Hog Stomach Research Articles

Pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis with extract of hog stomach

Pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis with extract of hog stomach

IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS

1. Blood group substances have been prepared from human saliva, stomach, and amniotic fluid from individuals of blood group A(1) and A(2). Several of the saliva samples were obtained from individuals shown to be heterozygous, A(1)O. 2. The purified blood group A substances from human sources were similar in nitrogen, glucosamine, reducing sugar, and acetyl content. The A(1) and A(2) substances differed in optical rotation. All of the human A samples were levorotatory while those from hog stomach were dextrorotatory. 3. By two immunochemical criteria the various human preparations could be shown to fall into distinct groups, with respect to purity. The best products showed maximal activity and almost all of their glucosamine was specifically precipitable by anti-A. These samples of human A substance were only about one-half as effective in precipitating antibody to hog A substance formed in man as was homologous hog A substance although the same total amount of antibody was precipitable by excess of either antigen. 4. Human blood group A(1) substance was found to be antigenic in individuals of blood groups B and O but was not as good an antigen as hog A substance.

Factors Influencing the Production of Tetanal Toxin

Summary A modification of our original medium for the production of high levels of tetanal toxin is described. It possesses the advantage of greater simplicity of preparation and composition, and yields equally good, or somewhat better toxin. The earlier statement that our strain Cl. tetani does not withstand lyophilizing is corrected. There is evidence that more than one factor is involved in the stimulation of tetanus toxin production by hog stomach autolysate.

Effect of the Purified Blood Group A Substance on Permeability of the Capillaries

SummaryWith the aid of a new method it was found that the purified blood group A substance considerably increases capillary permeability. Similar results were obtained with the “inactive” substance purified by Kabat et at. from hog stomach, and probably closely related to the group O substance.

IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS

1. The microquantitative precipitin method can be used to compare the relative activity of different preparations of the blood group A substance from hog stomachs and to study the effect of chemical treatment upon its stability. 2. With samples of about 25 microg. antibody nitrogen, an error of +/-1.7 microg. antibody nitrogen will result in an error of +/-12 per cent in the estimation of the amount of A substance. 3. The blood group A substance showed no significant loss of activity at 37 degrees C. after 48 hours at pH 1.07 to 10.7 or after 2 hours at 100 degrees C. over a pH range from 2.97 to 7.58. Exposure at 100 degrees C. at pH 1.03 or at 9.03 or higher resulted in loss of activity. Parallel results were obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition and quantitative precipitin methods. 4. The solubility of specific precipitates of the blood group A substance from hog stomach and its homologous antibody formed in man was found to be about 1.6 microg. antibody N/ml. 5. A comparison is given of the chemical properties and activity of blood group A substances obtained by several procedures from pools of hog stomachs.

Blood Group A Substances in Commercial Hog Stomach Powder

IN a search for a convenient source of substances with blood group A specificity, dried hog stomach powder (Boots 'Pepsac') proved suitable. The usual sources, namely, dry gastric mucus and saliva from human secretors, were not readily available.

2. The prevention of induced peptic ulcer in dogs by feeding a hog stomach preparation

1. A series of dogs in one group were fed “yellow” cinchophen; each dog developed peptic ulceration, which was indistinguishable from peptic ulcer in humans. 2. A series of control dogs in another group was also fed yellow cinchophen in exactly the same way, but in addition, the dogs were fed a mucosal and submucosal preparation from the hog’s stomach and duodenum. 3. The dogs in the group which were fed the hog stomach and duodenal preparation with cinchophen did not develop peptic ulcers as did the dogs in the group who were fed the cinchophen alone. 4. It is suggested from these preliminary experiments that some support is present for the previously reported belief of the author that a “protective principle” is elaborated by the human gastric mucosa and that this “protects” the stomach from self-digestion, and ulcer formation. 5. A “protective principle” may also be contained in the mucosa of the hog’s stomach and duodenum which was effective in preventing peptic ulcers in dogs whose controls had induced peptic ulcers indistinguishable from human peptic ulcers.

On the Chemical Nature of the Thermolabile Fraction of the Reticulocyte Ripening Principle.

Summary.Some attempts to isolate the thermolabile fraction of the reti‐culocyte ripening principle from dessicated hog stomach are described.This gastric factor is found dialysable and when purified very little soluble in water. It is very labile. The factor can be divided into two fractions, one soluble and one insoluble in methanol. The strongest preparation from dessiccated hog stomach contains 75 % xanthine which can be isolated from the gastrix extract.Pure synthetic xanthine has a slight ripening effect. Hypo‐xanthine, 3‐methylxanthine, 4‐amino 5 formylamino 2–6 dio‐xypyrimidine, alloxan and alloxanthine have the same effect. Little or no effect have guanine, uric acid, theobromine, theo‐phylline, coffeine, 4‐amino 2–6 dioxypyrimidine, 4–5 diamino 2–6 dioxypyrimidine and barbituric acid.When xanthine is heated dry the ripening effect is not altered, but when heated in water, the effect disappears to reappear after standing.

