Course Of History Research Articles

An Appraisal of the Historical Development of the African Response to Extradition

The research work delves into the evolution of African countries' approach to extradition over the course of history. Extradition, the legal process of surrendering individuals accused of crimes to another jurisdiction, has undergone significant changes in Africa, influenced by regional cooperation efforts. The study provides an in-depth examination of the significant events in the development of extradition laws across the African continent. The impacts of World War II on extradition is also scrutinized, highlighting how political motivations sometimes influenced extradition decisions, leading to contentious cases and strained international relations. Additionally, the study examines how regional organisations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the South African Development Commission (SADC), and also how African Union (A.U) in general work to promote integration and cooperation within the region on legal issues, including extradition. The work further analyses recent efforts to modernize extradition laws in some African countries, aligning them with international standards and practices. This has been facilitated by increased cooperation with international organizations, enhancing legal and operational capacities in extradition matters. This research study extensively analyses the historical development of the African response to extradition in Africa. It sheds light on the evolving approaches, challenges, and regional cooperation efforts concerning extradition practices on the continent. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how extradition has shaped and been shaped by Africa's legal, political, and social landscape throughout history. Keywords: AU, ECOWAS, Extradition, Cooperation, Crimes, SADC.

Large-scale events of the French bourgeois revolution: functions and aesthetics

A large-scale holiday as a multifaceted socio-cultural phenomenon associated with the life of society and every person is a powerful tool for influencing the development of spiritual, moral, and patriotic feelings of people. The origins of social and revolutionary holidays are associated with the large-scale celebrations of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution of 1789. In addition to socio-political changes, the socio-cultural and spiritual life of the people changed dramatically. The revolutionary movement gave rise to magnificent large-scale spectacles that reflected new ideas and the rebellious spirit of the era, and society itself needed public celebrations of this scale. The materials of the article, which shows the history of French large-scale events, can be useful in the courses of History and Socio-Cultural Activities.

Marketing Strategy on Heritage Manuaba Royal Palace Tourist Attraction in Kenderan Tourism Village, Bali

The Manuaba Royal Palace is one of the heritage tourist attractions that has cultural heritage, building architecture, and artifact collections with historical value; however, to date, this tourist destination has not been optimal in presenting tourists to be able to visit this region, so a comprehensive and measurable marketing strategy is needed to accelerate its development. This study aimed to analyze marketing strategies for the heritage tourist attraction of the Manuaba Royal Palace in the Kenderan Tourism Village, Bali. A mixed method research design was used by conducting interviews with the managers of as many as 30 Manuaba Royal Palace tourist destinations who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data obtained were analyzed using IFAS, EFAS, and SWOT matrices and are presented descriptively. The results show that the Manuaba Royal Palace has implemented the 7P marketing mix strategy, currently in Quadrant I (a very favorable situation because it has great opportunities to demonstrate internal strength) and S<O (the direction of Manuaba Royal Pae's policy in growth strategy conditions). The current focus and marketing strategy includes developing technology-based historical courses accompanied by the use of social media, presenting information related to intangible cultural heritage, and guiding tourists more massively by providing exclusive packages for booking heritage tourism online. In the future, it is important to maximize the marketing strategies used to increase the number of visits and to be more competitive in the tourism industry.

How Chicago's Past Resulted in Disproportionate Lead Poisoning of Minority Children of the Present: A Narrative Review.

Chicago's lead problem has been shown to disproportionately affect populations of color and lower socioeconomic status (SES). The disproportionate effects on low-income areas and communities of color can be traced back to several key decisions in Chicago's history. A search of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE/PubMed as well as Google, and Google Scholar was performed to find all articles relating to lead poisoning in Chicago, lead utilization, Chicago's municipal and political history, and lead physiology between May 2020 and May 2023. Additionally, several studies and textbooks were reviewed regarding the latest advancements in lead poisoning. The study identified several key political moves over the course of Chicago's history that have resulted in disproportionate toxicity in minority populations and those of lower SES. Lead is more readily absorbed in the pediatric population. Additionally, prior regulations had published acceptable blood lead levels (BLLs) in children, but more recent evidence indicates a myriad of detrimental effects in BLLs below that cutoff. There is substantial evidence to suggest that there is no acceptable BLL. Lead toxicity is generally improving nationally but there still exists a considerable need for improvement. Programs should be expanded to ensure that individuals living in communities most at risk of lead exposure have the means to both, replace lead-contaminated infrastructure, and to be able to supply these communities with affordable housing. From a physician and clinician standpoint, knowing the increased risk of lead poisoning in these populations should prompt earlier testing.

