Homeopathic Drugs Research Articles

“EFFECT OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINE TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M AS AN INHIBITOR OF CALCIUM OXALATE AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALLIZATION IN VITRO STUDY”

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the common conditions in the society and it needs medical attention due to its increase in prevalence. The use of the homeopathic medicines has found to be,of great importance in the treatment of urolithiasis and certainly homoeopathy is a promising eld in this condition. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of urolithiasis and the inhibitory action of homeopathic drug Tribulus terrestris by in vitro experiment. Materials and Method: Homoeopathic preparation of Tribulus terrestris Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M was planned to evaluate in vitro calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization using spectro-photometric and colorimetric assay respectively. Considering the role of reactive oxygen species as one of the etiological factors in stone formation, effective antioxidant activity of Tribulus terrestris was also performed by 2,2- diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Result: Tribulus terrestris Q, 200C and 1M exerted maximum inhibition as 33.62%, 23.89% and 23.00% respectively to calcium oxalate nucleation assay whereas, Tribulus terrestris Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M exerted maximum inhibition to calcium oxalate aggregation assay up to 76.19%. Tribulus terrestris 12C and 30C showed maximum inhibition as 82.28% and 16. 21% to calcium and phosphate ions respectively. Presence of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical assay for Tribulus terrestris Q and 12C which showed percentage inhibition as 33.11% and 0.95% respectively. Conclusions:Homoeopathic preparation Tribulus terrestris has potential effect on inhibition of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization and also homoeopathic preparation of Tribulus terrestris is capable of showing presence of phytochemicals; anti-oxidant activity when performed by in vitro experiment.

Role of high dilutions in anesthetic recovery in dogs

Introduction: Post-operative period has been associated with risks like depression of cardiorespiratory system, hypothermia etc., especially under influence of anesthesia. Therefore, short anesthetic recovery in important.
 Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether homeopathic drug Papaver somniferum 30cH can help reducing the duration of post-surgery anesthesia, and whether there is any change in cardiac rhythm and body temperature. 
 Materials and Methods: We evaluated 16 dogs submitted for sterilization surgery in the Veterinary Hospital of University of Santo Amaro. The animals were divided in three groups: Group-I: treated with Papaver 30cH (n=7); Group-II: treated with 10% hydroalcoholic solution (n=5) (positive control); and Group-III: negative controls (who did not take anything)(n=4). Four drops of drug/placebo were given per os, immediately after the surgery, repeated every 15 min until dog became conscious. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA followed by the Tuckey Krammer Test, p ≤0.05 being significant. 
 Results: The results showed that animals treated with Papaver returned from anesthesia (20 ± 2.80 minutes) faster than the hydroalcoholic group (34±6.49 minutes), p≤0.05. No statistical difference was seen between the positive and negative control. There was no statistical difference between the groups in cardiorespiratory and temperature parameters. 
 Discussion: Other studies have shown similar effects using Veratrum album. The Papaver somniferum has remarkable pharmacological action in bradycardia, bradypnea, respiratory smooth muscle, with sedative and analgesic properties. 
 Conclusion: The Papaver somniferum 30cH may be considered as a medicinal aid in the shortening the post-surgical anesthesia time, however more studies are needed to establish this observation.

Homeopathic drug standardization through biological evaluations: An untrodden avenue

Background: There is a dearth of chemico-analytical or instrumental methods for standardization and quality control of higher dilutions of homeopathic drugs. 
 Aim: This review highlights the challenges in standardization of anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and suggests a battery of biological assays for their standardization.
 Methods: We retrieved a total 57 scientific reports from the experimental studies and scientific reviews published between January 1999 and June 2014 related to anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and their high dilutions. These comprised of 18 reports on preclinical evaluation, 15 on source materials, 9 on isolated constituents and 15 studies on in-vitro experiments. Few recent citations which supported the initial studies were added later during the compilation of the manuscript. 
 Conclusion: Standardization and quality control of homeopathic mother tinctures and high dilutions warrants an urgent attention. As biological activities are observed to be attributed to the high dilutions which are practically devoid of active ingredients, their standardization may be done through the suggested battery of biological investigations. It is suggested that the current methods of standardization of homeopathic drugs need to be upgraded to include sensitive, reproducible and relevant biological assays so that the end users are assured of the quality, efficacy, and safety of homeopathic dilutions.

