History Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Epidemiological characteristics of typhus in China, 1950-2021

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhus in China from 1950 to 2021, and discuss the challenges in typhus prevention and control in China and suggest future prevention and control strategies. Methods: Based on the reported data of typhus from 1950 to 2021 in China from the Infectious Disease History Database of China Public Health Science Data Center and the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, we conducted a descriptive statistical analysis. Mann-Kendall test and circular distribution method were used to analyze the incidence, mortality and case fatality of typhus to reveal the temporal, spatial and population distributions and diagnosis of typhus in China. Results: From 1950 to 2021, a total of 452 965 typhus cases and 7 339 typhus deaths were reported in China, with the cases numbers exceeding 10 000 in 14 years of the 1950s, 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Since 1990s, the reported cases and incidence rate of typhus have decreased dramatically and the most cases were sporadic. However, the reported typhus cases in Anhui, Hubei, Hunan Provinces showed significant uptrends. Although typhus could occur all the year round, but the seasonality was observed with the incidence mainly in summer and autumn. For different provinces from the north to the south, the peaks of typhus' monthly incidence tended to shift to earlier dates. The male to female ratio of the cases was 1.01∶1 (18 529∶18 366). However, more cases occurred in women in recent years. The cases aged ≤9 years accounted for the highest proportion (18.9%), but the number of cases aged ≥50 years showed an upward trend. Most cases were farmers with the proportion increasing year by year. Moreover, the cases in students and scattered-living children also accounted for relatively higher proportions. The median of the interval between onset and diagnosis of typhus was 6 days. Most cases were clinically diagnosed, while the proportion of laboratory-confirmed cases was low and most laboratory cases were confirmed by Well-Felix reaction. Conclusions: Although the incidence and mortality of typhus in China has decreased significantly, the risk for local typhus outbreaks still exists. The prevention and control of typhus still face many challenges. It is indispensable to strengthen the pathogen detection and surveillance for typhus in China.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Typical Cold-Induced Urticaria: A Case Reports

Background: Urticaria is a common disease in society. 15-25% of individuals must have experienced urticaria at least once in their life. Cold urticaria is included in the type of chronic inducible urticaria and is a type of urticaria that accounts for 3% of cases of all types of chronic urticaria that occur. The age group that most suffers from urticaria is the age 12-25 years. This study was aimed at presenting the diagnosis and treatment of cold urticaria.
 Case presentation: A 29-year-old woman came with complaints of itching and redness on the hands, feet, and neck, starting with a small round reddish rash that widened and the center was paler than the edges, then disappeared within 1-2 hours, there is no a history of infectious or autoimmune diseases but has a family history of the same complaint. Examination of the ice cube test obtained positive results after 7 minutes of contact with ice cubes. Patients were given therapy in the form of cetirizine 10 mg per day for 2 weeks, which was then increased by a dose of 20 mg with a combination of cetirizine 10 mg in the morning and loratadine 10 mg at night.
 Conclusion: Exploration of precipitating factors through detailed anamnesis and supporting examinations with a cold stimulation test can establish a diagnosis of typical cold-induced urticaria.

Hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dan pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting tahun 2022 di Kelurahan Fatukbot, Nusa Tenggara Timur

Stunting is a condition where toddlers have a height that is less than the height of toddlers his age. The prevalence of stunting under five in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) has decreased from 30% (2019) to 21% (2021). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between feeding patterns and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting in Fatukbot Village, NTT. This study uses a Case Control method approach. The population in this study were stunted toddlers aged one to five years in the Fatukbot village, NTT. In this study, respondents recruited were 243 respondents where 81 respondents for case and 162 for the control groups. Control sampling used a variable matching method with LBW criteria, history of infectious diseases, maternal anemia and economic status. Feeding patterns were measured by collect information of food frequency and exclusive breastfeeding through questionnaires. The chi square test was employed for data analysis technique. The results showed that there was a significant association between feeding patterns and the incidence of stunting, X2 (1, N=243) = 0.21, p= 0.00. The results also showed that there was a significant association between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting, X2 (1, N=243) = 0.29, p = 0.00, meaning that exclusive breastfeeding was a protective factor against stunting. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of regular and good practice of feeding patterns and exclusive breastfeeding. Stunting could be reduced by implementing exclusive breastfeeding that is expected to be practiced until the babies aged 6 months and continue breastfeed until the age of 2 years. Food intake, variation and frequency eat in a day, should be monitored, at least, until under five years old.

