Historical Recognition Research Articles

Exploring cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) worldwide: Current epidemiological insights and recent developments.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), a disorder of gut-brain interaction, presents with recurrent episodes of severe nausea and vomiting. It is often associated with missed or delayed diagnoses and substantial healthcare utilization. Despite historical recognition dating back to the 19th century, epidemiological insights remain limited, with research predominantly originating from specific regions, such as the US. CVS prevalence and incidence rates vary widely and are hindered by inconsistent methodologies and disease recognition. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CVS prevalence and incidence rates. It reviews the currently available data and identifies gaps in knowledge. Understanding the global epidemiology of CVS, increasing awareness of the disease, and fostering global collaboration are crucial. Other pertinent issues include disparities in outcomes, particularly among African Americans and Hispanics in the United States, underscoring the need to understand the social determinants of health that drive disease outcomes. This understanding can inform targeted interventions to address these barriers and achieve equitable healthcare both in the United States and globally.

In Ice and Skin: Inuit Kakiniit Birth, Death, and Revival in a Modern Post-Colonial and Politicized Arctic

This paper delves into the profound history of traditional Inuit tattooing practices known as kakiniit against the backdrop of a post-colonial and highly politicized Arctic landscape. The story of the birth, death, and revival of kakiniit is amidst many traces of Indigenous resilience and transformation following rapid socio-cultural changes within communities during assimilatory efforts. Highlighting the narrative perspectives surrounding the birth of kakiniit, this paper serves the history of the artistic storytelling model and form of cultural expression through Inuit cosmologies and ontologies and revisits sites of its cultural preservation and revitalization, interrogating lingering assimilatory perspectives within the Arctic wherein colonial impositions intersect with Indigenous agency. Through the study of ethnographic narratives across age groups and geographies and engagement with contemporary resurgence efforts, this essay illuminates the deep-rooted complexity and dynamic adaptation of kakiniit throughout the ages, navigating its creation, temporary expulsion from Inuit culture and its revival and repurposing as a widely used historical recognition and cultural reclamation practice across Indigenous cultures in the Arctic as an adaptive expression of cultural continuity and resistance in the face of ongoing colonialist ideals.

Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex (D-MER): A Novel Neuroendocrine Condition with Psychiatric Manifestations.

• Describe how the symptoms of dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) affect nursing patients.• Discuss how physicians, psychologists, and clinicians can support their patients experiencing D-MER. Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is characterized by a sudden onset of profoundly negative emotions that are temporally linked to milk letdown when breastfeeding or pumping breast milk. These affective experiences have no psychological precipitants and only last for minutes. D-MER is relatively underappreciated in the physician-oriented medical literature, although there are important clinical and public health consequences when a nursing parent experiences unwanted, negative emotions paired with breastfeeding. D-MER can undermine the parent's confidence and may affect bonding with their infant; it may also contribute to weaning earlier than planned. It is especially important for psychiatrists and other health care professionals who may be called upon to evaluate postpartum patients or nursing parents to be knowledgeable about D-MER. This perspective article aims to provide information about D-MER to the psychiatric and broader medical communities, and to underscore the need for additional research on this topic. Drawing on a literature search, the article first traces historical recognition of D-MER as a clinical entity, then summarizes the clinical characteristics of D-MER and recommends an assessment and management approach that emphasizes psychoeducation. The article also discusses factors that have contributed to the underappreciation of this condition, outlines gaps in our understanding, and suggests next steps for epidemiological and clinical research. D-MER is likely a neuroendocrine condition with psychiatric manifestations. Given that it is episodic but with predictable timing, this condition presents a unique opportunity for scientific investigation.