An evaluation of Avogadro’s number in the light of HRTEM and EDS studies of high dilutions of Ferrum metallicum 6, 30, 200, 1M, 10M and 50Mc

As a therapeutic tool high dilutions (HDs) are always at the center of controversies due to problems to validate them as a function of Avogadro’s number. Nevertheless, homeopathy is practiced around the world as a complementary and alternative medicine. The present study sought to evaluate HDs of homeopathic drug Ferrum metallicum (Ferr) 6, 30, 200, 1M, 10Mc and 50Mc, all of which except for 6c surpass Avogadro’s number. Using HRTEM and EDS it was conclusively shown that: 1) all the investigated HDs of Ferr contained plenty of nanoparticles (NPs); 2) the size of NPs were within the quantum dots (QD) size range, except for 50Mc, in which larger particles were found (12.61nm); 3) NPs contained iron in various weight percentages; 4) the weight percentage of iron was highest in HDs 10Mc and 50Mc.

Protective action by homeopathic drug Cina C6cH and immune modulator «Recombinant human INTERLEUKIN-2» against experimental trichinosis of mice

Trichinellosis caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis occurs in humans, domestic animals and wild animals. This heavy ubiquitous parasitic disease. The muscle phase of the parasite of difficult to controlling. Homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anthelmintic and immunostimulation properties.
 
 The purpose of this study was assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and Roncoleukin ® (recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) immunostimulation) against experimental trichinosis, that can affect the muscle phase of the parasite T. spiralis in mice.
 
 An assay was carried out on 30 white outbred mice. These were divided into tree groups of ten mice each. 
 
 The group 1 were treated with the Roncoleukin ® (100 IU/per mouse in 0,2 ml sterile saline intramuscularly, twice with 48 hours intervals); the group 2 - desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH (under the scheme). The group 3 received 0.2 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl. After a 21 day regimen, the groups were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of Trihinella spiralis larva per mouse. After 90 days of incubation, the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation.
 
 The maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with Roncoleukin ® (80,61%; 869,5±16,6 larva/per animal). The protective effect in the group immunized by Cina C6cH was of 36,67 ( (2840,5±183,3 larva/per animal)%. In control group invasion on muscle phase T.spiralis was 4485±430,6 larva/per animal/
 
 In conclusion, the use of homeopathic drugs also reduces in the number of infective Trichinella spiralis larvae in mice and has a synergistic effect on the treatment.

Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy provide further evidence in support of free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength underlying difference in two more drugs at ultra high dilutions

Objective: To confirm that free water molecules and hydrogen bond strength of OH groups underlie difference between two homeopathic drugs at ultrahigh dilution (UHD).
 Method: FTIR and Laser Raman spectra of UHDs of X-ray and Magnetis Poli Ambo were obtained in the wave number regions of 2400-4000 cm-1 and 2400-4200 cm-1, respectively. Mother tincture (MT) were prepared by exposing ethanol water to X-radiation for X-ray and magnetic field for Magnetis. Spectra of the reference water and the three UHDs of Ethanol were also taken. All the samples were in water-ethanol solution in which the ethanol content was 25%. For FTIR the difference spectrum (absorbance of a UHD minus absorbance of reference water) was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. For Raman spectra the intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 cm-1 (R1), and that between 3620 and 3420 cm-1 (R2), were calculated for each UHD. The intensity at 3600 cm-1 in the difference spectra (FTIR) represents the number of free water molecules in UHDs. R2 values in Raman scattering suggest the same thing.
 Results: The data in both cases follow almost a similar pattern of difference among the UHDs studied here. For example, X-ray: FTIR 14

Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution

Background 
             Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHD’s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question.
  