Traditional Tibetan medicine to fight against COVID-19: Basic theory and therapeutic drugs.

The Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading globally and has caused severe harm to the health of people and a substantial social burden. In response to this situation, experts around the world have considered various treatments, including the use of traditional medicine. Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM), one of the traditional medicines in China, has played an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases in history. It has formed a solid theoretical foundation and accumulated rich experience in the treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the basic theory, treatment strategies, and commonly used drugs of TTM for the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, the efficacies and potential mechanisms of these TTM drugs against COVID-19 are discussed based on available experimental data. This review may provide important information for the basic research, clinical application and drug development of traditional medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 or other infectious diseases. More pharmacological studies are needed to reveal the therapeutic mechanisms and active ingredients of TTM drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.

Acquired susceptibility to autoimmune diseases in pediatric patients with Escherichia coli infection: A population-matched retrospective cohort study

BackgroundEscherichia coli (E.coli) infection has been proposed to play an important role as an initial trigger in the development of autoimmunity via molecular mimicry. However, there has been no preliminary cohort study to establish the association of E.coli infection with autoimmune diseases. Therefore, we conducted a large scale, population-matched cohort study to determine the risk of autoimmune disease among patients with exposure to E.coli. MethodsUtilizing the National Health Insurance Service database, we retrospectively analyzed a total of 259,875 Korean children that consisted of 23,625 exposed and 236,250 unexposed persons from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2017. The exposed cohort was defined as patients diagnosed with E.coli infection. Unexposed controls were matched by birth year and sex at a 1:10 ratio for each exposed patient, using incidence density sampling. The primary outcome was autoimmune disease development. We used the Cox model to estimate the risks of autoimmune diseases among patients diagnosed with E.coli infection. ResultsOver a mean follow-up of 10 years, there were 1455 autoimmune disease cases among exposed patients (incidence rate, 63.6 per 10,000 person-years) and 11,646 autoimmune disease cases among unexposed persons (incidence rate, 50.4 per 10,000 person-years), with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.254 (95% CI 1.187–1.325). E.coli infection was associated with increased risks of autoimmune diseases; Reactive arthritis, HR 1.487, 95% CI 1.131–1.956; Henoch Schönlein purpura, HR 1.265, 95% CI 1.050–1.524; Systemic lupus erythematosus, HR 1.838, 95% CI 1.165–2.898; Sjögren's syndrome, HR 2.002, 95% CI 1.342–2.987; IgA nephropathy, HR 1.613, 95% CI 1.388–1.874. Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curves also showed a significant association between E.coli infection and incident autoimmune disease (p < 0.0001). This relationship was not only independent of demographic variables, but also remained consistent across various sensitivity analyses. On the other hand, patients with longer hospital stay for E.coli infection were at a higher risk of autoimmune disease (p = 0.0003), and the risk of autoimmune disease also tended to increase, as the frequency of E.coli infection was higher. Moreover, the relative risk of autoimmune disease seemed to be attenuated by use of antibiotics and a history of intestinal infectious disease, but elevated by coexistence of other autoimmune diseases. ConclusionsOur cohort study indicates that E.coli infection was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, even after adjusting for different factors. Thus, among environmental factors, a previous history of E.coli infection could be a predisposing risk factor in the development of autoimmune diseases.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO STUNTING PADA ANAK BALITA DI DESA WAGIR KIDUL, PULUNG, PONOROGO