Corrosive Comparisons and the Memory Politics of “Saming”: Threat and Opportunity in the Age of Apology

This article contributes to the interdisciplinary fields of memory and historical justice studies by analyzing one, particularly troublesome kind of competitive comparison that sometimes happens in memory politics in the so-called age of apology. The article calls this kind of competitive comparison, “saming”. Saming involves the attempt, via far-fetched or otherwise wrongheaded comparison, to exploit the recognition of some well-known case of historical injustice. Further, saming involves pursuing this comparison in ways that both trivialize the original injustice and undermine the framework from which the recognition of that injustice derives. The article develops its arguments and analysis by studying Budapest’s House of Terror museum and two Canadian redress campaigns, which sought historical recognition for the wartime internments of persons of Italian and Ukrainian ancestry, respectively. Saming is a recurrent problem, ubiquitous and probably inevitable in memory politics because the recognition of historical injustice brings with it unavoidable and indeed often valuable incentives to comparison. Thus, the overall aim of this article is to analyze the threat of saming in order to better defend the cause of comparison in introspective collective remembrance.

A life-time of hematopoietic cell function: ascent, stability, and decline.

Aging is a set of complex processes that occur temporally and continuously. It is generally a unidirectional progression of cellular and molecular changes occurring during the life stages of cells, tissues and ultimately the whole organism. In vertebrate organisms, this begins at conception from the first steps in blastocyst formation, gastrulation, germ layer differentiation, and organogenesis to a continuum of embryonic, fetal, adolescent, adult, and geriatric stages. Tales of the "fountain of youth" and songs of being "forever young" are dominant ideas informing us that growing old is something science should strive to counteract. Here, we discuss the normal life stages of the blood system, particularly the historical recognition of its importance in the early growth stages of vertebrates, and what this means with respect to progressive gain and loss of hematopoietic function in the adult.

Recent Advances and Updates in Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review

Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is a complex clinical syndrome marked by the breakdown of skeletal muscle cells, with historical recognition dating back to biblical times and modern understanding evolving since World War II. This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of RML, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. As a result of trauma or non-traumatic muscle injuries, pathogenesis involves the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream. Epidemiologically, RML exhibits demographic nuances, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors for prevention. Clinical manifestations range from the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine to diverse presentations. Diagnosis involves evaluating elevated creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, with management strategies focusing on fluid balance, AKI prevention, and addressing underlying causes. The prognosis is diverse, influenced by complications such as AKI, with various scoring systems aiding risk assessment. Prevention and treatment strategies include a multifaceted approach, integrating tailored warm-ups, mindful exercise, education, and dietary modifications. Overall, the prognosis for RML remains favorable, underscoring the significance of meticulous management. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of RML, bridging historical insights with contemporary medical strategies and guiding ongoing research and advancements in patient care for this intricate condition. RML serves as a paradigm for integrating nuanced historical perspectives and modern medical approaches, highlighting the intricate balance required for effective management in clinical practice.

Recent Advances and Updates in Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review

Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is a complex clinical syndrome marked by the breakdown of skeletal muscle cells, with historical recognition dating back to biblical times and modern understanding evolving since World War II. This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of RML, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. As a result of trauma or non-traumatic muscle injuries, pathogenesis involves the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream. Epidemiologically, RML exhibits demographic nuances, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors for prevention. Clinical manifestations range from the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine to diverse presentations. Diagnosis involves evaluating elevated creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, with management strategies focusing on fluid balance, AKI prevention, and addressing underlying causes. The prognosis is diverse, influenced by complications such as AKI, with various scoring systems aiding risk assessment. Prevention and treatment strategies include a multifaceted approach, integrating tailored warm-ups, mindful exercise, education, and dietary modifications. Overall, the prognosis for RML remains favorable, underscoring the significance of meticulous management. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of RML, bridging historical insights with contemporary medical strategies and guiding ongoing research and advancements in patient care for this intricate condition. RML serves as a paradigm for integrating nuanced historical perspectives and modern medical approaches, highlighting the intricate balance required for effective management in clinical practice

