History Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Factors correlating with circulating T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance (TZUS) in dogs resident in Italy

T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance (TZUS) share the same phenotypic pattern (CD45-CD5+) with T-zone lymphoma cells and were first described a few years ago in the peripheral blood (PB) of healthy aged American Golden retrievers (GR). History of bladder and eye disease increased the odd of circulating TZUS in the American GR population. Since differences among dogs may exist according to the geographical region of origin, herein we screened 489 PB samples to assess potential factors predisposing to the presence of circulating TZUS in dogs living in Italy. Overall, TZUS were found in 174 (35.6%) samples. Among 83 clinical variables, significant associations emerged with sex, age, diagnosis of neoplasia, history of neoplasia, history of infectious or parasitic disease, history of osteoarticular disease, presence of traumatic lesions or foreign bodies, and lymphocytes count. Only age and history of neoplasia retained significance at multivariate analysis (p=0.019 and p=0.036, respectively). Thus, older age and history of neoplasia are the main factors associated with circulating TZUS in Italian dogs. Future studies should focus on elucidating the biological role of TZUS and determining reproducible criteria for their identification, distinguishing them from infiltrating TZL.

The Risk Factors for Stunting in Children Aged 6-59 Months: A Study of Case Control in A Sub Urban Area

Indonesia currently has a high incidence of stunting. The stunting prevalence in Bogor Regency is 28,6%, which is higher than the national stunting prevalence. Padasuka Village is categorized as sub-urban. Factors causing stunting can differ depending on the characteristics of the area. The objective of the study was to analyze the factors that cause stunting in children aged 6-59 months in sub-urban areas. Observational research method with case control design was conducted from December 2022 to June 2023. The research location was Padasuka Village, Bogor Regency. Data on children under five years old were weight, height, history of infectious diseases, exclusive breastfeeding, immunization, macro and micronutrient intake and maternal knowledge. Data were collected using a questionnaire with interview techniques. Nutrient intake data were obtained using a 2x24 hour food recall form. The study sample sizes were 41 cases and 41 controls, making a total of 82 subjects. Statistical analysis using SPSS 16 for Windows software used univariate analysis to see the description of each research variable and analysis of the relationship between variables (bivariate) using the Chi-Square test for characteristic data and independent t-test for intake data. The results of the analysis were birth weight (p-value=0,012), birth length (p-value=0,012), energy intake (p-value=0,002), carbohydrate intake (p-value=0,024), and protein intake (p-value=0,037) had significant differences between the stunting group and the normal group. Birth weight, birth length, energy intake, carbohydrate intake, and protein intake are risk factors for stunting in children under five years old in sub-urban areas.

Risk Factors for Maternal Mortality in Banyumas Regency in 2022

Abstract Introduction: Maternal mortality Rate (MMR) in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia fluctuates. In 2022, it was the highest in Central Java Province with 24 cases spread across 14 Puskesmas. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors affecting maternal mortality consisting of maternal education level, anemia status, nutritional status, and history of infectious diseases.Methods: This type of research was a case control study with a sample size of 24 cases and 48 controls. The sampling method was total sampling. Education level, infectious disease, anemia, and nutritional status were investigated. This study was conducted on July to September 2023 in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed with chi square tests and logistic regression.Results: The results showed that factors that increase the risk of maternal mortality were having a history of infectious diseases (OR = 5.84; 95% CI = 1.46 - 23.33, p = 0.012) and maternal Chronic Energy Deficiency (OR = 3.98; 95% CI = 1.32 - 12.01, p = 0.014).Conclusion: The risk factors for maternal mortality were infectious diseases and maternal Chronic Energy Deficiency. Early detection of risk factors such as history of infectious disease and Chronic Energy Deficiency are needed so prevention efforts can be planned. The improvement of antenatal and postnatal care through increasing the quality of health workers by providing technical and non-technical skills, especially village midwives is very important.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Status Gizi Anak Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sikumana

