Historians Research Articles

“In the Wardrobe of Her Royal Daintiness”: A Historical Analysis of Menstrual Product Advertisements From the 1920s to the 2020s

“In the Wardrobe of Her Royal Daintiness”: A Historical Analysis of Menstrual Product Advertisements From the 1920s to the 2020s

Analysis of the ethical issues in authorship of collaborative research. Observations inspired by the historical case study of Gerard L. Blaes' (Blasius) claim to sole authorship of 'Anatome medullae spinalis'.

This paper discusses the historical context of collaborative research and authorship disputes, exemplified by the complex relationship between Dutch anatomist and physician Gerard L. Blaes and his East-Central European mentee, Daniel Gödtke, during the study of medulla spinalis. The study employs historical analysis to unravel the dynamics of scholarly collaboration, emphasizing the significance of mentorship in scientific progress and the communal nature of knowledge exchange. This historical analysis is based on primary sources and historical records. It underscores Blaes's strategy to circumvent public confrontations regarding the authorship of the seminal work 'Anatome medullae spinalis, et nervorum inde provenientium' (1666). As a teacher, he facilitated his student's participation in a public disputation to avert public authorship conflicts over the book. This ultimately led to the publication of two distinct versions of 'Anatome medullae spinalis.' The first one was co-authored by the mentor and his mentee, while the latter was solely attributed to the mentor. This historical narrative raises essential questions about attributing individual contributions in medical sciences, echoing concerns still pertinent in contemporary academia. Additionally, it makes visible the power dynamics inherent in faculty-students relationships and the potential repercussions of authorship disputes on scholars' reputations. By drawing parallels between historical and modern authorship dilemmas, this study contributes to ongoing discussions on equitable authorship in scientific research and publishing. It not only highlights a historical precedent for the complex dynamics of mentor-mentee collaborations and authorship disputes but also illuminates how these practices continue to influence contemporary academic and publishing customs.

Новый взгляд на национально-государственные преобразования на юге РСФСР: Рец. на: Гунаев Е. А. Национальные автономии Юга России в советский период: территориальное устройство и система управления (на примере Калмыкии) / отв. ред. К. Н. Максимов. Элиста: КалмНЦ РАН, 2022. 400 с.

The review was devoted to the monograph by E. A. Gunaev (Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences) “National Autonomies of the South of Russia in the Soviet period: Territorial Structure and Management System (on the example of Kalmykia)” (Elista: KalmSC RAS, 2022. 400 p.). The monograph was written on the basis of a wide range of sources and literature, including 30 files from 6 funds of 3 state archives, 425 publications of documents and research. E.A. Gunaev identified three stages in changing the administrative-territorial structure and management system in the national autonomies of the South of Russia: 1920–1943, 1944–1976, 1977–1991. Each stage is presented in a separate chapter of the monograph. The author proposed a historical and legal analysis of the problems under consideration with an emphasis on the study of regulatory aspects. Of significant interest is the study of the problem of legal succession between national autonomies, recreated after the rehabilitation of repressed peoples, and their national-state formations before forced eviction. E.A. Gunaev distinguishes between the categories of continuity, legal continuity and succession, and analyzes the possibilities of their use within the framework of the issue under consideration.

Crop Yield Prediction using CNN

Deep learning is a branch of Machine Learning which is completely based on artificial neural networks, as neural networks are going to mimic the human brain so deep learning is also a kind of mimic of the human brain. Farming is the main occupation of India. Crop yield has a direct impact on nation and international economies annually and the yield predicted plays a significant part in the food management and agriculture sector. The task is to build a prediction model for crop production . A prerequisite of intelligent systems has brought artificial neural networks to become a new technology which provides assorted solutions for complex problems in agriculture research. Performance of the agriculture sector mainly hinges on natural forces such as spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall, temperature, climate etc, with the result any deviation of monsoon from the normal pattern brings about numerous fluctuations in area and production. Crop yield has a direct impact on nation and international economies annually and the yield predicted plays a significant part in the food management and agriculture sector. The task is to build a prediction model for crop production. The basic principle of ANN architecture, Data Modeling for Prediction involves four stages namely historical data analysis (Descriptive), Data preprocessing, modeling of Data and Performance Estimation. First classify data based on different attributes. Regression analysis using CNN, it observes the relation between an independent (predictor) and dependent (target) variables. Based on relation training the model will predict crop yield production. application of ANN in predicting crop yield by using various crop performance features as input parameter