 Objective :
             The medium of UHD’s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHD’s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy.
  
 Method :
             Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. For Sulphur and Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and for Calcarea carb and Sepia the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied.
 The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1 and 3420 cm-1 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.
  
 Results :
 All the UHD’s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHD’s from low to high ranks of both Natrum mur and Sulphur show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning  R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHD’s of Calcarea carb and Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHD’s is 81002 for Calcarea carb, and 8>202

Raman spectroscopy reveals variation in free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength in ultrahigh dilutions

Objective: To decipher the nature of water structure in two ultrahigh diluted (UHD) homeopathic drugs by Laser Raman Spectroscopy.
 Method: Two homeopathic drugs Calcarea carbonica (Calc.) and Sepia officinalis (Sep.) in 8cH, 202cH, and 1002cH and their diluent medium 90% ethanol in 8cH and 202cH were used in the present study. Laser Raman spectra of all the samples were obtained in the wave number region of 2400 – 4200 cm-1. The intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 (R1) and that between 3620 and 3420 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples. 
 Results: The spectra show a marked difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups of all the samples. R1 values for three UHDs of Calc. and Sep. show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In the case of R2 values, the relationship in three UHDs is 81002 for Calc., and 8> 202 < 1002 for Sep. In the case of control (ethanol UHDs) both R1 and R2 show a negative relationship.
 Conclusion: R1 denotes a relative number of OH groups with strong and weak hydrogen bonds. R2 indicates the relative number of OH groups with broken and weak H-bonds. Therefore, the UHDs of the two drugs and the control are different from each other with respect to hydrogen bond strength of OH groups and the number of free OH groups or non-hydrogen bonded water molecules.

The structural spectra of high dilutions and their unconventional application

Until few years, the so-called implausible science, homeopathy, was on the verge of being rejected on conventional physicochemical grounds. The mere selection of ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) (homeopathic potencies) for experimentation by mainstream scientists seemed impossible, but the curiosity to explore the science behind homeopathy kept igniting intellectual alma mater who subjected homeopathy to laboratories and test tubes, to know beyond its clinical application.
 Still, there exist a huge gap and a challenge to convince a conventional scientist to go beyond his domains and look for something which is apparently invisible (beyond Avogadro). But gradually we are overcoming this dogma and exploring the finer aspects and applications of UHDs. Much research has been undertaken, at least, to protect the identity of UHDs, and we are now verge of proving the plausibility of homeopathy from every aspect. 
 This issue of International Journal of High Dilution Research features two interesting articles on nature of UHDs and their unconventional application.
 The first article by NC Sukul et al aimed to decipher the nature of the water structure of UHDs of two commonly used homeopathic drugs Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. This work is in the series undertaken by the group, who earlier experimented using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Electronic, Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy to shown differences in UHDs of various drugs. The present experiment could differentiate the intensities (potencies) of Nat-m and Sulph when compared to their controls, on the basis of hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups. 
 The second article by Nandy et al proposes a new dimension to the application of UHD. In an interesting manner, the author used UHDs of Ferrum metallicum and Zincum oxidatum to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). The PVDF-HFP composite films were synthesized in their usual way, but an incorporation of Ferrum and Zinc-o could make the film as homeo-PVDF-composite. This enhancement of the electrical properties and are possibly due to the presence of nanoparticle, as hypothesized by the group. 
 The nature and application of UHDs are promising but challenging areas, which can only be validated through extensive research and validation. The realm of UHDs is expanding, and the day is not far when plausibility of homeopathy would be proved from every aspect, but at the same time we should also keep the momentum of research at pace in clinical research too!