The Changing Role of Loop Diuretics in Heart Failure Management across the Last Century.

Congestion is the main therapeutic target of acute heart failure (HF) treatment, and loop diuretics (LDs) are widely used drugs for this purpose. Despite their extensive use, these agents remain largely understudied in terms of modality administration, treatment duration, and escalation dose for subjects responding poorly to therapy. LDs were initially investigated in several edematous statuses such as cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and congestive HF and initially approved for the treatment of cardiogenic congestion in 1966. Despite the long history and the undoubted role in congestion management, the use of LDs in the acute phase is mostly based on the physician's experience, the oral amount chronically administered, and clinical decongestion response. Recent literature suggests monitoring diuretic activity by the evaluation of daily diuresis, weight loss, and sample urinary sodium assessment after early intravenous LD administration. More recently, the measurement of urinary sodium integrated with urinary and blood creatinine values and fluid status has been suggested as optimal marker to predict whole diuretic efficiency and to target the optimal dose. However, this method is not easily available in the chronic setting or in patients with recurrent hospitalization taking a high loop diuretic amount. Since high loop diuretic dose is related to diuretic resistance (DR) and poorer outcome, additional diuretics acting in different nephron sites are often required. Current sequential nephron blockade can stimulate diuresis by synergic mechanisms. This strategy is attempted in patients with poor response, revealing good results in the early period, but the effects of neuro-endocrine stimulation and electrolyte balance across long-term follow-up are still questioned. This paper reviews the historical course of loop diuretics and highlights the need for a universal approach based on clinical conditions, cardio-renal interactions, and HF phenotypes.

A Kingdom of Possibility

A Kingdom of Possibility

Yenidoğanlarda Uzamış Sarılıkta İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonunun Sıklığı ve Rolü

Objective: The study aims to investigate the frequency and role of urinary tract infection (UTI) in prolonged jaundice in preterm and term neonates.
 Materials and Methods: This retrospective study occurred at Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Hospital in Istanbul between January 2014 and April 2018. The study involved 391 neonates who presented to our outpatient clinics with prolonged jaundice. UTI was defined as urine culture growth of at least 10.000 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml) in samples obtained via urethral catheterization. Birth weight, sex, gestational age, chronological age, laboratory results, hospital courses of patients, ultrasound findings and phototherapy history were recorded. 
 Results: UTI frequency was found to be 2.8% in 391 neonates with prolonged jaundice. Nine of them were male (81.8%), and 2 were female (18.2%). Eight patients with UTI (72.7%) were term and 3 (29.3%) were preterm. History of phototherapy, presence of leukocyturia or nitrituria, white blood cell count, and thrombocyte counts were significantly higher in the UTI group.
 Conclusion: Prolonged jaundice may be the first sign of UTI in neonates. Routine urine culture in neonates with prolonged jaundice may be useful, especially in those with a history of phototherapy and high white blood cell and thrombocyte counts.

Local circumstances matter: the story of two peasant resistances in northwestern Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991

ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the strategies employed by the peasantry to defend their established rights and privileges against a dominant state. A careful analysis of archival and oral sources revealed that despite having common grievances, the peasants in northwestern Ethiopia have adopted a distinct approach to resistance that aligns with their local circumstances. Thus, this paper argues that local factors play a crucial role in determining the nature, content, and duration of resistance movements. Besides, it provides an opportunity to examine the central role played by the peasantry in shaping the course of history.

Istore: a project on innovative statistical methodologies to improve rare diseases clinical trials in limited populations

BackgroundThe conduct of rare disease clinical trials is still hampered by methodological problems. The number of patients suffering from a rare condition is variable, but may be very small and unfortunately statistical problems for small and finite populations have received less consideration. This paper describes the outline of the iSTORE project, its ambitions, and its methodological approaches.MethodsIn very small populations, methodological challenges exacerbate. iSTORE’s ambition is to develop a comprehensive perspective on natural history course modelling through multiple endpoint methodologies, subgroup similarity identification, and improving level of evidence.ResultsThe methodological approaches cover methods for sound scientific modeling of natural history course data, showing similarity between subgroups, defining, and analyzing multiple endpoints and quantifying the level of evidence in multiple endpoint trials that are often hampered by bias.ConclusionThrough its expected results, iSTORE will contribute to the rare diseases research field by providing an approach to better inform about and thus being able to plan a clinical trial. The methodological derivations can be synchronized and transferability will be outlined.