Fairs and Females: A Socio-cultural Perspective of 19th and 20th Century Bengal

Abstract: Fair or Mela has been an integral part of Bengali culture since time immemorial. A fair is generally a conglomeration of people in a festive arrangement for buying and selling goods centering on religious or other special occasions at a specific time and a place. Fair was an integral part of colonial Bengal’s socio-cultural and economic spheres as well. Numerous fairs used to be held in 19th and 20th century Bengal for various reasons which concerned seasonal harvesting, religious festivals, marketing, occasional cultural events, promoting entertainment including traditional games and sports, arts. In a broader aspect, fairs have played role in shaping colonial Bengal’s society and in several ways helped to develop our rich culture over the decades. Another major yet less valued aspect of these fairs is the involvement of women in these which speak in volumes about the socio-economic participation of different classes of women in colonial Bengal. Women of lower social classes participated in these fairs mostly as sellers or entertainers whereas women of higher social classes were found as occasional visitors. Though, due to ‘purdah’ restrictions the numbers of native elite women visitors were often low, women of British or Anglo-Indian families often visited such fairs in their proximity. A number of British women have written about their splendid experiences at Bengali fairs in their memoirs. This vivid participation of women of all strata in different categories in Bengali fairs has not gained much focus in earlier studies. Not merely in the lens of feminism, the role of the womenfolk in those Bengali fairs to contribute in accelerating their families’ economic standard, deserves historical recognition. This paper attempts to study the roles of such women, played in the fairs in both parts of Bengal in 19th and 20th centuries and its grave significance in revisiting gender roles in colonial Bengal’s society.

Gender diversity, gender liminality in French Polynesia

Background: The phenomenon of the māhū and raerae of French Polynesia represents a long-standing historical recognition of a third gender status that makes space for a level of respect and integration within a broader society. Raerae is a more recent type of māhū who more overtly express themselves as women in society. Aim: This article describes the gender identity, gender expression, sexual behavior, and sexual orientation of gender diverse individuals in French Polynesia, including the Society, Tuamotus, and the Marquesas Islands. By studying cultures with protective factors, this research seeks to contribute to the development of effective approaches to sexual and gender health promotion, including HIV/STI prevention. Method: Our analysis is based on ethnographic work, field observation, in depth interviews, and survey data. The focus of this study was specifically on the māhū and raerae (gender diverse individuals). Results: We collected data from ten islands in French Polynesia and included 47 participants. The results include demographics, information about self-identification, gender identity development and family and social acceptance, current gender identity, expression, early and current sexual experiences, relationships, involvement in sex work, and health status, including HIV risk and status. Conclusion: While not a utopia for gender variant individuals living in French Polynesia, this cultural recognition serves as a protective factor as compared to other cultures that greatly stigmatize transgender and gender diverse individuals or those who transgress socially defined roles for men.

The march for gender equality of Algerian women: The struggle for spatial and historical recognition

AbstractSocial and political anti‐government movements have been major headlines across the globe in recent years, with a noticeable participation of women. In the MENA region, such movements spanned Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, and Lebanon among others. Through an ethnographic inquiry into the Algerian pro‐democracy movement Hirak (2019–2021), we delve into women's experiences of the Hirak to show how women remain marginalized politically, economically, and socially despite their heavy and praised participation. Using a recognition theory lens, we unveil dialectics of unity and division in the struggle for recognition among women in Algeria, a post‐colonial context charged with conflicting ideological stances. We detect two structural dimensions of the struggle, a spatial/physical dimension and a historical/temporal dimension that help surface different gender positionalities and their dynamics as they vie for recognition. We stress the importance of not homogenizing women's political struggles, especially in the Global South.

Face of the Child as an Icon of the Victims of Dehumanization and Bestiality. At the Root of Pedagogical Concern for the Fate of the Child and the Endangered Identity of Children in a Situation of Wartime Aggression and Confrontation of Ethno-Cultural...

