Historical Recognition Research Articles

Women in American journalism: a new history

Jan Whitt tells the stories of women who have been overlooked in journalism history, offering an important corrective to scholarship that narrowly focuses on the deeds of men like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. She explores the lives of women reporters who achieved significant historical recognition, such as Ida Tarbell and Ida Wells-Barnett, as well as literary authors such as Joan Didion, Susan Orlean, Willa Cather, and Eudora Welty, whose work blends influences from both journalism and literature. This study shows how numerous women broadened the editorial scope of newspapers and journals, transformed women’s professional roles, used journalism as a training ground for major literary works, and led breakthroughs in lesbian and alternative presses.

A Century of Agronomic Education

Journals published by the American Society of Agronomy (ASA) richly chronicle the growth and success of agronomic education. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Agronomy Journal, we compiled this historical recognition of the aggregate effort of our predecessors and colleagues. Their talented and dedicated legacy has played a significant role in feeding the world while protecting soil and water resources. By consulting our past we seek wisdom for the future, knowing that educational challenges of equal significance wait. The first volume (1909) included an article on instruction in soil physics and approximately 650 more education articles have since appeared. Most early articles focused on soils and crops course descriptions and their need for standardization. Then emphasis switched to teaching methods, aids, philosophies, student characteristics, evaluation, and curricula. Contributions from land‐grant institutions have been most numerous, but other sources are becoming more common. The number of articles has steadily increased, as has author collaboration on articles, growing from only about 10% in early years to about 70% in recent editions. We hope our abbreviated summary of the past stimulates you into consulting the writings of your esteemed predecessors and that you find validation of your efforts toward making a difference in some future agronomic record. As global pressures increase the demands on agronomic education, history may provide a pattern for success. Past achievements suggest that agronomic education is well‐founded and can be expected to impact the next century of learning as capably as it did its first century.

Gating Union: The Politics of Making a Historically Black Community

ABSTRACTIn 1999, Union was officially recognized as a Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places. Although approximately 80 percent of the residents are raced white, Union was identified as a historically black space. The recognition, premised on Union's origins as a town founded by freed slaves in the late nineteenth century, was the culmination of efforts by the Union Community Association. Its members, who are predominantly white, middle class, and newcomers to the area, took on the role of “protecting” their community by gaining official historic recognition, a task that established them as the gatekeepers of history, and black residents as historical artifacts. As Union became established as a historically black community, its social and legal boundaries could act to protect the place against unwanted land developers. While (white) residents took on the role as history's gatekeepers, (black) descendent residents were turned into tangible metonyms for history, authenticating by their presence Union's historic status. Official recognition has allowed the Union Community Association to fence in an oasis of rustic living at the edge of development, while less affluent residents find themselves gated into a stagnant social landscape in which social and economic opportunity has been effectively gated out.

“The Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920–1950”: David C. Driskell and Race, Ethics, and Aesthetics