Bigfoot Swims in the Garden of Eden

Encounters with hellbenders, an aquatic salamander found throughout the Appalachian Mountain range, has inspired Americans to reimagine their relationship with nature since the colonial period. These salamanders spend the majority of their time curled up in the nests they build under rocks on the bottom of cool, fast flowing streams. There, hellbenders blend into their surroundings and are commonly out of human sight. Only rarely do humans see hellbenders. According to written and oral accounts, hellbenders are generally only seen by humans when they bite angler’s bait. This essay examines human accounts of encounters with hellbenders from the eighteenth century through the twenty-first century. It argues that since the colonial period, Americans utilized encounters with hellbenders to reexamine their relationship with nature. This essay draws from the literary and historical analysis of scholars who have studied Bigfoot myths to argue that hellbenders have functioned rhetorically in the same way as Bigfoot myths, serving as a totem that helps Americans connect to an imagined wild environment. As these accounts demonstrate, human encounters with seemingly exotic, and commonly unseen, non-human animals like hellbenders have played a key role in the epistemological process that gave birth to the American wildlife conversation movement. This examination of human encounters with hellbenders shows American’s have reimagined their relationship to the environment through encounters with hellbenders over three centuries. In the eighteenth century, encounters with hellbenders influenced the creation of the American national identity after the United States formally severed their ties to Europe and founded a new nation. From the nineteenth century onward, American men developed a conversation movement around the idea of protecting so-called wild spaces and seemingly exotic animals like hellbenders to reenforce the American identity and their masculinity.

Sweden’s Peculiar Adoption of Proportional Representation: The Overlooked Effects of Time and History

Sweden’s adoption of proportional representation (PR) is interesting because it involved static structural and institutional factors, well captured by variance-based left-threat thesis, and four temporal factors—sequencing, timing, historical change, and duration—that historical case studies highlight. We integrate these two sets of factors. We fuse the more static, temporally homogeneous world created by the left-threat thesis, that is well suited to explain cross-sectional variations, with the more dynamic, temporally heterogenous world presumed by the case studies that is attuned to temporal processes. It illustrates how comparative historical analysis (CHA) can translate temporal anomalies into generalizable temporal mechanisms and how nested analysis, together with causal graphs, provide helpful tools for updating theories. We ultimately employ an abductive approach that evaluates evidence not just for its inferential leverage of confirming theories but also for its inductive potential to generate new, more test-worthy hypotheses.

A Review on Real-Time Network Traffic Monitoring and Anomaly Detection System : A Comprehensive Study with User-Friendly Interface and Historical Analysis Capabilities

Protecting the integrity and security of computer networks is crucial in an era of all-pervasive digital connectedness. The user-friendly interface and powerful historical analytical capabilities of the Real-Time Network Traffic Monitoring and Anomaly Detection System are highlighted in this review paper's thorough investigation of the system. This technology takes the stage in a setting where conventional security measures frequently fall short against developing threats that blend in with regular network traffic. It provides experienced administrators and newcomers with real-time insights into network traffic. Additionally, its skills for historical analysis come in handy for post-incident investigations and boosting general network security. This assessment emphasizes the system's crucial function in thwarting existing and new network threats, establishing it as a cornerstone of successful cybersecurity plans for both businesses and private citizens.

Artificial Look: Body Narcissism in the Fashion and Cosmetic Industry

Consumers universally engage with cosmetic products in pursuit of bodily perfection, often influenced by prevailing fashion trends dictating societal beauty standards through advertising. Consequently, a woman's body serves as a cornerstone of identity, its alignment with these standards transforming it into a commodified entity. While the fashion industry ostensibly champions feminist ideals of empowerment, its underlying motive remains profit generation. This paper endeavors to explore the commodification of women's bodies within the fashion and cosmetic industries, illuminating its enduring implications. Through a historical analysis spanning from the colonial era to contemporary society, we examine the evolution of the body as a commodity, drawing on secondary sources and available data on beauty standards. Grounded in Saussure's structuralist framework, this study aims to unravel the intricate dynamics underpinning the commodification process and its broader societal ramifications.