Objective: Stunting is a condition where a child's height is shorter than the height of other children his age. Stunting can interfere with brain development, intelligence, physical growth disorders, and metabolic disorders in the body and even cause other dangerous diseases such as cancer and stroke.Methods: The purpose of this study was to determine the dominant factor influencing the incidence of stunting in the working area of the UPT Puskesmas Pulung, Ponorogo Methods: This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design and quantitative analysis. This study has a sample of 32 people. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. Data analysis using Logistic Linear Regression.Results: The results showed that history of infectious diseases, environmental sanitation, economic factors, mother's knowledge, and parenting patterns significantly affected the stunting status of toddlers with a p-value less than (0.05).Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is expected that health workers will provide health education related to stunting, prevention methods through fulfilling nutrition, good sanitation, and preventing infection in children

Analysis of Nutritional Status of Batita in Taman Rahayu Village, Working Area of Puskesmas Setu II Bekasi

According to the results of the Indonesian Nutrition Status Study (SSGI) in children aged 0-59 months out of 153,228 it was found that 7.1% of children were wasted with the highest cases being in Maluku (12.0%) and the lowest being in Bali (3). ,0 %). Meanwhile, in West Java, 5.3% of children were found. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional status of toddlers in Taman Rahayu Village, the working area of ​​the Setu II Health Center in Bekasi. This research is an analytic survey research using a cross sectional research design with a population of 357 people and a sample of 79 people selected using random sampling technique. Data was taken using a questionnaire which was then processed using a statistical program. The research found that most of the toddlers (75.9%) were well nourished and only 6.3% of toddlers were malnourished. Most of them received poor parenting (72.2%), had low income (77.2%), had no history of infectious diseases (94.9%) and had poor knowledge (67.1%). The results of the statistical analysis found factors related to the nutritional status of toddlers, namely upbringing (p value = 0.008), while unrelated factors were income (p value = 0.107), history of infectious diseases (p value = 0.224), and knowledge (p value = 0.089).

Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Balita di Puskesmas Alak Kota Kupang Tahun 2022

Stunting is a condition where there is failure to thrive in children under five caused by chronic malnutrition so that the child is too short for his age. The prevalence of short and very short toddlers aged 0-59 months in Indonesia in 2017 was 9.8% and 19.8%, respectively. This condition increased from the previous year, namely the prevalence of very short toddlers at 8.5% and short toddlers by 9%. The province with the highest prevalence of stunting or stunting aged 0-59 months is East Nusa Tenggara while the lowest province of stunting is Bali. Alak Health Center is a health center that is included in the priority of treatment stunting in Kupang City, NTT. This study aims to determine what factors can affect the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of ​​the Alak Health Center. The type of research used is an analytical survey research with a case-control. The sample size in this study amounted to 188 mothers who have children under five, including 94 toddlers with stunting and 94 toddlers who are not stunted. Analysis of the data used is univariable analysis and bivariable analysis with statistical tests using chi-square. The results showed that the factors related to the incidence of stunting were poor parenting (p-value =0.000), history of infectious diseases (p-value =0.002), and parental income (p-value =0.001) were factors that affect the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Health centers are expected to take advantage of promotional media health in order to increase maternal knowledge about the dangers of stunting and its prevention.

Correlation Between History of Infectious Disease with Stunting in Toddler

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem caused by a long period of malnutrition. Prolonged malnutrition can decrease body resistance, making it susceptible to disease. This study aims to analyze the correlation of the history of infectious disease with stunting cases in toddlers at the Working Area of Sumberjambe Health Center. The research design used a correlation design with a cross-sectional study approach. The sample of this research was 376 toddlers. For the sampling technique, we used stratified random sampling. The research was conducted in May 2021 using questionnaire instruments. Analyze the data using the Spearman Rho test with an α = 0.05. Result: Based on data analysis obtained from 376 respondents, 274 respondents (72.9%) experienced a history of diseases with frequent categories, and 102 respondents (27.1%) experienced a history of diseases with infrequency categories. This study concludes with a correlation between historical infectious diseases and stunting. Based on the results regarding health promotion, the prevention of recurrent or sustainable pain in toddlers needs to be improved to overcome the problem of stunting. Moreover, giving health promotion advice for mothers to provide exclusive breast milk and nutritious food and maintain food hygiene and shelter for children are essential to avoid stunting.