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic principle in hog's stomach

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic principle in hog's stomach

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic principle in hog's stomach

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic principle in hog's stomach

Chemical Studies of the Intrinsic Factor in Desiccated Stomach and Normal Human Gastric Juice. I. Separation of the Intrinsic Factor

Conclusions1. The intrinsic factor which is present in desiccated hog stomach and normal gastric juice may be salted out from a solution saturated with ammonium sulfate. 2. The intrinsic factor after salting out with ammonium sulfate is not dialyzable.

Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Desiccated Stomach

SummaryA water extract of desiccated hog stomach acidified to pH 4.5 is active in the treatment of pernicious anemia. The hematopoietically active substance does not pass through the ultra-filter and is stable toward alkali. Stomach extracts inactivated by heat do not regenerate their hematopoietic activity by treatment with pepsin. An acid extract contains 2 factors, one heat-stable and the other heat-labile, both of which are necessary for the production of a reticulocyte response in a patient with pernicious anemia. An acid extract incubated for 8 hours produces a hematopoietically active substance which is soluble in 70% alcohol and which resists a temperature of 60°-65°C. for 30 minutes, but not a boiling temperature. Incubation in this manner produces a substance which is not so heat-stable as the anti-anemic principle in liver but which may be an intermediate product more heat-stable than the original stomach fractions.

Treatment of Anæmias

WE have received from Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., Nottingham, an illustrated booklet describing the different products issued by this firm for the treatment of the anaemias. ‘Pepsac’ is an active preparation of desiccated hog's stomach, which is given by mouth in pernicious anaemia: ‘Hepostab’ is an extract of liver specially prepared for intramuscular injection. It is suggested that treatment be commenced with ‘Hepostab’, especially if the case is a severe one, and continued from the fourth day onwards with ‘Pepsac’. Each batch of ‘Hepostab’ is subjected to clinical trial before issue. Both preparations, and especially ‘Pepsac’, are of great value in the treatment of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, the most severe complication of pernicious anaemia. Messrs. Boots also prepare liver extracts for oral administration, namely, compound fluid extract of liver?Boots, liquid extract of liver B.P., and dry extract of liver ?Boots. For the treatment of secondary anaemias, ‘Livron’ is recommended: this is an extract of liver yeast and malt with the addition of a full therapeutic dose of iron.

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

The presence of an antianemic factor in hog stomach and its therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of pernicious anemia were discovered by Sharp1and Sturgis and Isaacs.2The active principle present in stomach tissue was found to be thermolabile, and could not be extracted by the method of Cohn, used in preparing liver extracts. They further found that no therapeutic response was obtained when either the muscularis or the mucosa of the stomach was fed separately. It was necessary to administer both in order to obtain the active principle. This suggested that the interaction of an enzyme on protein, present in the whole stomach tissue, occurred after the organ was removed. However, the observations of Castle,3that by the action of normal gastric juice on muscle meat the active factor was formed, and of Morris,4that normal gastric juice contains this principle, indicated that the substance

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic substance in hog's stomach

Investigations on the nature of haemopoietin, the anti-anaemic substance in hog's stomach

Nursing the Pernicious Anemia Patient

TO many nurses pernicious anemia is an exceedingly rare disease and therefore not of special interest. To one, however, who has attended approximately 250 patients in the last two years, five out of six of whom had pernicious anemia, the disease no longer seems a rarity. The Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research, of the University of Michigan, is a hospital in Ann Arbor, Michigan, endowed in 1927 by Mrs. Thomas Henry Simpson of Detroit for research in the treatment of pernicious anemia, and it has aided greatly in the advancement of therapy for the disease. In 1926 Minot and Murphy discovered the value of liver in the treatment, and later workers developed liver extract. The next advance was intimately associated with this institution when Dr. C. C. Sturgis and Dr. Raphael Isaacs and the other members of the staff, discovered the value of desiccated hog stomach or ventriculin. The staff of the hospital recently perfected an even more satisfactory treatment in the intravenous injection of liver extract. This can care for the needs of the patient by monthly injections rather than the daily administration of the older substances.

Pernicious Anemia: The Behavior of Various Extracts of Stomach and Duodenum Used to Induce Remissions