The impact of herbicide-resistant canola systems on the weed community dynamics in the Canadian Prairies

Increased adoption of no-till and extensive cultivation of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops in low diversity rotations are some of the transformations that occurred during the 1970s-2000s in western Canada. How these transformations in canola-based crop rotations impacted weed communities are not comprehensively studied. Historical data analysis of weed survey data ( Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta) in canola crops and a canola rotation field experiment were used to understand how tillage, herbicide-resistant cropping systems, and frequency of canola in the rotation can impact weed abundance, composition, and diversity in the Canadian prairies. Weed survey data revealed that the frequency of many weed species declined in years after 1995 compared with before 1995, the year HR cultivars were introduced. Gallium spurium (false cleavers) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the only species showing a continuous increase in frequency throughout the surveyed years. Species richness showed no trajectories but varied depending on climatic conditions. Glyphosate-resistant (G.R.) systems were associated with green foxtail irrespective of their frequency in the rotation. Wild oat was predominant in the longer rotations with glufosinate and imidazolinone-resistant canola. In the field study, weeds associated with pre-herbicide weed control timing were relatively controlled when herbicides were applied (glyphosate and glufosinate), except for foxtail barley (Hordium Jubatum L), which was not controlled in most HR systems. Overall, both weed survey data and field experiment data revealed greater control of most weed species due to growing of HR canola cultivars.

A Psychological, Historical Analysis of Post-Slavery Trauma and Post-Slavery Growth: Are They Viable Constructs?

Around the turn of the 20th century, two sociologists, W. E. B. Du Bois, and E. Franklin Frazier, produced separate narratives depicting the legacy of slavery. Du Bois documented both the apparent negative consequences as well the way many ex-slaves achieved “uplift” within a short period of time, following Emancipation. Frazier claimed that exiting slavery the ex-slaves were a broken and damaged community in dire need of assimilation. In the 1930s, when Black psychologists entered the picture, their contribution tended to favor and extend Frazier’s work, resulting in a series of studies documenting racial self-hatred and damage to the self-concept. Inspired by contemporary biological and genealogical research showing trauma can become embedded in DNA structures and transmitted from one generation to another, Joy DeGruy theorized that most African Americans suffer from a Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome [PTSS]. Missing from DeGruy’s theorizing was mention of theory and research on the way trauma can result in positive psychological outcomes or Post-Traumatic Growth [PTG]. The current work attempts to summarize theory and research for both PTSS and PTG, as each may apply to an analysis of the psychological legacy of slavery.

Seismotectonics and landslides of the NE border of the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy)

ABSTRACT The north-eastern border of CA represents the accretionary system developed during its continuous collision with Apulian block. The tardive oblique tectonic component is highlighted by pervasive NW-SE crustal transpressive left-lateral strike slip faults developed from the Upper Miocene to Quaternary tectonic stages. The seismotectonic and landslides Main Map represents the update of the main faults, the style of their arrangement and kinematics, the seismotectonic features and landslide area distribution with risk implications. Seismotectonics allows us to recognise a vertical crustal zonation with the distribution of earthquakes and their focal mechanism solution. The prevalent modality of ruptures depicts a mainly transcurrent and compressive solution in mid-lower crust portions respectively. This data, together with the historical seismicity analysis of the area, lead to consider the NW-SE strike-slip faults improved on the Main Map, as recent and tectonically active. The areal distribution of landslide and susceptibility of the area is due to the interaction between seismotectonic peculiarity, lithological typologies and fault zone architectures. Landslides and flood phenomena of this sector involve many municipalities, major and minor infrastructures and economic and social activities. The landslides and the faults have been identified, mapped and classified, originally at detail scale and, then, represented at 1:50,000 scale in the Main Map, included as supplementary material. The geo-structural and geomorphological data were analysed in a geographic information system allowing data management and implementation. The work presents an updated knowledge framework of risk conditions of the study zone, available to plan and reduce the fundamental elements that determine the landslide and seismic risks in this region.

Improving Election Integrity: Blockchain and Byzantine Generals Problem Theory in Vote Systems

In the digital age, maintaining election integrity is critical, especially in Africa, where the security of electronic elections is often questioned. This study presents a blockchain-based vote counting and validation (BBVV) system developed using a mixed methods approach that combines stakeholder questionnaires to capture system specification and randomized historical election data analysis, following the Design Science Research strategy. Using the theory of the Byzantine General Problem, the BBVV protocol is proposed, which provides an accurate local count of votes at polling stations before national aggregation. The system was tested with randomized historical election data on the Algorand blockchain TestNet and confirmed that a local consensus on the vote count could be reached before it is added to the national tally on the blockchain. Our results show that in the cases where consensus was reached, this was the instance in only about 5% of the voting scenarios, with only 10% of the total vote being considered valid due to the strict consensus requirements. In addition, significant discrepancies were found between officials, with no consensus reached in 95% of cases which was due to the rogue values generated by a randomized dataset. The performance of the BBVV system was evaluated using transaction metrics, saturation, throughput, traffic, and latency to assess its efficiency, scalability, and reliability. The results suggest that blockchain technology can significantly improve the integrity of elections by ensuring a transparent, secure, and accurate vote-counting process. Future work will focus on improving the adaptability and scalability of the BBVV system for different electoral situations.