Nutritional status is a picture of the balance of nutrient intake that enters the body with what the body needs. Toddlers are an important age group in the growth and development of children physically and mentally. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the nutritional status of toddlers in the Sikumana Health Center working area. This study used a cross-sectional study approach. The sample consisted of 94 toddlers with a simple random sampling technique. Research data collection using questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed using the Rank Spearman correlation test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results of the study according to the WHZ, indicate that there is a significant relationship between energy intake (p=0.000) protein intake (p=0.000) household food expenditure (p=0.001) maternal nutritional knowledge (p=0.003) maternal education (p=0.019) maternal employment (p=0.003) exclusive breastfeeding history (p = 0.036) history of infectious diseases (p = 0.000). The results of the study according to the WAZ, shows that there is a relationship between energy intake (p=0.000) protein intake (p=0.001) household food expenditure (p=0.002) maternal nutritional knowledge (p=0.001) the history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.019) and the history of infectious diseases (p=0.002). In this study, maternal education (p=0.909) and maternal employment (p=0.076) were not related to the nutritional status of toddlers. There is a need to increase counseling activities on nutrition awareness to increase community knowledge, especially mothers. So that mothers can pay attention to the nutritional aspects that toddlers will receive to meet their body's needs.

Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif, Kelengkapan Imunisasi Dasar dan Penyakit Infeksi pada Balita Usia 1-5 Tahun dengan Kejadian Wasting Di Kabupaten Tuban

Wasting is a malnutrition condition where the toddler's weight does not match the height or z-score value of < - 2SD. One of the direct factors that affect the nutritional status of toddlers or the occurrence of wasting is a history of exclusive breastfeeding, completeness of basic immunizations and infectious diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding, completeness of basic immunization, and infectious diseases with the incidence of wasting in toddlers aged 1-5 years in Tuban Regency. This type of research is cross sectional. The population in this study of all wasting toddlers in Tuban Regency in 2022 was 6,240, and a sample of 400 wasting toddlers from 10 health centers with the highest wasting prevalence in Tuban Regency. The sampling technique used is cluster random sampling, a collection method using secondary data from each puskesmas. The results of the study conducted after being analyzed using SPSS 26 for windows with the spearman test obtained (p < 0.05) then H1 was accepted. For exclusive breastfeeding history (p = 0.000), baseline immunization history (p = 0.000) and infectious disease history (p = 0.000).

Determinants Of Height Coverage Of Children Just Entering Elementary School (Sd) In Puskesmas Wolojita And Puskesmas Onekore Ende District

Stunting is a condition of failure to grow in children due to chronic malnutrition in the first 1000 days of life (HPK). The incidence of stunting in children can be caused by several factors, namely family income, history of infectious diseases, history of nutritional status, mother's education, parenting patterns, mother's knowledge, and food consumption patterns. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that determine the height coverage of children entering elementary school in Ende Regency. This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional research. A sample of 61 first grade elementary school students was selected using probability sampling. The research was conducted in August 2023-April 2024. Univariate and bivariate data analysis using the chi-square test. The test results showed the disease history factor (p-value : 0.027; ρ maternal knowledge about nutrition (p-value : 0.009; ρ x,y: 0.212; OR : 1.128; 95%CI : 0.003-3.131); consumption patterns (p-value : 0.002; ρ and nutritional status (p-value : 1 ; ρ of elementary school children in Ende Regency.

Structured Literature Review to Identify Human Papillomavirus's Natural History Parameters for Dynamic Population Models of Vaccine Impacts.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus that can cause cervical cancer and other diseases. Dynamic transmission models (DTMs) have been developed to evaluate the health and economic impacts of HPV vaccination. These models typically include many parameters, such as natural history of the disease, transmission, demographic, behavioral, and screening. To ensure the accuracy of DTM projections, it is important to parameterize them with the best available evidence. This study aimed to identify and synthesize data needed to parametrize DTMs on the natural history of HPV infection and related diseases. Parameters describing data of interest were grouped by their anatomical location (genital warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, head and neck, and penile cancers), and natural history (progression, regression, death, cure, recurrence, detection), and were identified through a systematic literature review (SLR) and complementary targeted literature reviews (TLRs). The extracted data were then synthesized by pooling parameter values across publications, and summarized using the range of values across studies reporting each parameter and the median value from the most relevant study. Data were extracted and synthesized from 223 studies identified in the SLR and TLRs. Parameters frequently reported pertained to cervical cancer outcomes, while data for other anatomical locations were less available. The synthesis of the data provides a large volume of parameter values to inform HPV DTMs, such as annual progression rates from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 to CIN2+ (median of highest quality estimate 0.0836), CIN2 to CIN 3+ (0.0418), carcinoma in situ (CIS) 2 to local cancer+ (0.0396), and regional to distant cancer (0.0474). Our findings suggest that while there is a large body of evidence on cervical cancer, parameter values featured substantial heterogeneity across studies, and further studies are needed to better parametrize the non-cervical components of HPV DTMs.