Efficacy of Chininum Sulphuricum 30C against Malaria: An in vitro and in vivo Study

Background: New effective, economical and safe antimalarial drugs are urgently needed due to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains of the parasite. Homeopathy uses ultra-diluted doses of various substances to stimulate autoregulatory and self-healing processes to cure various ailments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy of a homeopathic drug, Chininum sulphuricum 30C. Methods: In vitro antiplasmodial activity was screened against the P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strain, and cell viability was assessed against normal human dermal fibroblasts and HepG2 cells. Suppressive, preventive and curative studies were carried out against P. berghei-infected mice in vivo. Results: Chininum sulphuricum (30C) revealed good antiplasmodial activity in vitro, with 92.79 ± 6.93% inhibition against the 3D7 strain. The cell viability was 83.6 ± 0.6% against normal human dermal fibroblasts and 95.22 ± 5.1% against HepG2 cells. It also exhibited suppressive efficacy with 95.56% chemosuppression on day 7 with no mortality throughout the follow-up period of 28 days. It also showed preventive activity against the disease. Drug treatment was also safe to the liver and kidney function of the host as evidenced by biochemical studies. Conclusion: Chininum sulphuricum 30C exhibited considerable antimalarial activity along with safety to the liver and kidney function of the host.

DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field

Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.

Neurobehavioral assessment of Danio rerio intoxicated by sodium arsenate and the use of Arsenicum Album to reverse the condition of anxiety

Neurobehavioral assessment of Danio rerio intoxicated by sodium arsenate and the use of Arsenicum Album to reverse the condition of anxiety

Evaluation of the protective activity of different immunostimulatory drugs at the experimental trichinosis on white mice

The purpose of this study was assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and meglumineacridonacetate(cycloferon) against experimental trichinosis, that can affect the muscle phase of the parasite T. spiralis in mice. The maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with cycloferon, the number of T. spiralis larvae detected in animals was 733.5±25.1 larva/per animal. The number of larvae detected in the group immunized by Cina C6cH was 2840,5±183,3. This was 6.1 and 1.6 times less than in the mice of control group (4485±430.6 larvae/mouse).

Extremely dilution of Strychnos Nux vomica mitigates alcohol-induced reduction in enthalpies associated with free water molecules in fish brain

Background: Alcoholism is a global health problem. Extract of the seeds of Strychnos Nux vomica and its high dilution have long been used in homeopathy for alcohol induced diseases of patients. Alcoholism leads to reduced brain volume. Glial cells like astroglia contain large number of water channel proteins or aquaporin (AQP4) which mediate glial oedema resulting from ethanol intoxication. Nux vomica, a homeopathic drug of plant origin, is known to counteract alcohol effect. 
 Aim: The objective of this present study is to find out the level of free water molecules in the brain of a teleost fish under ethanol intoxication. The other purpose is to determine whether Nux vomica could restore the level of free water in the alcohol treated fish.
 Methodology: One group of fish was exposed to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min, another exposed first to a solution of Nux vomica 200c for 20 min and then to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min. The third group served as an untreated control. The mid brain of each fish was kept in an aluminium sample pan and its free water level was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data were analyzed by ANOVA.
 Results and discussion: The results show that there was no significant variation in melting and freezing temperature of brain samples but the enthalpies, both freezing and melting varied significantly (P

Extremely Dilution of Strychnos Nux vomica Mitigates Alcohol-Induced Reduction in Enthalpies Associated With Free Water Molecules in a Fish Brain