An Unknown 18th-Century Flemish Dyers Manuscript from Antwerp (1778–1802)

This paper presents a historical analysis of a rare dyer’s manuscript, preserved within the Museum of Industry in Ghent, Belgium. The manuscript, originating from a dyer in late 18th-century Antwerp, includes an extensive collection of recipes. The study will enable researchers to better grasp the practices of traditional dyeing techniques and materials in the region during that time. The manuscript focuses primarily on the dyeing of woolen fabrics. Approximately 90 of the 132 recipes utilize red dyes. Recipes for dying orange, brown, black, blue, and green colors are also described. The document mentions the use of madder, brazilwood, redwood, and cochineal. To create a variety of red shades, the dyer describes how fabrics were treated with different mordanting compounds, with alum and tin as the main ingredients, and how the dyeing solutions were prepared. The resulting colors include ‘madder red’, ‘formal red’, ‘crimson’, ‘scarlet’, ‘Turkish red’, ‘fire color’ and ‘flesh color’. In addition to the dyeing recipes, the manuscript contains various accounting documents and correspondences between the dyer, customers, and suppliers. Lastly, over 100 original, colored samples are attached to the described recipes. In this paper, the artifact’s contents will be disclosed, comprising recipes with attached samples and correspondence. Findings resulting from archive research will be included, contextualizing and placing the dyer in their urban and social context. The paper concludes by discussing its potential limitations and provides avenues for possible future research.

Statistical analysis of the development of the plant production industry by the example of changes in the average yield of grain crops in the XX century. Part 1. Period 1900 - 1933.

The work is devoted to studying the development of the crop production industry in the twentieth century. The theory of cyclical production and change of technological structures is chosen as a working theory. The average yield of grain crops in the Russian Empire and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was determined to indicate production development. The choice of average grain yield is justified by its 'vital role in agriculture in the specified period. The change in the studied indicator is considered in the period from 1900 to 1933. The work provides a 'visual, graphical, historical, and statistical analysis of changes in the average yield of grain crops. The period from 1900 to 1933 is proposed to be divided into smaller periods consisting of H years, defined as small. For each small period, a statistical analysis is carried out, which includes calculating probabilistic characteristics, checking the average yield values for abnormal values, the presence of changes in the indicator during the period, and the nature of this change. Dividing the time interval into small periods allows us to study the change in yield in more detail and identify factors influencing this process. For each period, a hypothesis is put forward about the type of changes, and the acceptance or non-acceptance of the hypothesis is justified. The statistical analysis results are considered within the framework of past events identified during historical analysis. Building a model of changes in average yield during the period under review allows us to assess the industry’s past development and suggest possible future development scenarios. Analyzing the results of a statistical study in combination with historical context will provide a deeper understanding of the reasons for changes in yields and their impact on the development of the industry.

Exploring the Botanical Origins of Bee-Collected Pollen: A Comprehensive Historical and Contemporary Analysis.

Bee-collected pollen is one of the most important bee products. In order to predict its chemical composition and nutritional value botanical origin of pollen plays a crucial role. This review intended to collect all available data published about botanical origin of pollen collected all around the world. Due to enourmous amount of data and variables nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), by applying Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA), was conducted in order to try to determine any specifity and/or differences among samples. Also, importance of some plant families/genera/species for bees was monitored. Based on CATPCA results families can serve in order to distinct samples from North/South America. Also, some samples from Europe (Turkey and Serbia) were characterized with presence of some specific families. Genera were excellent tool to distinguish samples from different parts of Brazil as well as Australia, Asia and Africa. Due to high and specific biodiversity pollen samples obtained from Sonoran desert (USA) completely were separated during analysis. This review presents the first attempt to summarize and classify a large number of data about botanical sources of bee-collected pollen. Keywords bee-collected pollen • botanical sources • palynological analysis • statistical analyses.

Drugi sobór ekumeniczny. Próba odtworzenia przebiegu obrad

The Second Ecumenical Council (also known as the First Council of Constantinople), held in Constantinople in 381 AD, is in many ways unique in the history of ecumenical councils. Its uniqueness lies, among other things, in the scarcity of written sources describing this event. No documents from the Council are extant. All that has remained is passing references by fifth century historians and chance remarks on the Council in letters. An important, although rather singular, source on the Second Ecumenical Council is St Gregory of Nazianzus’s autobiographical poem. We can also rely on the documents which were the fruit of the Council: the canons, the Symbol and a letter written to the Emperor Theodosius I at the conclusion of the Council. The information included in these documents is not entirely coherent. This paper aims to reconstruct the proceedings of the Council on the basis of the available evidence.