The word “child” and the images depicting children and childhood in the context of acts of aggression, war and crime, in a situation of immense suffering, vividly show the processes of dehumanisation taking place and the acts of bestiality of wartime. For pedagogy, the wartime experience of children poses a particular challenge. Pedagogy is burdened with the duty to care especially for the fate of the child experiencing the horrors of war. It is never enough to emphasise that although the issue of concern for the fate of the child in a situation of wartime aggression is imposed by reality itself, it is a reality that, as ethical sensitivity suggests, should not be. One cannot succumb to stupefaction or indifference in reading the great numbers and the ever-increasing number of children experiencing the dangers and sufferings of war. It is necessary – in a pedagogical perspective saturated with axiology and ethics – to see the Face of the Child as an icon of the victims of dehumanisation and bestiality, which appeals to the consciences of people of good will to concretise and intensify pedagogical concern for the fate of the child and for the endangered identity of children in a situation of wartime aggression and confrontation of ethno-cultural differences. The current pedagogical challenge is to move towards a pedagogically deepened reading of what is written in the wounded or scarred Face of the Child as an icon of the victims of the brutality, dehumanisation and bestiality of wartime. It is important to draw attention to the features of children as the smallest, weakest and most vulnerable people – people who are quite defenceless – in the confrontation imposed on them with the barbarity and bestiality of wartime, which is unfortunately being experienced today by Ukrainian children, and it is their faces that are becoming the icons of the victims of dehumanisation and bestiality. The fate of the children of the war poses a current research and practical challenge also in the research field of history (including the history of education and the history of care institutions). Past – but not fully researched and described – crimes against children are also repeated in the 20th and 21st centuries. Therefore, the historical recognition of, among others, the Nazi genocide of children is essential for a better understanding of the current dramatic situation of the children of war. Special attention in the article is given to Ukrainian children of war who are migrants or deported. If a National Day for Polish Children of War has been established in Poland (as a state holiday “in tribute to the Polish Children of War”), an initiative should also be taken in Ukraine to establish a “National Day for Ukrainian Children of War”. This could be a joint Ukrainian-Polish initiative of academic circles, especially educators. The second postulate includes the creation of a “Virtual Network (Centre) for Children of War Documentation and Research” as a “space” for interdisciplinary and systematic scientific debate and information exchange in cooperation between Polish, Ukrainian and other countries’ academic centres, organising cyclical scientific seminars also in connection with the National Day of Polish Children of War, seminars with both theoretical and practical orientation (e.g. on education and readaptation of children of war).

“Bykivnia is Extremely Important in the Search for Our Identity”: A Martyrological Landscape of Remembrance and the Problems with the Victimhood Narrative

AbstractIn 1989, after few decades of Soviet disinformation, a fourth investigation by the state commission finally recognized Bykivnia, located on the outskirt of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, as being a burial place for victims of the Soviet regime. Later in 1994, the Historical and Cultural Reserve “Bykivnians’ky Graves” was launched at the site, marking the initial point of the state remembrance of victims of Soviet political repressions and consequently indicating the importance of the victimhood narrative when portraying the Soviet past. This article examines the historical recognition of Bykivnia and the development of a martyrological landscape on the site in context with the establishment of state legislative actions and commemorative policies regarding victims of Soviet political repressions. The case study of Bykivnia should provide a basic understanding of domestic and international contradictions when creating a victimhood narrative and will question approaches taken for adapting this narrative in building a national identity.

Eco-Geography of Dioscorea composita (Hemsl.) in México and Central America under the Influence of Climate Change

Dioscorea composita is a plant with historical recognition for the production of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance, including diosgenin, and with great nutritional and ethnobotanical value in its center of origin (México and Central America). Furthermore, it is considered a promising therapeutic agent against cancer. Currently, México is one of the two most important countries producing this yam; however, climate change is altering the environmental conditions of its natural habits, threatening its preservation and productivity. This is why this research was focused on characterizing the eco-geography of D. composita and predicting its potential geographic distribution under climate change scenarios in México-Central America. A collection of 408 geo-referenced accessions was used to determine its climatic adaptation, ecological descriptors, and the current and future potential geographic distribution, which was modeled with the MaxEnt model through the Kuenm R-package. For future climate scenarios, an ensemble of the GCMs HadGEM-ES and CCSM4 was used. Results showed that D. composita adapts to warm and humid and very humid agro-climates and, the most contributing variables for its presence are annual and seasonal moisture availability indices, the seasonal photoperiod, annual thermal range, and Bio14 and Bio11. The current potential distribution (692,123 km2) of D. composita might decrease by the year 2050 RCP4.5 (365,680 km2) and might increase by 2050 under the scenario RCP8.5 (763,589 km2), showing this plant could be a good crop option for this climate change scenario. The findings obtained provide valuable information that will allow for the effective utilization of this plant, both in terms of developing new pharmaceutical products and implementing appropriate conservation strategies.