“The Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920–1950”David C. Driskell and Race, Ethics, and Aesthetics Julie L. McGee (bio) This article considers David Driskell’s catalogue essay, “The Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920–1950,” in the context of the author, the times, and exigencies behind the exhibition “Two Centuries of Black American Art” (1976). Situated historically, Driskell’s essay manifests the dominant voices and parameters relative to race and artistic practice in African-American art at that time (1970s). Nonetheless, it is also a deeply individualistic essay, written from the perspective of a practicing artist significantly indebted to modernist conceptions of art and scholastic aesthetic philosophy1 A work of art is immersed in the whirlpool of time; and it belongs to eternity. A work of art is specific, local, individual; and it is our brightest token of universality. A work of art arises proudly above any interpretation we may see fit to give it; and, although it serves to illustrate history, man and the world itself, it goes further than this; it creates man, creates the world and sets up within history an immutable order. (Focillon 32) In 1976 the Los Angeles County Museum of Art mounted two significant traveling exhibitions: Linda Nochlin and Ann Sutherland Harris’s “Women artists 1550–1950,”2 and “Two Centuries of Black American Art.” Conceived largely in 1974 and before its signifying bicentennial year opening, “Two Centuries of Black American Art” emerged during a period of heightened group action by artists demanding historical recognition and visibility in the mainstream art world. These emergent voices and artistic practices, largely ignored by the Western canon, included Chicano/a, Native, and African-American artists. Feminist scholars such as Linda Nochlin, Eleanor Tufts, Cindy Nemser, and others worked tirelessly to document women’s artistic practices and call out the flawed and prejudicial nature of the art historical discourse and praxis.3 The seminal “Two Centuries” exhibition was guest curated by artist and historian David C. Driskell, then on the faculty at Fisk University.4 “I was looking for a body of work which showed first of all that blacks had been stable participants in American visual culture for more than 200 years, and by stable participants I simply mean that in many cases they had been the backbone,” Driskell recalls (qtd. in Fraser). Black artists’ historical omission, invisibility, and derisory representation in art discourses are unfortunate but very real aspects of American art history. Examples of historically flawed or racially tinged art criticism relative to African-American art are easy to find; this holds true for the decades preceding and contemporaneous to “Two Centuries,” including [End Page 1175] reviews of the exhibition itself. Though several exhibitions highlighting contemporary black artists’ work emerged during the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art wanted an exhibit that would index the historical achievement of African-American artists and thereby provide a context for the more recent and contemporary work. “Two Centuries” ostensibly concluded in the 1950s, excluding work by artists born after the 1920s. Nonetheless, artists who worked well into and beyond the 1950s, such as Romare Bearden, Norman Lewis, and Elizabeth Catlett, were included. Though criticized for excluding more contemporary work, Driskell eloquently defended the chronological parameter: “1950 is not a bad cut-off date [ . . . ] it allows us to honor our ancestors [ . . . ] [and] pass on a mantle to go forth and look to that which came after them” (qtd. in Kutner). Artistic practices and artists excluded from the entrenched canon were expected to demonstrate aesthetic viability, maturity, and legitimacy. Mechanisms for doing this included noting omissions, documenting historicity of practice and practitioners, establishing difference, and calling into question the discourse of exclusion. Exhibitions and exhibition catalogues are instrumental tools in knowledge production; they shape discourse and subsequent exhibition programming and collecting. Aided by Driskell’s quintessential assailing elegance, “Two Centuries”—the exhibition and its catalogue—significantly participated in this “rupture moment” in American art history. This paper takes up one of Driskell’s two catalogue essays, “The Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920–1950,” in the context of the author and the exigencies of the era. In his 1946 article, “The Negro...

A unifying framework for biological invasions: the state factor model

Biological invasions are a fixture in our landscapes, with consequent losses in endemic biota and shifts in ecosystem function. Despite the historical recognition of exotic species success in novel environs, this phenomenon lacks a holistic-descriptive framework. Recent attempts to explain biological invasions are based largely on identifying the inherent invasive qualities of successful exotic species (i.e., invasiveness), or characterizing the susceptibility of a habitat to an introduced species (i.e., invasibility), with few studies examining their interaction or additional contributing factors (e.g., time since introduction). We propose unifying the ’points of entry’ into biological invasions with a state factor model that incorporates all contributing variables—not just species or habitats—into a quantifiable, factorial model amenable to hypothesis testing. State factors are phenomenological variables describing the state of a system—historically used in soil and vegetation science. Our state factor equation relates any quantifiable property of an invasion (i) as a function of propagule pressure (p), introduced habitat (h), invader autecology (a), source environment (s), and time since introduction (t). By manipulating state factors singly, or in interaction, targeted variation can be related to quantifiable properties of exotic species while controlling, or at minimum accounting for, remaining factors contributing variation to the system. This holistic factor-function paradigm extends research on invasions from beyond the limits imposed by current theory, fosters novel empirical approaches, elucidates knowledge gaps in our understanding of resident invasions, and allows for variable accounting via a factor matrix. Here we briefly outline the ontogeny of state factors in soil and vegetation science, detail our proposed ’phast’ framework for biological invasions, including notation, and examine a case study in state factor utility.