Prevalence and determinant factors of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women

Pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) are prone to malnutrition due to prolonged imbalances in the intake of essential nutrients. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women. This study had a quantitative, cross-sectional design and was conducted from June to August 2023 in the working area of the Parung Panjang Health Center, Bogor Regency. The sample size in this study was 140 pregnant women using purposive sampling. The respondents’ characteristics were obtained through questionnaire interviews. MUAC was collected through MUAC tape, dietary intake using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) form, and hemoglobin through a rapid test. Analysis was performed using the chi-square statistical test at 95% CI. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of CED was 20,7%. There was a significant relationship between maternal age, parity, gestational age, history of infectious diseases, knowledge, energy, and protein adequacy and CED in pregnant women (p <0,05). There was no significant relationship between income, anemia status, fat and carbohydrate adequacy, and the occurrence of CED (p> 0,05). In conclusion, the determinants of CED include maternal age, parity, gestational age, history of infection, knowledge, energy, and protein intake.

The Relationship Between Food Availability, Household Food Security, and the History of Infectious Diseases with the Incidence of Malnutrition in Toddlers

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the relationship between food availability, household food security, and history of infectious diseases with the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers. The method used in this research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study is toddlers aged 12-59 months in the disaster-prone area of Pantoloan, with a sample of toddlers aged 12-59 months. The results of the study show a significant relationship between food availability and the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers (p = 0.000). This means that toddlers who do not have guaranteed food availability in the last 12 months have a greater risk of experiencing malnutrition. However, no significant relationship was found between a history of infectious diseases and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.566), possibly due to the mild and non-persistent nature of malnutrition, which does not affect the toddlers' immune system. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between household food security and the occurrence of malnutrition (p = 0.006). Many families still need to prioritize adequate nutrition for their family, thus improving access to food to meet nutritional needs is still necessary. The study implies a deeper understanding of the factors influencing malnutrition in toddlers in disaster-prone areas and provides a basis for the development of appropriate interventions to improve the nutritional status of toddlers. Efforts to improve food availability and household food security are expected to reduce the risk of malnutrition in toddlers in the area.

Prevalence of infectious diseases, immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases and chronic medical conditions among Ukrainian refugees in Germany – A cross sectional study from the German Network University Medicine (NUM)

BackgroundVulnerability to infectious diseases in refugees is dependent on country of origin, flight routes, and conditions. Information on specific medical needs of different groups of refugees is lacking. We assessed the prevalence of infectious diseases, immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases, and chronic medical conditions in children, adolescents, and adult refugees from Ukraine who arrived in Germany in 2022. MethodsUsing different media, we recruited Ukrainian refugees at 13 sites between 9–12/2022. An antigen test for acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, serologies for a range of vaccine-preventable diseases, as well as interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) for tuberculosis (TB), and SARS-CoV-2 were performed. We assessed personal and family history of chronic medical conditions, infectious diseases, vaccination status, and conditions during migration. ResultsOverall, 1793 refugees (1401 adults and 392 children/adolescents) were included. Most participants were females (n = 1307; 72·3%) and from Eastern or Southern Ukraine. TB IGRA was positive in 13% (n = 184) of the adults and in 2% (n = 7) of the children.Serology-based immunological response was insufficient in approximately 21% (360/1793) of the participants for measles, 32% (572/1793) for diphtheria, and 74% (1289/1793) for hepatitis B. ConclusionsWe show evidence of low serological response to vaccine-preventable infections and increased LTBI prevalence in Ukrainian refugees. These findings should be integrated into guidelines for screening and treatment of infectious diseases in migrants and refugees in Germany and Europe. Furthermore, low immunity for vaccine-preventable diseases in Ukrainians independent of their refugee status, calls for tailor-made communication efforts.

