chloride a Byproduct of Titanium Plant

This study explores the preparation of magnesium titanate using magnesium chloride, a byproduct of the titanium production plant as a precursor. The synthesis involves the reaction of MgCl2 with titanium tetrachloride under controlled thermal conditions. Initially, MgCl2 and TiCl4 are thoroughly mixed in stoichiometric proportions with an excess of oxalic acid solution to produce magnesium titanyl oxalate. The mixture is then subjected to a calcination process at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 1000 °C in an oxygen-rich environment. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized MgTiO3 were analyzed using EDS, XRD, TG/DTA, SEM, and particle size analysis. This comprehensive set of analytical techniques provides a thorough understanding of the elemental, structural, thermal, morphological and physical characteristics of magnesium titanate. The formation of pure magnesium titanate is confirmed at temperatures above 800 °C, with lower temperatures leading to the presence of intermediate phases such as MgTi2O5. The synthesized MgTiO3 exhibits a homogeneous microstructure with well-defined grain boundaries, indicating successful preparation of the desired ceramic material.

Heat treatments-induced wear resistance of Inconel 718 superalloy fabricated via Laser based Powder Bed Fusion

Laser based Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) stands out among Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques for its ability to fabricate intricate geometries with high precision. However, LPBF produced parts, particularly Inconel 718 (IN718) superalloys, demand further exploration in microstructural and mechanical properties aspect. This study explores the effect of heat treatments on LPBF fabricated Inconel 718. Three distinct heat treatments involving diverse solutionizing temperatures and ageing steps were applied to the LPBFed IN718 alloy. As-printed samples showed columnar dendritic microstructure. The heat treatments led to precipitation of strengthening γ′′ and γ′ phases. A substantial increase in microhardness was observed after heat treatments. Wear tests revealed as-printed specimens suffered higher wear loss (∼889 μm) and coefficient of friction (COF) (∼0.627) attributed to Laves phase and low hardness of the matrix. However, heat-treated specimens exhibited substantially lower wear loss (∼217 μm) and COF (∼0.342), with HT2 condition demonstrating superior wear resistance attributed to a homogeneous microstructure.

Synthesis and Characterizations of Structural, Dielectric and Optical Properties of CCTO– PT Composite

In this study, we have synthesized the (1-x) CaCu3Ti4O12 – (x) PbTiO3 (CCTO-PT) composites with x = 0.00, 0.50 and 1.00 by using the solid-state method. We have then studied the structural, optical and dielectric properties of these composites. The X-ray diffraction diffractogram (XRD) showed that the ceramics at x = 0.00 and 1.00 (CCTO and PT) crystalize in a pure cubic and tetragonal phase respectively. Likewise, for CCTO-PT composite, we observed a coexistence of tetragonal and cubic phase in CCTO-PT composite composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed homogeneous microstructure samples and consist of different grain shape. The large spherical grain structure is attributed to CCTO ceramic while the smaller grain form can be ascribed to the PT ceramic. The dielectric measurements results revealed an increase in dielectric permittivity value for CCTO-PT composite compared with pure CCTO and PT. The optical band gaps of the CCTO and PT are 2.50 and 3.00 eV, and increased to 3.50 eV for the CCTO/PT composite.

Enhancing microstructure homogeneity and electrical conductivity in flash-sintered 8YSZ: Impact of electric-current ramp control and thermal insulation

Our study aimed to comprehend how variations in flash sintering parameters affect the evolution of microstructure and electrical properties of yttria-stabilised zirconia. For this purpose, cylindrical samples were sintered via a classic flash method (voltage-current control), with controlled increase in the current ramp, employing thermal insulation, and combining current ramp control with thermal insulation. The results demonstrated that the combination of current ramp control and thermal insulation yielded higher densification compared to other variations. Microstructural analysis revealed finer grain sizes and lower grain-boundary tensions on employing current ramp control, particularly when combined with thermal insulation. For all flash-sintering methods, greater electrical conductivity of grain boundaries was observed compared to conventional sintering, suggesting an enhancement in ionic conduction. This study underscores the potential of customised FS techniques in optimising sintering processes and enhancing material properties.

Developing High-Performance Ceramics from Multicomponent Grain Boundary Entropy Design.