『제왕운기』의 역사서술 특징과 이승휴의 역사관

In Jewang Ungi, the founding years and overall durations of all mentioned dynasties are provided. Particularly, for prehistoric myths and legends such as Pan Gu(盤古), Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors(三皇五帝), Dangun(檀君), and Kija(箕子), specific years are included. Furthermore, this section presents references to support these years. The inclusion of years serves the purpose of establishing a clear timeline of historical dynasties and enhancing the credibility of the work. By presenting references from myths, legends, and the field of ancient history, the author aims to demonstrate that Jewang Ungi is not a work of fiction but rather a means to increase its authenticity and reliability, especially in the realms of myths, legends, and ancient history. In the context of ancient Korean history, Jewang Ungi introduces several new elements not found in other historical texts. It primarily focuses on the founding myths of Gojoseon(古朝鮮) and the transfer of power in the King Jun(準王) tradition, offering a fresh perspective on historical recognition. Additionally, Jewang Ungi presents new information regarding the Three Han Kingdoms(三韓), Koguryo(高句麗), Baekje(百濟), and Balhae(渤海) that is not found in the Samguk Sagi(三國史記) and Samguk Yusa(三國遺事). These unique contents suggest a significant difference from our present-day sources and thus add value to Jewang Ungi as historical documentation. In Jewang Ungi, specifically the section on Chinese history, the legitimacy of various Chinese dynasties is determined. Yi Seunghyu's theory of legitimacy emphasized the prevailing reality while also acknowledging the significance of Chinese culture and civilization. This perspective was shaped by the historical context of that time and the experiences Yi Seunghyu went through in his life. Jewang Ungi consistently emphasized the guiding Principles of Confucius in writing the Annals(春秋筆法), which was a shared principle among the officials and literati of the Goryeo period. Yi Seunghyu, as a scholar himself, approached Jewang Ungi from a Confucian scholarly standpoint. However, it is insufficient to summarize his historical perspective based solely on Confucian ideology. Considering the openness and diversity of Goryeo society and its intellectual discourse, it is more appropriate to recognize Yi Seunghyu's historical perspective as one characterized by flexible inclusiveness and plurality.

Dendrogeomorphology in Evaluating Erosive Processes in an Urban Conservation Unit

Water erosion is a worldwide problem that has been depleting soils mainly in tropical regions, due to the greater volume of precipitated water. In this sense, recent prediction methods in tropical regions such as dendrogeomorphology are necessary and important to identify and date the influence and correlation between erosion processes and vegetation. This study aimed to understand and scale the erosive processes, through the annual historical recognition of the rate of soil loss and sedimentation, applying the concepts of dendrogeomorphology in the evaluation of the stem and roots of trees of the species of Anadenanthera macrocarpa and Schefflera morototoni, in a conservation unit in the Brazilian Cerrado. Trees were selected in the following soil level conditions: (i) having root exposure, (ii) no exposure (buried), and (iii) no change in soil level (control). Cross-dating was performed using the COFECHA software program, and the information applied in dating scars and abnormal radial growth periods were observed in exposed roots and associated with the beginning of erosion processes. The results indicated that the occurrence of the erosive processes ascertained by anatomical changes in the exposed roots and a most common erosive rains date from 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2017. While changes in the trunk growth ring width start from 1992, with similar years between the two species of 2013 and 2017. The highest soil accumulation rates were 18.6 mm/year, vertical losses were 500 mm per year and horizontal losses were 665 mm. Finally, there is a positive correlation between the number of scars and an abrupt increase in the growth rings of the exposed roots with the number of erosive rains.