Clinical Characteristics of Posner-Schlossman Syndrome Patients in China.

To explore the clinical characteristics of Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) patients in China, especially the risk factors associated with the dynamic changes of corneal endothelial cell (CEC) density and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness during the course of the disease. In this retrospective cohort study, patients consequently suffering from PSS were recruited. Patients data including gender, age of onset, frequency of attack, and disease duration. We performed detailed ophthalmology examinations including intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), assessing RNFL thickness, and determined CEC density in the outpatient department. The unaffected eyes served as control. We recruited 121 patients (eyes, n = 125), including 69 (57.0%) males and 52 (43.0%) females with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. The age of first-onset was 33.81 ± 13.63 years old. The majority of these patients were aged 20-50 years (80.2%). The peak IOP was 47.67 ± 13.31 mmHg in the affected eyes. The frequency of PSS attack was 2.7 ± 3.7 times per year. The disease duration was 9.5 ± 10.4 years. Among all patients, there were 27 (22.31%) patients with a history of digestive disorders, 25 (20.66%) patients with a history of allergies, and 24 (19.83%) patients with a history of infectious disease. In the affected eyes, CEC density (2532.94 ± 490.83/mm2 vs. 2777.13 ± 356.87/mm2, p < 0.001), the RNFL thickness of four quadrants (superior 105.46 ± 29.86 μm vs. 121.33 ± 17.30 μm, p < 0.001; temporal 74.58 ± 22.21 μm vs. 81.94 ± 18.20 μm, p = 0.009; inferior 110.50 ± 33.42 μm vs. 128.29 ± 14.39 μm, p < 0.001; nasal 54.85 ± 14.48 μm vs. 63.49 ± 15.40 μm, p < 0.001) and central papillary (87.11 ± 21.18 μm vs. 99.18 ± 7.97 μm, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced compared to the fellow eyes. The disease duration and recurrent frequency were significantly associated with CEC density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029) and the disease duration was significantly associated with RNFL thickness (p = 0.002). In this study, CEC loss and RNFL thinning were present in the affected eyes. Our results indicated that disease duration and recurrent frequency played an important role in the progression of PSS.

THE ROLE OF THE HEALTH SERVICE IN HEALTH PROMOTION TO MANAGE STUNTING PREVALENCE IN KERAMAT MUFAKAT VILLAGE, CENTRAL ACEH DISTRICT

The background of this research is that the number of toddlers affected by cases of malnutrition (stunting) in the village of Keramat Mufakat is as many as 17 toddlers affected by malnutrition (stunting) out of the 100 toddlers, including those in Bebesen District with details of 17 toddlers found in the village of Keramat Mufakat . Research Methods Researchers used a type of qualitative population research and the samples taken were claimed to be informants. The expected informant criteria include: standards of knowledge and standards of behavior towards nutritious food that is far from the risk of stunting. This research was conducted in Keramat Mufakat Village, Bebesen District, Central Aceh District. This research was conducted in the village of Keramat Mufakat, Bebesen sub-district, Central aceh district on September 25, 2022. Research results Based on the results of this study, it was found that most children received exclusive breastfeeding. This is because the majority of mothers have employment status as housewives or do not have a job which can make it difficult for mothers of toddlers to exclusively breastfeed. In addition, there are problems regarding the lack of breastfeeding for mothers, and regarding the problem of income for parents who are unable to meet family needs so that most toddlers are not given or assisted with formula milk, but are only given breast milk and continue until the age of 2 years. Conclusion In the study in the village of Keramat Mufakat there were 17 toddlers who experienced malnutrition (stunting). Significant risk factors for stunting were history of complementary feeding, history of infectious diseases,