Article1 April 1931Pernicious Anemia: The Behavior of Various Extracts of Stomach and Duodenum Used to Induce RemissionsELWOOD A. SHARP, M.D., RICHARD M. MCKEAN, M.D., ELMORE C. VONDER HEIDE, M.D.ELWOOD A. SHARP, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, RICHARD M. MCKEAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ELMORE C. VONDER HEIDE, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-4-10-1282 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn September, 1929, one of us (E. A. S.)1 reported the presence of an antianemic factor in desiccated hog stomach. The clinical evaluation of these stomach preparations in pernicious anemia was described by Sturgis and Isaacs2, and later by Renshaw3. Subsequently, the value of stomach tissue in this disease was confirmed by Connor4, Wilkinson5, Geuting6, Godel7, Jagic and Klima8 and others, working independently.Since the ratio of dried gastric tissue to raw substance is low, thereby entailing the daily use of 20 to 40 gm. of desiccated substance to induce a remission in pernicious anemia during a severe relapse, efforts...Bibliography1 SHARP EA An Antianemic Factor in Desiccated Stomach, J. A. M. A., 93:749 (Sept. 7) 1929. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2 STURGISISAACS CCR: Desiccated Stomach in the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia, J. A. M. A., 93:747-749 (Sept. 7) 1929. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 RENSHAW A: The Treatment of Pernicious Anemia with Desiccated Hog's Stomach, Brit. M. J., 1:334-335, (Feb. 22) 1930. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 CONNOR HM: The Treatment of Pernicious Anemia with Swine Stomach, J. A. M. A., 93:338-390 (Feb. 8) 1930. Google Scholar5 WILKINSON JF: Pernicious Anemia, Brit. M. J., 1:236-239, (Feb. 8) 1930. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 GEUTING H: Die Behandlung der Perniziösen Anämie mit einem Magensubstanz-Organpräparat, Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 56:1219-1220, (July 18) 1930. Google Scholar7 GODEL R: Behandlung der Perniziösen Anämie mit Ventraemon (Magenpräparat). Wien. klin. Wchnschr., 43:812-814 (June 26) 1930. Google Scholar8 JAGICKLIMA NR: Zur Therapie der Perniziösen Anämie mit Ventraemon. Wien. klin. Wchnschr., 43:877-878 (July 10) 1930. Google Scholar9 ISAACSSTURGIS RCC: Some Newer Remedies in the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia: Desiccated Stomach. J. A. M. A., 95:585-587 (Aug. 23) 1930. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10 RIDDLE MC: Pernicious Anemia: Blood Regeneration During Early Remission, Arch. Int. Med., 46:417-439 (Sept.) 1930. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Detroit, Michigan*From the Metabolism Section, Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Mich.†Material furnished by Parke, Davis & Company. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byVitamin B12 in the Blood and in the Liver of Normal and of Totally Gastrectomized PigsIntestinal Synthesis of Vitamins in the NonruminantHematopoietic Activity (Intrinsic Factor Effect) of Pure Pyloric Secretion from the HogFurther Investigations into the Localisation of the Antianemic Factor (»Intrinsic Factor») in the StomachDie Krankheiten des MagensExperimental Studies on Production of Pernicious Anemia by Operation on the Digestive Tract1Experimental studies on production of pernicious anemia by operation on the digestive tract1On the Antianemic Function of the Small Intestine1Blutkrankheiten und NervensystemOn the Presence of Antianemic Activity in the IIeal Part of the Small Intestine1EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER GASTROGENE ANÄMIEN (BEI HUNDEN)The relation of gastrectomy to anemiaThe Presence of the Antianaemic Factor in Preparations of Dried Stomach Substance from the Cardia, Fundus and Pylorus Respectively1.Physiologie und Pathologie des Antiperniciosaprinzips 1 April 1931Volume 4, Issue 10Page: 1282-1286KeywordsBehaviorDuodenumPernicious anemiaStomach Issue Published: 1 April 1931 PDF downloadLoading ...

TREATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA WITH HOG'S STOMACH: REPORT OF 108 CASES

The successful results of some experiments upon the value of hog's stomach tissues in the treatment of pernicious anaemia were published in a preliminary report upon nine cases so treated in the laboratory.1 It was found that very good results could be obtained either with uncooked fresh hog's stomach tissues or desiccated preparations of the same. By using such active products in cases of pernicious anaemia remissions were initiated more quickly and progress was better maintained than with the liver treatment. Subjective symptoms, such as glossitis, par aesthesiae, and gastro-intestinal disturbances, were mucli more rapidly and satisfactorily relieved without the aid of the mixture of hydrochloric acid and pepsin so often necessary in liver therapy. In 1929 Sturgis, Isaacs, and Sharp,2 working independently along similar lines, reported remission in three cases, using a desiccated preparation. More recently they have made observations upon thirty nine cases of pernicious anaemia for periods up to ten weeks.3 These results have been confirmed by workers in other countries, but the number of cases reported has been few, while the periods of observation have not been sufficiently long to indicate the real value of this form of therapy. Conner4 has reported six cases and Rosenow5 two where similar treatment was employed for pernicious anaemia. Meulengracht and Hecht-Johansen6 obtained satisfactory responses using desiccated preparations, but failed to get an active extract (one case) according to Cohn's method with liver. Ungley7 also failed to produce remissions in two cases treated with fresh sheep's stomach. I have confirmed this result using the desiccated prepara tion. Five cases have been recorded by Snapper and Dupreez8 as having been successfully treated with hog's stomach, while Hitzenberger,9 Faber,10 Winge,11 and Lambin and Steenhoudt12 have also obtained satisfactory results in a smaller number of cases.