A Prospective Study of Disease Patterns and Assessment of Drug Interactions with Prasugrel in Tertiary Care Hospital Patients

This prospective observational study evaluates the prescribing patterns and drug-drug interactions of Prasugrel in hospitalized patients at a tertiary care hospital (BBH). Conducted over six months, it involved 110 inpatients, gathering data from various sources including patient profiles, medicine charts, and lab tests. The study primarily focused on Prasugrel usage, identifying patient demographics and assessing the interactions of Prasugrel with other medications. It found that 64.02% of the patients on Prasugrel therapy were male and 36.08% female, predominantly aged between 55 to 75 years. These patients often had a history of cardiovascular and infectious diseases. The study revealed that 31.36% of patients experienced interactions with Prasugrel, with a higher incidence in males. The most common interactions were with Pantoprazole, Omeprazole, and Aspirin. These interactions were classified as severe (11.81%), moderate (55.05%), and mild (34.13%). Additionally, 17.91% of interactions were defined, 58.45% probable, and 22.62% possible. Prasugrel was mainly prescribed for heart disease, myocardial infarction, and angina. The study suggests cautious use of Pantoprazole with Prasugrel due to potential significant interactions.

FOSTERING A PROSPEROUS FAMILY, HEALTHY, AND FREE OF STUNTING IN CENTRAL JAVA: EMPIRICAL STUDY IN TINGKIR SALATIGA

Stunting is a condition when a toddler has a minimum height or body length compared to their age. Factors that influence the occurrence of stunting in children under five in rural and urban areas are mother's education, family income, mother's knowledge of nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, age at which MP-ASI is given, zinc and iron adequacy levels, history of infectious diseases and genetic factors (Kemenkes, 2023). Activity objectives The output targets of this community service activity are increasing awareness of stunting prevention through improving parenting, understanding the role of housewives, increasing knowledge about financial literacy in the family, and understanding the nutritional needs of pregnant women. Community service activities were carried out in the Tingkir Tengah Village meeting room with the target of involving 45 representatives from 10 RW. Participants consisted of Posyandu cadres, PKK cadres, dashat cadres, and Pregnant Women. Community service activities went well according to plan. The event was attended by more than 80% of invited participants consisting of posyandu cadres, dashat cadres, and pregnant women. This activity is expected to increase knowledge so that reduction and prevention of stunting can be implemented.

Pendugaan Koefisien Regresi Logistik Biner Menggunakan Algoritma Least Angle Regression

Binary logistic regression is a statistical analysis method that aims to determine the relationship between variable which has two categories with the predictor variable that have categorical or continuous scale. The method that used to estimate logistic regression parameters is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. In estimating parameters, Least Angle Regression (LAR) algorithm is used to select the significant variables in order to get the best model from the estimation results of binary logistic regression coefficients. This LAR algorithm is applied to the risko of stunting data in two-year-old-babies at Buntu Batu Health Center working area, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi in 2019. This results obtained in the estimation of binary logistic regression prediction model using LAR algorithm, the standard error value is 0.018 smaller than the standard error value of binary logistic regression, which is 0.025. This shows that the binary logistic regression model using LAR algorithm is better than the usual binary logistic regression model on the risk of stunting data. Based on the results obtained, the variables that significantly affect the risk of stunting in two-year-old-babies on 2019 are father’s height, body length of birth, exclusive breastfeeding, history of infectious diseases, and history of immunization.

Preventive behaviors against COVID-19 among health care providers in Iran: A cross-sectional study.

During outbreaks of infectious diseases, if healthcare providers do not follow the principles of prevention, the risk of personal infection increases and they become a source of infection spread. This study aimed to determine the factors related to the preventive health behaviors of COVID-19 among Iranian healthcare providers based on protection motivation theory (PMT). This analytical cross-sectional study included 346 healthcare providers. Data was collected by an online researcher-made questionnaire based on PMT. To analyze the data, independent T tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression, and SPSS 22 software were used. α was considered as 0.05. 85.3% of the healthcare providers would always wear masks, 80.7% would always refuse to kiss and touch hands with others, and 34.7% sometimes would exercise at home. The preventive behaviors were significantly correlated with protection motivation (r = 0.84), self-efficacy (r = 0.51), response efficiency (r = 0.43), perceived severity (r = 0.41) Fear (r = 0.21), perceived susceptibility (r = 0.11), response cost (r = -0.14), and reward (r = -0.15). PMT constructs were able to predict 77% of the variance of the behaviors and the protection motivation construct was the strongest predictor (β = 0.806). Income above 300 Dolars per month was significantly related to the decrease in the mean score of preventive behaviors against COVID-19. The female sex and the individual or family history of infectious diseases were significantly related to increasing the mean score of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Based on the study results, it is suggested that some educational interventions be designed and implemented with a focus on this construct and the perceived severity construct and that more attention be given to the education of health care providers with high-income levels, male providers, and the individuals without a history of corona infection in themselves or their family members.