Methodology of Basic Investigation forNew Historic Recognition :Centering around the Comparisonof Research Result of 3？1 Independence Movement in South Korea and North Korea

Methodology of Basic Investigation forNew Historic Recognition :Centering around the Comparisonof Research Result of 3？1 Independence Movement in South Korea and North Korea

Tatsuji Inouye-Topographer of the Visual Cortex. Exemplar of the Germany-Japan Ophthalmic Legacy of the Meiji Era

Purpose: To give historic recognition to Tatsuji Inouye, M.D., as the originator of our modern concepts of the topography of the visual cortex and to highlight his further contributions to ophthalmology. Historical approach or resources: The Meiji era (1868–1912) was a period in which Japan welcomed all Western influences. Germany became the primary source for dissemination of modern medical knowledge, a role that the Dutch had played for 250 years during the prior Edo era. Within a short 40-year span, Japan's physicians were to make significant contributions in all medical fields. Body of paper: Among them, Tatsuji Inouye must be recognized. In the Russo-Japan War (1904–5), he examined bullet wounds of the occiput and in his subsequent publication deduced the functional role of the visual cortex. His achievement was overshadowed by similar studies carried out in World War I by Gordon Holmes, whose name alone, to this day, is identified in medical texts with the map of the visual cortex. Summary or conclusions: Tatsuji Inouye deserves credit, along with Holmes, for our modern concepts of the topography of the visual cortex and for furthering ophthalmic care in Japan.

“Native Christians Massacred”: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I

Ottoman Empire's widespread persecution of Assyrian civilians during World War I constituted a form of genocide, the present-day term for an attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, or religious group, in whole or in part. Although there were no extermination camps on the scale of Auschwitz, the genocide of the Assyrians resembled the Holocaust of Jews, Slavs, Roma people, leftists, homosexuals, and other minorities under Nazi occupation during World War II because Ottoman soldiers and their Kurdish and Persian militia allies subjected hundreds of thousands of Assyrians to a deliberate and of massacre, torture, abduction, deportation, impoverishment, and cultural and ethnic destruction. According to the American ambassador to Constantinople from 1913 to 1916, Henry I. Morgenthau, widely regarded as a principal source of information on the Armenian genocide: The story which I have told about the Armenians I could also tell with certain modifications about the Greeks and the as Assyrians were often known to the West. He added that the Ottoman Empire decided to apply the same methods [of wholesale massacre] on a larger scale not only to the Greeks but to the Armenians, Syrians, Nestorians [i.e., Assyrians], and others of its subject peoples. In 1918, according to the Los Angeles Times, Ambassador Morgenthau confirmed that the Ottoman Empire had fully 2,000,000 men, women, and children?Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians; fully 1,500,000 Armenians.This article will argue that the hesitation to recognize the Assyrian genocide is unjustified, for the evidence is overwhelming that Turks and their Kurdish allies massacred hundreds of thousands of Assyrians in order to exterminate the Christian population; raped and enslaved thousands of Assyrian women in a fashion; and deported the Assyrians en masse from their ancestral lands under conditions that led to famine and widespread death. Established principles of international law outlawed this war of extermination against Ottoman Christian civilians before it was embarked upon, and ample evidence of genocidal intent has surfaced in the form of admissions by Ottoman officials. Nevertheless, the international community has been hesitant to recognize the Assyrian experience as an instance of genocide. more rapid legal recognition of the Armenian genocide is attributable to the larger numbers of Armenian victims and survivors, the dispersion and political voicelessness of the Assyrian people, and more copious evidence of an intention on the part of the Ottomans to wipe out the Armenians.In conclusion, I will contend that the legal and historical recognition of the Assyrian genocide at the hands of the Ottomans is vital to focus the world's attention on the Assyrian remnant in Iraq. That remnant has been scattered by more than a century of massacre, discrimination, and religious persecution into non-viable communities that are still waiting for their homelands and human rights to be restored. U.S. officials have documented an ethnic-cleansing campaign against Assyrians in present-day Iraq, with systematic attacks against Assyrian civilians, bombings of Assyrian churches, and the driving of most Assyrians out of Iraq. Genocide and ethnic cleansing give rise to legally enforceable claims for reparation and restoration of property and the value of lives lost. But because their genocide has rarely been recognized, the Assyrians driven from their homes over the past century have received relatively little by way of compensation or assistance with rebuilding. This article calls upon the international community to focus its efforts on the security and resettlement of the Assyrian people.