How to Implement the Philosophy of History in Historiography: A Study

Philosophy of history is an integral part of historiography and historiography is a reconstruction process carried out by humans from their curiosity about historical events. Thus, this article aims to review how the philosophy of history can be implemented in historiography (historical writing). This article is a literature-based literature review with a qualitative approach. The reviews in this article were obtained from various sources related to the philosophy of history and historiography. From the results of the review it is known that the philosophy of history can at least be implemented in historiography by looking at two main scopes. First, in the form of a contemplative philosophy of history which seeks to ensure a general goal that manages and controls all events and the entire course of history and second, in the form of an analytical philosophy of history which aims to test and appreciate the methods of historical science as well as the certainty and assessment of the results of analysis

Challenges faced by organizations in the process of green transition

Abstract Climate played a huge role in every change in the historical course of planet Earth. Even today, it is a topic that inspires experts to think and undertake initiatives for sustainable development based on the principles of green transition. However, in conditions where 99% of European businesses are micro, small and medium, it is clear that the progression of European countries towards the goal of green transition will only be through strategic planning in which “green” goals are incorporated. The transformation of micro, small and medium-sized businesses in the future period is imperative. It is becoming a strategic imperative for businessmen who want to advance in the global landscape, which is rapidly developing in a green direction. The transition to a green economy, despite the fact that it is costly, slow and will cause many “victims”, provides significant opportunities for businessmen to strengthen their competitiveness. However, it should not be forgotten that parallel to setting green strategic goals, every organization should provide strong internal capacities for the implementation of large-scale changes resulting from green transitions. The transformation should be in the spirit of smart transition, which will enable a balance between what the company wants to achieve and the skills possessed by human resources.

Science as a calling and as a profession: The wider setting in Weber’s scholarly endeavor

In his 1917 lecture for Munich students (most often entitled in English translation “Science as a Vocation”), Max Weber addressed numerous issues: not only how “profession” and “calling” are related in science and scholarship, but also Entzauberung (“disenchantment”); rationality and its limits; ultimate values; and the field of tension between science and religion. The present essay locates these themes in Weber’s oeuvre from 1911 onward, and analyses how they resonate and culminate in Weber’s address in 1917. It is in 1911 that he decided to engage with the problem that was to stand central in his thinking until his death in 1920: the nature and causes of certain specific turns in the course of European history which, so he argued, have proven to be of “universal significance.” Special attention is given in the present essay to how Weber dealt in this connection with the rise of modern science and the rise of modern tonal harmony. A concluding section explains what, over a century later, makes reading Weber still so rewarding an experience.

Shaping What Shapes Us: Lessons Learned from and Possibilities for Departmental Efforts to Redesign History Courses and Curricula

Shaping What Shapes Us: Lessons Learned from and Possibilities for Departmental Efforts to Redesign History Courses and Curricula

전후 일본 역사 학습지도요령의 변천과 특징

전후 일본 역사 학습지도요령의 변천과 특징

The Role of Environmental and Geographical Factors in the Education Process

In the course of human history, continuous learning has been a vital component of societal development, underscoring the crucial role of a standardized educational environment. The academic setting significantly molds students' learning experiences, necessitating a profound comprehension by teaching staff of environmental factors influencing this process. This article aims to investigate the impact of environmental and geographical factors on the educational process, exploring how these elements shape educational environments and conditions. The research employs a comprehensive approach, delving into the diverse characteristics of environmental elements and their role in creating meaning within learning spaces. The study also analyzes key factors such as classroom size and lighting, recognized for their critical impact on optimizing learning environments. Findings offer valuable insights into the influence of environmental and geographical factors on education, unveiling crucial contributing elements to the creation of optimal educational spaces. The study's outcomes provide a foundation for improving educational structures and enhancing learning experiences by emphasizing the need for tailored learning environments aligned with children's behavioral patterns.

The Nature and Scope of Diplomatic History

Diplomatic history is a subfield of history that focuses on the interactions and relationships between states and their representatives. It is concerned with the nature of diplomacy and the role it plays in shaping international relations. Diplomatic history also encompasses a wide range of areas including the study of treaties, alliances, war and peace, and the role of diplomacy in shaping the modern world. More so, the discipline looks at the influence of non-state actors, such as individuals, corporations, and NGOs, on the course of diplomatic history. In addition, the scope of diplomatic history is vast and covers a range of historical periods and regions. The field also studies the impact of culture, emotions, and identity on diplomatic interactions. However, the discipline is faced by some challenges and limitations. Some historians argue that diplomatic history is too focused on state actors and official sources, and that it fails to account for the experiences of ordinary people. This paper examines the nature and scope of diplomatic history. It explains the meaning of history, diplomacy and how the concept of diplomatic history evolved and the role of diplomacy in history. It also highlighted the impact of diplomacy on world events. The relationship between diplomatic history and other disciplines was also examined. The paper uses a historical research approach in its analysis.