A Shiʿi Lebanese reading of Sunni Hadith: progress, inclusivity, and an empowered contestation of narratives

ABSTRACT This article assesses a Shi‘i-Lebanese debate over Sunni Hadith in the context of state formation and Shi‘i integration into this new entity. ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Sharaf al-Dīn al-Mūsawī, the most authoritative Shi‘i-Lebanese jurist of his time, relied on Sunni compilers of Hadith, to prove the veracity of Shi‘i Islam, to a Sunni audience. Nevertheless, these treatises cannot be viewed as traditional polemics. Instead, they reflected Mūsawī’s position as a proud Shi‘i leader of a community which received historical recognition in the new nation state. Beyond Lebanon, Mūsawī perceived himself as a peer of Sunni modernized forces and thought the time was ripe for acceptance of Shi‘ism, through shared values, a pan-Islamic vision and a critical approach to Hadith, in its content and narrators, within a more humanized depiction of the Companions. Mūsawī did not deviate from classical Shi‘i notions. Nevertheless, he joined forces with Shi‘i reformists in their quest for historical reconciliation with Sunnis, within an expanded notion of orthodoxy. In his understanding, Sunni recognition of a toned down Shi‘i historiography, together with Shi‘i endorsement of Sunni Hadith, may pave the way for a cross-sectarian narrative based on a progressive vision of Islam and on a rational approach to the texts.

The Rise and Fall of a Wilsonian Dream

This book represents an archive based, original, and in-depth study or biography of the Williamstown Institute of Politics (IOP) and its inspiration Harry Garfield, son of the assassinated U.S. President James A. Garfield. Harry Garfield’s principal claim to historical recognition is described and to some extent explained in this interesting study. Garfield established an interwar-years center for the study and discussion of international affairs with a view to educating the U.S. public about the world and reducing nationalist feeling, in favor of a Wilsonian League of Nations vision of international order. Ultimately, the IOP project lasted just over a decade, shone quite brilliantly in the transatlantic elite consciousness, and passed away suddenly in August 1932 with Garfield’s own retirement as President of Williams College. Although the author does not venture to suggest this, nor so classify the IOP and its organizers, funders, networks, and leading speakers, the Institute in effect represented elite U.S. and British, and some other, organic intellectuals at a time of global power shifts. These shifts occurred on a global scale in the aftermath of World War I, the Russian revolution, the Amritsar massacre, ferment in China, Africa, and the Middle East, and rising democratic movements among workers and women. Public opinion—unchained and untutored—stalked the land. Massive change was in the air, colonialism had led the world to the deadliest war in human history, and the British empire’s reformist wing looked to their Anglo-Saxon cousin to save the empire from obsolescence. The book shows how a specific group, long-neglected by historians, played a key role in airing ideas and debates and differences at a time of anxiety about the direction of world affairs. Complementarily, this was also the coming of age of east coast U.S. foreign policy elites, looking for their place in the sun, armed with a new ideology—liberal internationalism—to replace moribund colonialism. The future belonged to the U.S. elite—but the American people were not convinced. It was to educate them in the new realities that the IOP came into being, to realize U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive mission. Indeed, no less a figure than Antonio Gramsci himself, had lavished praise on Wilson’s internationalism, despite the limitations and great power politics of the proposed League of Nations.

A framework for modelling emergent sediment loss in the Ombrone River Basin, central Italy

Water can represent a hazard causing soil erosion and it is essential to anticipate the potential environmental impacts of sustained rainwater energy to achieve sustainability. Here, we present the modelling of the erosive force of water for the production of soil sediment in a Mediterranean basin of central Italy (Ombrone River Basin, ORB). A point of departure is the historical recognition of the environmental factors causing sediments loss (SL) by water. A semi-empirical framework was then proposed for the upscaling of SL based on the Foster-Thornes approach (EUSEM: Environmental Upscaling Sediment Erosion Model) in order to give an insight into annual sediment losses (SL) over the period 1949–1977 (calibration) and over a longer time-frame (1942–2020: reconstruction). Two change-points were detected: 1967 and 1986. During this period, SL was affected by a sharp decrease from 625 Mg km-2yr-1, before the first change-point (when SL was only occasionally below the tolerable soil loss threshold of 150 Mg km-2yr-1), to 233 Mg km-2yr-1, during the transition phase 1967–1985 (mostly above the warning treshold of 140 Mg km-2yr-1). This decrease coincided with an enhancing of vegetation throughout the basin due to an ongoing afforestation process. After this period, a resurgence of climatic forcing led to a further, but more contained, increase in SL, from 1996 onwards. This case-study illustrates the application and results that can be obtained with the framework for the outcome of environmental change due to sediment losses in a Mediterranean fluvial basin. Limitations and perspectives of this approach are given as conclusion.