Grain boundary (GB) glassy phase often results in poor ceramic performances. Here, a Multicomponent Grain Boundary Entropy (MGBE) descriptor extracted from high-throughput first-principle calculations is proposed to capture the nature of high-entropy GB phases in ceramics. In a Si3N4 ceramic model system, MGBE is found to have a direct correlation with GB phase crystallinity, element segregation, and formation of pores. The predicted highest MGBE sintering additive combination (MgO-Y2O3-Er2O3-Yb2O3) leads to high-performance ceramics of homogenous microstructure and pure GB (YErYb)2Si3O3N4 phase without observable glassy film. Conversely, low MGBE additives result in a substantial amount of GB glassy phase, element segregation, and pore clusters. The MGBE descriptor can make a rapid screening of multicomponent sintering additives, offering a novel approach for rational designing of ceramics with targeted microstructure and performances.

Synthesis of Mo-Cu nanocomposite powder by hydrogen reduction of copper nitrate coated MoO3 powder mixture

The fabrication of Mo-based nanocomposite powder with homogeneous dispersion of Cu was investigated. The fine MoO3 powders were prepared by high energy ball milling, and Cu particles on the ball-milled powder surfaces were formed by calcination of a precursor solution copper nitrate. In the powder mixture calcined at 300 °C, MoO3 and CuO appeared in the form of aggregates with fine particles. Microstructural analysis showed that the oxide powders were changed to Mo-Cu nanocomposite powders with an average particle size of about 150 nm and had microstructural homogeneity by hydrogen reduction at 800 °C for 1 h. These results are help to optimize the synthesis process of homogeneous Mo-Co nanocomposite powders.

Improving the Energy Storage Performance in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Based Ceramics by Combining Relaxor and Antiferroelectric Properties.

Ceramic capacitors have received great attention for use in pulse power systems owing to their ultra-fast charge-discharge rate, good temperature stability, and excellent fatigue resistance. However, the low energy storage density and low breakdown strength (BDS) of ceramic capacitors limit the practical applications of energy storage technologies. In this work, we present a series of relaxor ferroelectric ceramics (1-x) [0.94 Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 -0.06BaTiO3]- x Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3 (1-x BNT-BT- x SBT; x = 0, 0.20, 0.225, 0.25, 0.275 and 0.30) with improved energy storage performances by combining relaxor and antiferroelectric properties. XRD, Raman spectra, and SEM characterizations of BNT-BT-SBT ceramics revealed a rhombohedral-tetragonal phase, highly dynamic polar nanoregions, and a reduction in grain size with a homogeneous and dense microstructure, respectively. A high dielectric constant of 1654 at 1 kHz and low remnant polarization of 1.39 µC/cm2 were obtained with the addition of SBT for x = 0.275; these are beneficial for improving energy storage performance. The diffuse phase transition of these ceramics displays relaxor behavior, which is improved with SBT and confirmed by modified the Curie-Weiss law. The combining relaxor and antiferroelectric properties with fine grain size by the incorporation of SBT enables an enhanced maximum polarization of a minimized P-E loop, leading to an improved BDS. As a result, a high recoverable energy density Wrec of 1.02 J/cm3 and a high energy efficiency η of 75.98% at 89 kV/cm were achieved for an optimum composition of 0.725 [0.94BNT-0.06BT]-0.275 SBT. These results demonstrate that BNT-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are good candidates for next-generation ceramic capacitors and offer a potential strategy for exploiting novel high-performance ceramic materials.

Effect of rare earth yttrium and the deformation process on the thermal deformation behavior and microstructure of pure titanium for cathode rolls

This study explores the challenges associated with microstructural refinement and homogenization control for large titanium cathode rolls utilized in electrolytic copper foil production. An innovative deformation control strategy was developed by incorporating yttrium microalloying within the β→α dual-phase region to refine the hot-deformed microstructure of pure titanium. Gleeble thermal simulation tests were performed to assess the impact of rare earth Y, deformation temperatures (700–900 °C), and interpass cooling rates (5 °C/s, 25 °C/s, and 50 °C/s) on the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of pure titanium. The results reveal that Y2O3 particles generated by the addition of rare earth Y enhance dynamic recrystallization through the particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism, effectively pinning grain boundaries and impeding recrystallized grain growth. Increased interpass cooling rates lead to finer grains and higher stored energy. The mechanism for grain refinement during dual-phase deformation is described as follows: β-phase nonrecrystallization temperature deformation → rapid cooling control → α-phase recrystallization deformation control, energy storage, strain-induced dynamic phase transformation (SIDT, α→β), and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Under experimental conditions of β-phase region deformation at 980 °C → inter-pass cooling rate of 50 °C/s → α-phase region deformation at 750 °C, the addition of rare earth yttrium achieved the most effective grain refinement, reducing the average grain size to 2.56 μm.