Introduction
 Alcohol intoxication affects aquaporins in the glial cells of brain resulting in oedema. Nux vomica, a homeopathic drug of plant origin, is known to counteract alcohol effect. The objective of this present study is to find out the level of free water molecules in the brain of a teleost fish under ethanol intoxication. The second objective is to determine whether Nux vomica could restore the level of free water in the alcohol treated fish.
 Materials and methods
 One group of fish was exposed to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min, another exposed first to a solution of Nux vomica 200c for 20 min and then to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min. The third group served as an untreated control. The mid brain of each fish was kept in an aluminium sample pan and its free water level was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 
 Results
 All alcohol treated fish showed significant reduction in the level of free water molecules as compared to the untreated control. Treatment with Nux vomica increased the level of free water in the brain significantly as compared to the untreated alcoholic group.
 Conclusion
 Alcohol intoxication reduces free water molecules in the fish brain. Nux vom might have acted on aquaporins in the glial cells thereby increasing the level of free water in the brain.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of different immunostimulatory medicine at the experimental trichinosis and leishmaniosis on white mice

Immunostimulatory drugs in recent years are widely used in Parasitology. Also, homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anti-helmintic and immunostimulation properties. We studied the possibility of using immunostimulating and high dilutions drugs during parasitological disease treatment. Two experimental parasitological disease models (trichinelosis and cutaneous leishmaniosis) were used. Trichinellosis caused by gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis occurs in humans, domestic and wild animals. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of Leishmania genus. It is spread by certain sandflies types bite. The disease can present in three main ways. We used 2 leishmania in vitro models and experimental mice cutaneous model. The cutaneous form presents skin ulcers, while the mucocutaneous form presents skin, mouth, and nose ulcers. For estimation of immunostimulatory efficacy, size of leishmanioma, presence of leishmania in the ulcer, and treatment time were analyzed. This study aimed at to assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and interferon 2 and inductors of interferons of types 1 and 2 interferon, against experimental trichinosis and leichmaniosis. An assay was carried out on 50 white outbred mice. These were divided into three groups of ten mice each. Group 1 was injected with interferon inductors (2.16 mg/mouse in 0.2 ml sterile saline, intramuscularly); group 2 - desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH one time a day per os. The group 3 received interferone-a2b; and the group 4 was injected 0.2 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl. The group 5 was only for leishmaniasis. After a 48 hours regimen, the groups 1-3 were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of T. spiralis larva per mouse. After 90 days of trichinellosis incubation, and during one year of leishmaniasis process the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation. Maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with interferon-a2b and its stimulatory, as T. spiralis detected larvae in animals was 733.5±25.1 larva/animal. Cina C6cH immunized group presented 2840.5±183.3 larva/animal. This was less than control group (4485±430.6 larva/mouse). Also mice with leishmaniasis had fewer ulcers during treatment with immune stimulating. Ulcers sizes were 0.46+0.05 (group 3); 2.2 +0.5 (group 2), and 3.2+0.8 (group 5). Leishmanial amount in the ulcer was 3.1 +0.7(group 3), 3.6 +0.4 (group 2), and 3.7+0.3(goup 5). The time of the treatment in the 3-d group was 19.2+0.9 and more than 40 days in all group (2,4,5). So, based on this, we consider it advantageous to continue the study of immunostimulatory drugs in the complex treatment of trichinelosis and leishmaniosis.

The use of homeopathic drugs in the complex treatment of periodontal diseases in children with rheumatic diseases

The purpose of our study was to increase the level of treatment of periodontal diseases in children with rheumatic diseases through the use of injections of homeopathic drugs in complex treatment. To do this, they conducted a dental examination of children with rheumatological diseases, determined the degree of damage to periodontal tissues using the indices PMA, GI, CPITN and compared with the control group of children. The relationship between inflammatory processes in in periodontal tissues and rheumatic diseases in children was revealed and the effectiveness of homeopathic drugs in the complex treatment of periodontal tissues was assessed.

Study the subchronic toxicity of the drug Dantinorm Baby

Presents results of a study of subchronic toxicity of homeopathic drug Dantinorm Baby in finished dosage form. The drug in the form of a ready solution was administered daily orally for one month to outbred rats Infanta and chinchilla rabbits at a dose of 0.3 ml/kg, corresponding to the therapeutic, and 3 ml/kg, exceeding the therapeutic dose 10 times. Clinical, laboratory and histopathological studies performed in accordance with the General Protocol, showed no toxic effects of homeopathic preparation of Dantinorm Baby. The totality of the obtained data of the subchronic experiment indicates that there are no obstacles to the clinical study of the drug Dantinorm Baby in the range of therapeutic dosages.