일본의 북한사 연구와 역사인식

이 글에서 필자는 일본에서 이루어진 북한 관련 연구의 흐름을 정리 한다. 일본에서의 조선 연구는 각별한 의미를 지닌다. 식민지 지배를 둘러싼 과거 청산 문제는 물론 재일조선인 문제, 나아가 남북 분단의 원인을 제공한 직접 당사자가 일본이기 때문이다. 일본 사회에서 조선 문제는 외국의 문제가 아니라 일본 자신의 문제일 수밖에 없다. 앞으 로도 한반도 문제, 즉 남한과 북한의 문제는 일본 현대사와 밀접하게 연관시켜 연구하고 논의되어야 한다. 1980년대 후반 이후, 북한을 객관적으로 파악하려는 시도를 통해 북한사 연구에 관한 역사적 검토는 많은 진전을 이루었다. 특히 한국 연구자들이 진행한 북한 사회에 대한 ‘내재적 접근’과 ‘외재적 접근’ 논쟁 역시 북한에 대한 학문적 기대치가 고조된 사회상을 반영한다. 또 구 소련의 연구 자료 개방과 함께 역사적 사실을 재평가하는 연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 일본에서의 북한 연구의 특징은 상대적으로 사회주의 체제의 확립 을 둘러싼 경제관련 연구가 중심이라는 점이다. 경제 분야에서도 제도 적이고 이념적인 연구가 주류다. 북한 실태에 관한 연구를 수행하기에 여러 제약이 있다는 사실을 감안하더라도, 연구자 자신의 자세에도 문제가 있다. 국제적 환경의 긴박함과 불투명한 조일 관계라는 엄연한 현실에도 연구자는 진실을 추구하려는 치열한 자세를 견지해야 하기 때문이다. 북한에 대한 연구 방법론과 방향 설정을 둘러싼 논의, 자료 확보 문제 등 앞으로 해결해야 할 과제는 여전히 남아있다. 또 북한 연구의 진전을 위해, 연구 대상에 대한 올바른 접근과 방법론이 절대 적으로 필요하다. 무엇보다 민중을 주체로 역사상을 재구성하는 작업이 불가결하다. 북한 현대사와 남한 현대사를 아우르는 ‘한반도 전체적 시각’과 더불어 재일조선인을 포함한 ‘전 조선 민중적 시각’에 기초한 통일적 역사관이 긴요하다. 남북 반세기의 역사는 남한과 북한만을 대상으로 한 것이 아니라, 재일조선인을 포함하여 상호 밀접한 역학관계에서 존재했기 때문이다. 남북 민중과 재일조선인은 앞으로도 통일이라는 공통의 과 제와 전망을 공유해 나갈 것이다. 남북 현대사와 재일조선인의 동향을 유기적으로 파악하는 작업은 식민지 지배 민족인 일본인에게 부여된 역사적 책무다.

Pioneers in the study of creativity in Spain. A psycho-pedagogical view

This article intends to make a historical recognition to pioneer researchers of creativity in Spain. Although it lacks structure and methodology to qualify it as historical, it does lay the foundations and gives an account of the first contributions and how creativity has been introduced in Spain from the point of view of psycho-pedagogy thanks to researchers motivated by a cognitive-emotional theme. The theoretical foundations, as well as the strategic and operative ones, are inspired by the American and Spanish psycho-pedagogical research developed between 1960 and the end of the 20th century. Two of the key authors at the beginning were FH and R. Marín. The “corpus” of creativity in Spain has been growing and diversifying over the years, addressing fields such as psycho-pedagogy, art, advertising, engineering and business