Analyzing Nutritional Factors that Affect Toddler’s Stunting in Malang Regency, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: The proportion of short and very short toddlers in Indonesia is 30.8%. East Java is among the 18 provinces with high prevalence (30%–&lt;40%), having made Malang Regency included among the 100 regencies/cities prioritized for intervention. AIM: This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic and nutritional factors affecting toddler’s stunting in Malang Regency, Indonesia. DESIGN AND METHODS: A case–control analytic survey research with retrospective approach was used: An epidemiologic observation design to study the effect of exposures to diseases or other health problems occurrences. The investigation was conducted during July to August time period through observation, weight measurement and interview in order to collect the data about mother’s knowledge, childcare practices, household food security, healthcare services, access to clean water, economic and socio-cultural background, parenting practices, and causes of stunting. The data were processed using SPSS 16.0, bivariate analysis (Chi-square), and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression testing with odds ratio and confidence interval calculation. RESULTS: Parenting practices of the toddlers were not ideal, with only 60% of mothers had good knowledge about stunting. About 76% of the stunted toddlers’ households had insecure food availability and security. Up to 98% of the mothers with stunted toddlers received blood-boosting tablets during pregnancy from health-care services; however, interview results disclosed that they were not consumed. As many as, 98% of the households got access to clean water from Malang Municipal Waterworks and 2% from closed well. A total of 96% of the households made income fewer than Malang Regency’s minimum wage. The stunted toddlers’ households who had eating restrictions during pregnancy and breastfeeding were 13%. Most stunted toddlers as many as 76% were taken care of by their biological mothers, while the remaining 24% by grandmothers or other relatives. Thus, the causes of stunting from the most to the least dominant were as follows: Household’s income, exclusive breastfeeding, household size, father’s education, mother’s nutritional knowledge, household’s food security, mother’s level of education, toddler’s energy intake, appropriate feedings of weaning food, toddler’s fat intake, toddler’s history of infectious diseases, sociocultural background, toddler’s protein intake, mother’s occupation, household’s nutritional awareness behavior, and the completeness of immunization. CONCLUSION: Stunting main risk factors are household income, size, history of breastfeeding, father’s education and occupation. Factors which are not significantly related to stunting include household nutritional awareness and behavior, hygiene, socio-economic status, energy and micronutrients intake, toddler’s food and vitamin A compliment, toddler’s status and characteristics, and maternal health services.

Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Stunting in Naibonat Village, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, in 2022

Background: Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five years old (children under five) due to chronic malnutrition in the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK) and is based on the BB/U or TB/U index with a z-score limit of less than -2 SD to - 3 SD. Stunting can be caused by several factors, namely exclusive breastfeeding, father's education, mother's education, family income, number of children. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in the Naibonat Village, Kupang Regency in 2022. Subjects and Method: This is a case-control study conducted in Naibonat Village, East Kupang, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, in September-October 2022. There were 134 children under five consisting of 67 stunted children under five and 67 children under five who were not stunted. The dependent variable is the incidence of stunting. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding, history of infectious diseases, father's education, mother's education, family income, history of LBW, and number of children. Data were collected using observation sheets and analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Not exclusively breastfed (OR= 4.12; 95% CI= 1.84 to 9.24; p&lt; 0.001), history of father's education was low (OR= 0.34; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.89; p= 0.024), history of mother's education was low (OR= 0.17; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.65; p= 0.004), low family income (OR= 0.23; 95% CI= 0.08 to 0.62; p= 0.002), and history of LBW (OR= 0.48; 95% CI= 0.40 to 0.51; p= 0.042) related to the incidence of stunting, and statistically significant. Conclusion: A history of exclusive breastfeeding, a history of low father education, a history of low maternal education, low family income, and a history of LBW are statistically related to the incidence of stunting. Keywords: stunting, risk factors, children under five.