Nanoparticle characterization of HOMOEO AGROCARE (Agro Homeopathic Drug) by HRTEM and EDS analysis

Background: Use of Homeopathy as a therapeutic tool is still very nascent in plant science and agriculture. Therapies used for plant growth and diseases are not relevant for plants alone, but they also drastically influence the ecosystem of the organic world too. Use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers was a boon during the initial phase of green revolution around the world. Unfortunately, later they became the major reason of chronic illnesses like cancers and a cause for soil degradation all over. Current scenario demands the use of alternative models in agricultural practices in-order to prevent diseases and to maintain the health status of the population. This is also very important to get rid of the damages done to the soil. 
 Aims: Present study aimed at analyzing the material content of the agro homeopathic drug, ‘Homeo agrocare’. 
 Methdology: High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) was used to evaluate the material content of the drug. 
 Results: (1) the drug solution contains plenty of nanoparticles (NPs). (2) the size of NPs ranges between 4.99nm - 120nm. (3) Twenty elements were identified in the fields studied. 
 Conclusion: Study conclusively proved the presence of NPs of the original drug materials used in the ‘Homoeo agrocare’ drug solution. The presence of NPs of the original drug substances suggest that the drug action of ‘Homoeo agrocare’ in plants is due to the epigenetic modifications initiated by the NPs in the plant genetics.

АНАЛИЗ СХЕМ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ОСТРЫХ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ВЕРХНИХ ДЫХАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕЙ ПО ДАННЫМ ПОЛИКЛИНИК УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДЕЛАМИ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РФ

The main objective of treatment of acute respiratory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is to reduce symptoms severity, prevent the development of complications, and improve the quality of life of sick children. Objective of the research: to analyze the actual tactics of diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute nasopharyngitis (AN) in children according to the data of the clinics of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of 499 outpatient case histories of patients (mean age 8,0±2,5 years) who were on outpatient treatment with a diagnosis of AN for the period from March 2018 to April 2019 was performed. Inclusion criteria: the patient's visit within 1–3 days from the onset of the disease, observation period – at least 7 days, compliance by patients and/or their parents/legal representatives with medical recommendations based on informed consent. Results were processed using the standard package of statistical programs IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Results: bacteriological examination of nasal cavity and oropharynx microflora was performed in 27 (5,4%) children with AN, the results mainly showed Staphylococcus aureus. Systemic antibiotics, most often (96,5%) pill form of protected penicillins, were taken by 28 (5,6%) children. Homeopathic medicines were prescribed in 11% of cases (55 children), antihistamines – in 36,8% (194), intranasal glucocorticosteroids (GCS) – in 39,5% (197), immunotropic drugs – in 12,4 % (62). In most AN topical drugs were recommended for sanitizing the oropharynx and nasal cavity (in 89% and 86%, respectively). Rinsing with antiseptic solutions was prescribed in 43,3% of all cases (216 children), half of them (50,5% – 109 children) – miramistin, less often (21,6% – 108 children) – phytopreparations. Decongestants were prescribed to AN patients in 70,7% (353 children) of cases, topical preparations for the nasal cavity containing antiseptics or antibiotics – in 32,3% (161 children). Conclusion: in the system of children's outpatient service of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation in the majority of cases, topical drugs were prescribed for AN treatment. Bacteriological study of nasopharyngeal microbiome in AN is not informative and was carried out in 5,4% of cases to exclude bacterial pathogens. The use of intranasal corticosteroids (39,5%), immunotropic drugs (12,4%), antihistamines (36,8%) and homeopathic (11%) drugs should be considered unreasonable.