What Got Us Here Won't Get Us There: Critical History in Radical Black Re-imaginations of Canadian Nursing Histories.

As a "foursome" of nursing history students and scholars, upcoming, junior, and seasoned, we presented a panel on new work and possibilities related to histories of Blackness and Black nurses in Canadian nursing history. Our presentation was the 2023 keynote Hannah Panel Presentation for the joint Canadian Society for the History of Medicine (CSHM-SCHM) and the Canadian Association for the History of Nursing (CAHN-ACHN) conference. Reflecting and expanding our perspectives, we share the relevance and significance of engaging with histories of Canadian Blackness and (in)visibility of Blackness in nursing history. This paper considers the overarching question of how does engaging with histories of Canadian Blackness serve as an anti-racist strategy when examining, analyzing and understanding the history of nursing and health care? A core tenant of this work aims at acknowledging how institutional relationships of power are reproduced within scholarship unless there is space for radical re-imaginations. The disruption to power is achieved by exploring the connections between nursing and history from the perspective of Black nurses' history or Black feminist thought. We also disrupt power by our form, in challenging expectations of scientific inquiry as the only format of valid knowledge production within the discipline. Possibilities of arts-based methodology as a site for democratization in nursing knowledge are evoked through the metaphoric language (water, fire, air and earth) interwoven within the text. We highlight how each of us engages with nursing history, further complicating previous narratives of our collective Canadian past. In publishing our thoughts on historical inquiry in a nursing journal, we hope to provoke more curiosity and interest in history within our discipline as a site for liberation!

Psychologists return to the first question of Western philosophy.

When ancient humans gained the ability to investigate abstract questions, what first question did they pose? This article offers a novel, sweeping, historical analysis with important implications for psychological theory. The story begins with identifying the first question in Ancient Greek philosophy as "Where am I?" with particular interest in the world's overarching basic traits. For example, Pythagoras proposed the world was defined by beauty and Heraclitus suggested change. Though this discourse has traditionally puzzled historians, recent psychological research suggests it might have been largely a debate over primal world beliefs, an emerging research topic that this article introduces and situates historically. Recently, the latent structure of primal world beliefs was mapped statistically, revealing 26 dimensions. Most of these beliefs were new to psychologists, yet already posed by ancient philosophers-including Pythagoras' Beautiful world belief and Heraclitus' Changing world belief. Identifying first questions in early history may have value for psychological theorizing because it hints at something that social psychologists have long suspected: that humans are creatures fundamentally driven to understand their situation and what it calls for. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

MPIA as Solution of Appellate Body Dilemma: An Overview of the Advantages of New Mechanism of WTO Dispute Settlement

In December 2019, the WTO Appellate Body, the heart of global trade governance, encountered an unprecedented impasse due to the United States blockade on the appointment of its members. This paper delves into the emergence of the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) as a provisional solution to this deadlock. Established by the European Union and trade partners, and now endorsed by 53 WTO members, the MPIA aims to temporarily fill the void left by the paralyzed Appellate Body by utilizing Article 25 of the DSU. Through a juridical normative methodology complemented by historical and descriptive analysis, this study critically evaluates the MPIA's role within the context of international trade dispute resolution. It compares the MPIA's innovative mechanism against the traditional WTO dispute settlement mechanisms, illuminating both its merits and limitations. The paper argues that while the MPIA represents a creative and necessary stopgap, beyond this, it is not a solution for the challenges facing the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism. The findings emphasize the crucial element for comprehensive reform within the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) to regain its functionality and credibility in international trade dispute settlement.

The rise of the Spanish right during the Second Republic (1931–36). Social structures, Catholic associations, and conservative electoral mobilization

Abstract Comparative historical analyses have emphasized the role played by conservative parties in the consolidation of democratic regimes in Europe. They have also identified the main factors shaping the political and electoral strength of the right in democratization processes. On the basis of these analyses, the Spanish Second Republic (1931–36) has been characterized as a very inauspicious ground for the development of a strong conservative party. However, the right managed to build a successful electoral force in a short period of time. This paper explores the factors affecting the electoral strength of the Spanish right by conducting ecological statistical analyses in the three republican legislative elections. Empirical results show that the right managed to build strong links with national voters on the basis of sociopolitical cleavages and underlying social and institutional characteristics. In particular, they reveal the key importance of the religious cleavage in the party system of the 1930s and the crucial role played by Catholic lay organizations in the success of the right. Ultimately, this finding shows that, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, initial organizational precariousness was not an unsurmountable obstacle for the electoral success of the Spanish right.