Relationships between Exclusive Breastfeeding, and History of Illness, and Stunting in Children Under Five

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding can affect a child's immune system against infectious diseases and malnutrition. Children under five who experience repeated infectious diseases and malnutrition will have the opportunity to experience stunting problems. Riskesdas (2018) shows that the prevalence of stunting under five in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is higher (42.6%) than the average prevalence of stunting in Indonesia (30.8%). The results of the initial survey found that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding was very low and the morbidity rate for children under five was still high in the Working Area of the Kokar Health Center, Alor Barat Laut District, Alor Regency, NTT. Subjects and Method: A case control study conducted in Adang Village, the work area of the Kokar Health Center, Alor Barat Laut District, Alor Regency in October-November 2021. The size of the study sample was 132 toddlers with 66 case samples and 66 control samples taken by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the incidence of stunting. The independent variables were the history of exclusive breastfeeding and the history of illness. The analysis used is simple logistic regression analysis and followed by Odd Ratio (OR) analysis. Results: The history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=4.57; CI95%= 1.58 to 13.21; p= 0.003) and the history of illness (OR=5.33; CI95%= 2.53 to 11.24; p &lt;0.001) were associated with the incidence of stunting. Further test results showed that every child under five who had a history of bad exclusive breastfeeding had a 4.5 times greater risk of experiencing stunting and a child under five who had a history of illness more often had a 5.3 times greater risk of experiencing stunting. Conclusion: The incidence of stunting in the Northwest Alor District, Alor Regency, NTT Province is influenced by a history of exclusive breastfeeding and a history of infectious diseases or illness. Keywords: history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of illness, incidence of stunting, infectious diseases, nutritional intake Correspondence: Intje Picauly, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, Jl. Adi Sucipto Penfui, Penfui, Maulafa, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Mobile: +62822-3714-5517. Email: intjepicauly@staf.undana.ac.id. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2023), 08(01): 116-124 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2023.08.01.11

A criticism on the article "History of Bacterial Infection Diseases in Iran"

1- Department of Medical History, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Rezaei.history93@gmail.com

Determinan Stunting pada Anak Usia 0-24 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Indrajaya Kabupaten Pidie Tahun 2022

Stunting or short is a condition where children experience failure to grow and develop so that children have a shorter height than the standard age. The prevalence of stunting at the Indrajaya Public Health Center was 240 cases. The purpose of this study was to find out what factors were associated with the incidence of stunting in children aged 0-24 months in the Indrajaya Public Health Center, Pidie Regency in 2022. This type of research was observational analytic with a case control approach. The population is all mothers of infants aged 0-24 months as many as 70 mothers of infants in the Caleue settlement. Sampling in this study was conducted in the Caleue settlement, which consisted of 26 mothers of infants who experienced stunting as cases and as many as 26 mothers of infants who did not experience stunting as controls (control). Data collection from February 27 to March 04 using a questionnaire through interviews. Data analysis using Chi-Square test SPSS program. The results of the study there was a relationship between energy and protein intake p = 0.003, there was a relationship between Low Birth Weight p = 0.005, there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding p = 0.012, there was a relationship between Early Breastfeeding Initiation p = 0.023, there was a relationship between history of infectious diseases p = 0.023 = 0.011, there is a relationship between family income p = 0.048 and there is a relationship between mother's knowledge p = 0.025 with stunting. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the seven variables have a stunting relationship in the Indrajaya Public Health Center Work Area, Pidie Regency in 2022. It is expected that health workers can provide counseling regarding stunting prevention in children under two, such as providing adequate energy and protein intake.

Science battles viral diseases: a roundtable discussion with leading experts on COVID-19, hepatitis and AIDS.