Faktor Risiko yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Balita di Kelurahan Alak Kecamatan Alak Kota Kupang

Stunting is a condition in which a person's height is less than normal based on age and gender. Height is a type of anthropometric examination and shows a person's nutritional status. The presence of stunting indicates a poor nutritional status Malnutrition in the long term (chronic). This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with stunting incidents in children under five years old in alak village, alak sub district, kupang city in 2023. The type of research used is quantitative research using observational analytic methods with a case control research design. The population used for this study was 520 toddlers in Alak Village, Alak District, Kupang City. A sample of 33 cases and 33 controls using simple random sampling technique. Data were taken directly at the research site using a questionnaire and then processed and analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between income level (p=0.001), education level (p=0.004), history of infectious disease (p=0.001), history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.044), and birth spacing (p=0.077) with the incidence of stunting in children under five in Alak Village, Alak District, Kupang City. It is hoped that health workers can increase routine monitoring of additional feeding and provide education regarding stunting.

Factors Affecting Nutritional Status (Height for Age) of Children Under Five in Rote Ndao District, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia

Background: Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province has many problems related to nutritional intake and public health. Pregnant women and children under five are groups of people who are very vulnerable to this problem. Many government programs have been implemented but to date there are still high maternal and infant mortality rates as well as high problems of malnutrition and stunting. This study aimed to determine what factors influence the nutritional status of toddlers in Rote Ndao Regency. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Rote Ndao Regency, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia, from August to November 2023. A total of 43 mothers who had children aged 12-59 months were selected for this study. The dependent variable was nutritional status (height for age/ HAZ). The independent variables were maternal knowledge on nutrition and stunting, history of infectious diseases, and local-food-based supplementary feeding. Supplementary feeding was measured using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutritional status was measured by height for age. The data were analyzed using a multiple linear regression. Results: Maternal nutritional knowledge (b= 0.37; 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.50; p = 0.001), no history of infection (b= 0.98; 95% CI= 0.72 to 1.24; p= 0.001), and local-food-based supplementary feeding (b= 1.33; 95% CI= 0.71 to 1.96; p= 0.001) positively and significantly increased nutritional status (height for age) in children under five. Conclusion: Maternal nutritional knowledge, no history of infection, and local-food-based suplementary feeding positively and significantly increase nutritional status (height for age) in children under five. Keywords: supplementary feeding, nutritional status, maternal knowledge, stunting Correspondence: Intje Picauly. Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang 85111, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Email: intjepicauly@staf.undana.ac.id. Mobile: +6282237145517.

Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance level and its determinants: an umbrella review

BackgroundThe COVID-19 vaccination is essential for reducing disease burden on a worldwide scale. The success of this strategy will largely depend on how well vaccines are received. Previous reviews had produced contradictory results, and there had been no umbrella review. Therefore, the objective of this umbrella review was to combine the contradictory data regarding the COVID-19 vaccination’s global acceptance rate and its contributing factors.MethodsUsing PRISMA guideline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus and Google Scholar which reported COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and/or its determinants were searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed using Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was applied to find the pooled estimates. The subgroup analysis, heterogeneity, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also assessed.ResultTwenty-two SRM with 10,433,306 study participants were included. The pooled COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate globally is found to be 60.23 (95% CI: 58.27, 62.18). In low-income countries, the pooled level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was found to be 54.07(50.31, 57.83) while this magnitude is 64.32 (62.24,66.40) among studies across the globe. Higher level of education (AOR =1.96; 95% CI:1.20, 2.73), good level of knowledge (2.20; 95% CI:1.36, 3.03), favourable attitude (AOR =4.50; 95% CI:2.89, 6.12), previous history of COVID-19 infection (AOR =3.41; 95% CI:1.77, 5.06), male sex (AOR =1.62; 95% CI:1.47, 1.77), and chronic disease (AOR =1.54; 95% CI:1.18, 1.90) were predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.ConclusionThe pooled level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance highly varied and found to be unacceptably low particularly in low-income countries. Higher level of education, good level of knowledge, favourable attitude, previous history of COVID-19, male sex, and chronic disease were factors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate. A collaborative effort of stakeholders such as policymakers, and vaccine campaign program planners is needed to improve the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccine.