Impacts of Photooxidation on Commercially Available Homo and Copolymers of Polypropylene on Their Microstructure and Mechanics: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis

ABSTRACTPolyolefin degradation is widely studied to assess the lifetime of packaging materials. In this work, a combination of bulk (DSC, GPC, 13C‐NMR, XRD), surface (FTIR) and cross‐sectional characterization (Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation) was used to examine changes in the mechanical properties and microstructure of two different commercially‐available polyolefins, with similar crystallinities, produced by injection molding—a polypropylene homopolymer (PPH) and a polypropylene random copolymer (PPRC)—aged under accelerated UV‐A conditions. The aim was to characterize the variations in the crystallinity and microstructure across the cross‐section of these materials. Our results suggest that the presence of ethylene comonomer units in PPRC results, on average, in smaller crystal dimensions, leads to improved packing, and a more homogeneous microstructure and hardness across the cross‐section of the sample. The ethylene monomers stabilize PPRC from oxidation during the first 14 days of accelerated aging, but eventually the rate of degradation matches the PPH at 28 days of aging, probably because of the higher surface area to volume ratio of the smaller crystals. The work emphasizes the importance of incorporating ethylene comonomers into polyolefins to limit variation of the microstructure across the core to the skin layer, for improved future design of packaging that degrades fully.

Effects of limiting current density and current step rate on microstructure and hardness of flash sintered MgAl2O4 ceramics

This study investigates the effects of limiting current density and current step rate on the microstructure and hardness of current-step flash-sintered (CS-FS) disc-shaped MgAl2O4 ceramics. The results indicated that, unlike conventional flash sintering, the temperature of the sample during the current-step flash started at a lower initial value and subsequently increased gradually. Furthermore, the differences in oxygen vacancies between the positive and negative sides of the CS-FS-ed MgAl2O4 ceramics were significantly reduced. This led to the CS-FS samples exhibiting higher relative density, finer grain size, a more uniform microstructure, and increased hardness. The homogeneous microstructure resulted in consistent hardness across both sides of each CS-FS-ed sample. Additionally, as the limiting current density increased, the grain sizes near the positive and negative sides gradually enlarged, while the relative density initially increased before decreasing. A similar trend was observed when the current step rate decreased.

Study on Hot‐Compressive Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of 12Cr10Co3MoWVNbNB Martensitic Steel

Herein, to improve the microstructure homogeneity of 12Cr10Co3MoWVNbNB steel for turbine blades after forging, the hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the steel are systematically investigated using a hot‐compression experimental setup under the conditions of 950–1150 °C and strain rate of 0.001–10 s−1. A strain‐compensated constitutive equation is established based on the flow curves and the accuracy of its prediction is verified. By combining hot processing map with microstructure observation, the optimal hot processing window is determined to be 1075–1150 °C and 1–10 s−1, within which the grain size can be refined to 14.24 μm. Electron backscatter diffraction is employed to investigate the microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation mechanism of the deformed samples, revealing that discontinuous DRX characterized by strain‐induced grain‐boundary migration is the dominant nucleation mechanism. Additionally, the deformation conditions significantly affect the distribution of dislocation density and local misorientation, as well as the transition from low‐angle grain boundaries to high‐angle grain boundaries, which ultimately lead to the differences in DRX fraction and microstructure.

Enhancement of corrosion, biocompatibility and drug delivery properties of nitinol implants surface by Al-Zn-LDH nanohybrids

This study investigates the enhancement of drug delivery and corrosion resistance by incorporating dexamethasone sodium phosphate into aluminum-zinc layered double hydroxide (LDH) coated nickel-titanium alloys. The nickel-titanium samples were fabricated from titanium and nickel powders using spark plasma sintering (SPS) and cold press sintering (CPS), followed by electrophoretic deposition of LDH nanoparticles. This composite construction aims to utilize the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of nickel-titanium, combined with the controlled drug release and corrosion resistance properties of LDH coatings. Structural and microstructural characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that SPS samples exhibited superior microstructural homogeneity and corrosion resistance compared to CPS samples. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate was successfully intercalated into the LDH layers, as evidenced by an increase in layer spacing from 7.14 Å to 20.130 Å. The LDH-coated nickel-titanium with intercalated dexamethasone sodium phosphate demonstrated a 5 % lower drug release rate and significantly improved corrosion resistance compared to uncoated samples. Cell adhesion studies confirmed good biocompatibility between cells and the coated surface. This composite material shows promise for enhanced performance in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and corrosion resistance.