The Science Popularization and Education Committee of the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASAD) invited the CAS Institutes of Science and Development (CASISD) and National Science Review (NSR) to organize a roundtable discussion of viral infectious diseases on 11 October 2022. During this extensive discussion, experts introduced the history and background of virus and viral infectious diseases. They explained the function of human's immune system. In addition, they answered frequently asked questions by the public such as the efficacy and safety of COVID vaccines, the cost of disease treatment and the threat of latest monkey pox outbreak. Chen Dong () Professor, director of Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute Fu-Sheng Wang () MD., director of the Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases George Fu Gao () Professor, former director-general of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) Zhonghe Zhou (, Chair) Associate director of the Science Popularization and Education Committee of CASAD, professor of CAS Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and associate editor-in-chief of NSR Yiming Shao () Professor, deputy director of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, former chief expert on AIDS, China CDC.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR TERJADINYA STUNTING PADA BALITA USIA 3 – 5 TAHUN DI KECAMATAN CIKAKAK KABUPATEN SUKABUMI

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers, characterized by a shorter height than their age. According to data from the Sukabumi District Health Office, the Prevalence of stunting at the Cikakak Public Health Center is the highest compared to other health centres. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with stunting in toddlers aged 3-5 years in Cikakak District, Sukabumi Regency, in 2021. This study used a cross-sectional design. The subjects studied were toddlers aged 3-5 years in the Cikakak district. The samples were 144 respondents using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The data used in this study are primary data using measurement and questionnaire interviews. The data analysis used in this study was univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between under-five factors such as low birth weight (0.036), history of infectious disease (&lt;0.001) and parental factors such as maternal age (0.004), mother's education (0.015), income (0.001), exclusive breastfeeding (0.023), and knowledge maternal nutrition (&lt;0.001). In response to this, it is necessary to educate mothers about the importance of preventing stunting for toddlers so that in the future, the stunting rate in Cikakak District can decrease.

Relationship Between Economic Status, Infectious Diseases and Urinary Iodine Excretion with Stunting Incidence of Elementary School Children in IDD Endemic Areas, Enrekang Regency

This study aimed to determine the relationship of economic status, infectious diseases, and Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) with the incidence of stunting in elementary school children in IDD endemic areas, Enrekang Regency. This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. Subjects in this study were taken by purposive sampling as many as 100 children aged 6-12 years. Research data were collected using a questionnaire, microtoise, and UIE Lab Test and then processed using the chi-square test. The results showed that the proportion of stunting was 72.2% and normal was 28.0%, the low family economy was 82.0%, infectious disease was 79.0%, and low urinary iodine deficiency was 21.0%. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between economic status (p=0.045) and infectious diseases (p=0.012) with the incidence of stunting, but there was no relationship between UIE and stunting (p=1,000). The economic status of parents and a history of infectious diseases contribute to the incidence of stunting. Modification of parents' crops by harvesting crops in a short time is recommended to increase family income and increasing children's healthy and clean behaviour is considered necessary to prevent infectious diseases.

Association of infectious disease history with wasting among Indonesian toddler in coastal areas

Background: Wasting prevalence in Indonesian toddler has been decreasing from 2013 to 2018 (12.12-10.19%), but this number remains in medium category according to WHO. Identification of risk factors by looking at infectious disease history as the cause of wasting can provide information to appropriate intervention. This research aimed to analyze the association between infectious disease history with wasting in toddler.Methods: This research was an observational analytic study with cross sectional approach, which was carried out for 6 months, from April to October 2021. The sample population was children aged 36-59 months, who lived with their mothers in the coastal areas of the Siau Tagulandang Biaro Regency, North Sulawesi Province. Sampling was done by purposive sampling to get 221 samples. Data collection using questionnaires by interview, secondary data in the maternal and child health (MCH) book, and anthropometric measurements namely body mass index by age, for wasting variables.Results: The results showed the history of infectious disease (p value =0.045; OR=3.491) and mother’s education (p value =0.025) have significant relationship with wasting among Indonesian toddler. The results of the analysis on history of exclusive breast feeding, birthweight, immunization status and father’s education, showed no significant relationship with wasting (p&gt;0.05).Conclusions: Wasting among toddler can be prevent by controlling many factors, such as keeping them safe from infectious diseases, also ensure that every mother and mother-to-be gets a proper education.