Verses of Change: Democratisation of Poetry in Ford Madox Ford’s “Antwerp” and Nazım Hikmet Ran’s “The Legend of the National Militia”

Wars have always been echoed in literature as manifestations of humankind's desire for supremacy and power across history. Twentieth-century poetry, marked by the turmoil of the two World Wars and the wars of independence, reflects poets' patriotic and personal responses to the power struggles and expansionist policies of imperialist countries. These poems also challenge traditional war narratives that glorify politicians while ignoring the horrors of war and the ordinary people whose heroic struggles changed the course of history. Ford Madox Ford, one of the leading Modernist poets and novelists in English literature, and Nazım Hikmet, a pivotal figure in twentieth-century Turkish poetry, wrote unique narrative poems that critically reimagine war and attribute heroism to common people. This article contends that Ford’s “In October 1914 [Antwerp]” and N. Hikmet’s “The Legend of the National Militia” (Kuvayi Milliye Destanı) mirror the poets’ attempts to democratise poetry by portraying the extraordinary resistance of ordinary people instead of the idealised hero archetype. Furthermore, the poems serve to politicise modernist verse by addressing the suffering of ordinary individuals and their struggles against expansionist countries and calling for the recognition of alternative histories. While Ford’s poem immortalises the martyrdom of Belgians and the agonies of Belgian refugees brought on by the conflicting interests of hegemonic countries, Nazım’s poem portrays the defiance of the ignored people of Anatolia against both imperialist powers and the unjust social structures.

‘Never have they had any chance to spread their wings’: The construction of agency and socio-gender identity of Iranian women

This paper intends to study how the agency and social-gender identity of Iranian women are constructed through social-cultural-political structures. To this end, we conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with Iranian citizens, both men and women in the context of the Zan-Zendegi-Azadi (Women-Life-Freedom) movement in Iran. This study is grounded upon the main tenets of Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA), seeking to give voice to the oppressed and minorities and reverberate the alternatives to make the world a better place. Findings suggest that certain suppressive social-political-cultural structures in the course of history have largely confined women’s agency in practising their fundamental civil rights and have given them a subordinate position in society, thereby preventing them from constructing independent social-gender identity and status both at social and familial terrains. Analyses also indicated that such structures are constructed and naturalised in the course of history with political systems buttressing domination over women.

The Contribution of The Organization of La Francophonie (OIF) in Political Matters in The Republic of Congo from 1981 to 2021

The 1960s witnessed the wave of independence in Africa, shaping the course of history and leading to the confirmation of original institutions. Notably, a French-speaking space emerged during this era, giving rise to the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation, later evolving into the International Organization of La Francophonie (OIF). Since 1981, the Congo has been an active member of the OIF, contributing to the cultural and political dimensions of this francophone alliance. This research delves into the collaboration between the OIF and the Congo from 1981 to 2016, spanning crucial periods in both entities' histories. Focusing on cultural and political realms, the study explores the promotion of democracy, human rights, and sustainable development within the OIF space. Education, training, and scientific research take precedence in the cultural domain, reflecting their pivotal role in societal development. In the political arena, the Republic of Congo embarked on a challenging journey toward multiparty democracy and a market economy since 1991, marked by civil conflicts and ethnic tensions. The country's transition continued into the 2000s, emphasizing reconciliation and reconstruction. Both cultural and political sectors demand strategic approaches for sustainable success in the ever-evolving landscape of international cooperation

What Lies Behind Perceptions of Corruption? A Cultural Approach

Countries’ resource-base goes also through the Quality of Government, in terms of hidden institutional defects. A long-strand of literature delved into the institutional integrity distortions, with a special focus on corruption. Our study addresses this topic, by proposing a theoretical framework that has its roots in the Expectancy-Disconfirmation Model to conceptually visualize the role of culture in shaping expectations related to the presence of corruption in governmental performance. The research empirically explores whether and how culture, operationalized by means of the whole set of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, affects perceived corruption. The latter is measured through the Bayesian Corruption Index, favoured over the alternatives, and ought to deserve wider use. Over 142 countries worldwide, a cross-sectional econometric analysis shows that societies characterized by more power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and less individualism score worse in terms of perceived corruption. Findings provide implications for policy-makers and society, as well as for researchers adding light upon the relevance of cultural values to change the perspective about the course of history.