Modeling for Prediction of Mortality Based on past Medical History in Hospitalized COVID‐19 Patients: A Secondary Analysis

Introduction. Although COVID‐19 is not currently a public health emergency, it will affect susceptible individuals in the post‐COVID‐19 era. Hence, the present study aimed to develop a model for Iranian patients to identify at‐risk groups based on past medical history (PMHx) and some other factors affecting the death of patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. Methods. A secondary study was conducted with the existing data of hospitalized COVID‐19 adult patients in the hospitals covered by Iran University of Medical Sciences. PMHx was extracted from the registered ICD‐10 codes. Stepwise logistic regression was used to predict mortality by PMHx and background covariates such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Crude population attributable fraction (PAF) as well as crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results. A total of 8879 patients were selected with 19.68% mortality. Infectious and parasitic diseases’ history showed the greatest association (OR = 5.72, 95% CI: 4.20, 7.82), while the greatest PAF was for cardiovascular system diseases (20.46%). According to logistic regression modeling, the largest effect, other than ICU admission and age, was for history of infectious and parasitic diseases (OR = 3.089, 95% CI: 2.13, 4.47). A good performance was achieved (area under curve = 0.875). Conclusion. Considering the prevalence of underlying diseases, many mortality cases of COVID‐19 are attributable to the history of cardiovascular disease. Future studies are needed for policy making regarding reduction of COVID‐19 mortality in susceptible groups in the post‐COVID‐19 era.

History of Infectious Diseases in Toddlers and Frequency of Community Health Center Nutrition Services with Stunting Incidents

Toddlers are an important period in the process of growth and development of a child. Malnourished children can experience malnutrition and this can result in stunting. Stunting incidents could have a negative impact on the growth and development period of toddlers. There were several factors that influenced the incidence of stunting, both directly and indirectly. Stunting was still a serious health problem facing Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the history of infectious diseases and the frequency of community health centre nutrition services with the incidence of stunting. The research design was cross-sectional with a stratified simple random sampling technique taken from 8 posyandu (Integrated Healthcare Center) with a total sample of 112 toddlers. This research was conducted in the work area of the Saritani Community Health Center, Boalemo Regency, Gorontalo Province, from January to February 2023. The data analysis technique used in this research was the Chi-Square test. The results of the study showed that there was a significant relationship between the history of infectious diseases in toddlers and the incidence of stunting (p value=0.006; p-value ≤ α = 0.05), OR value=2.804 and there was a significant relationship between the frequency of health centre nutrition services and the incidence of stunting ( p value=0.001; p-value ≤ α = 0.05), OR value=2.859 in the working area of the Saritani Health Center, Boalemo Regency. Nurses can carry out health promotion efforts for mothers of toddlers to increase stunting prevention by knowing the factors that cause stunting. Increase efforts to provide nutritional education services related to stunting at community health centres, namely the First 1000 Days of Life, Infant and Child Feeding Practices, and routine exclusive breastfeeding.

Does a prior diagnosis of infectious disease confer an increased risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults?

Infections are proposed risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children. We examined whether a diagnosis of infectious disease also confers an increased risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). We used data from a population-based Swedish case-control study with incident cases of LADA (n=597) and matched controls (n=2386). The history of infectious disease was ascertained through national and regional patient registers. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals for ≥1 respiratory (any/upper/lower), gastrointestinal, herpetic, other or any infectious disease episode, or separately, for 1 and ≥2 infectious disease episodes, within 0-1, 1-3, 3-5 and 5-10years before LADA diagnosis/matching. Stratified analyses were performed on the basis of HLA risk genotypes and Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) levels. Individuals who developed LADA did not have a higher prevalence of infectious disease 1-10years before diabetes diagnosis. For example, OR was estimated at 0.87 (0.66, 1.14) for any versus no respiratory infectious disease within 1-3years. Similar results were seen for LADA with high-risk HLA genotypes (OR 0.95 [0.64, 1.42]) or high GADA levels (OR 1.10 [0.79, 1.55]), ≥2 episodes (OR 0.89 [0.56, 1.40]), and in infections treated using antibiotics (OR 1.03 [0.73, 1.45]). The only significant association was observed with lower respiratory disease the year preceding LADA diagnosis (OR 1.67 [1.06, 2.64]). Our findings do not support the idea that exposure to infections increases the risk of LADA. A higher prevalence of respiratory infection in the year before LADA diagnosis could reflect increased susceptibility to infections due to hyperglycemia.