La influencia del constitucionalismo francés en la fase de iniciación constitucional española (1808-1834)

The influence of French constitutionalism is evident in the period of constitutional reaffirmation in Spain during the reign of Isabel II. This moderantist constitutional phase is committed to the «theory of the internal constitution» and takes as its point of departure the historical recognition of two basic principles that articulate (except for the democratic constitution of 1869 and the federal project of 1873) the Spanish constitutional and political reality: the Monarchy and Parliament. The shared sovereignty of the King and Parliament, together with a regime of collaboration between the powers arises from this reality. The French moderantism of the Charters of 1814 and 1830 is reflected in our Isabelline texts and the attempts at reform of the Constitution of 1845. The Constitutions of 1837 and 1845 break with the revolutionary liberalism of Cadiz (thus the Constitution of 1837) and they later accommodate it to a doctrinarian and transactional liberalism that will receive the European moderantist current, as can be observed in the 1845 text. As to the dogmatic context, for the first time in Spain a systemization of rights appears, postponing its development to the ordinary legislator. The shared sovereignty between the King and Parliament is the basic concept in order to understand the moderantism that can be appreciated in the Spanish texts of 1837 and 1845, as well as the French text of 1830. In contrast to the monocameralism of radical liberalism, a perfect bicameralism is consolidated between the lower house elected by universal suffrage and a Senate which acts as a moderator, not only due to its composition but also because it enjoys some competences similar to the elective House. Equally and omitting the first revolutionary liberalism, the rigid separation of powers gives way to a collaboration between them— appointment by the King of ministers who enjoy parliamentary support; the dissolution of Parliament by the King in the face of possible confrontation with the Government; compatibility of a ministerial post with a parliamentary mandate, fostering the powers of the Crown whose presence in the legislative context is quite intense, thus confirming a parliamentary regime whose precedents can be found while the Royal Statute in Spain and the Charter of 1814 in France were in force.

Contemporary Jewish Diaspora in Global Context: Human Development Correlates of Population Trends

AT THE TURN OF THE Z2St century, international political and military interactions, socioeconomic development and transactions, and, not less significantly, cultural patterns and communication networks reached a definitive stage of globalization. A short span of years witnessed the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Soviet Union as a major global power, the reunion of Germany, the revival of religious fundamentalism, particularly within Islam, the return of ethnic cleansing in Europe and Africa, new waves of mass international migration, the beginning but also the stoppage of a peace process in the Middle East, the Catholic Church's improvement of its relationship to the Jewish people and its historic recognition of the State of Israel, the European monetary union, and also the rise of the internet and other global and regional societal changes. Transformations of the global polity, economy, and communications deeply and rapidly affected the daily life, identity, and boundary definition of nations, communities, and individuals in world society, and among world Jewry within the broader context.

The Apotheosis of Josquin des Prez and Other Mythologies of Musical Genius

Within the theoretical framework of Roland Barthes's writings on myth and ideology, this essay seeks to expose the historical legitimation project through which the mythmaking, universalizing rhetoric of musical genius that has long surrounded the figure of Ludwig van Beethoven came to infiltrate scholarship on Josquin des Prez, culminating in his late twentieth-century apotheosis. Contextualizing the composer's reception history with respect to the debates between Joseph Kerman and Edward Lowinsky in 1965 and especially the 1971 Josquin Festival-Conference, the author suggests that the ideological refashioning of Josquin in the image of Beethoven has simultaneously shaped and derailed the intellectual trajectory of early music scholarship in the past thirty years. By privileging a discourse of musical genius in the service of which, among other concerns, the canon of works attributed to the composer is being decimated beyond historical recognition, the richness and complexity of the musical culture of which he was a vital part risks being overshadowed and obfuscated by the disproportionate amount of attention invested in his singular accomplishments. The essay advocates a resolute historicization of sixteenth-century discourses of creative endowment, a critical reassessment of the role of authentication scholarship in Josquin studies, and a renewed sensitivity to the imbrication of mythologies of musical genius in music historiographies of both the past and the present.

The Other Caraway: Senator Thaddeus H. Caraway

DESPITE A POLITICAL CAREER that included four years as the prosecuting attorney of the second Judicial District in Arkansas, eight years in the United States House of Representatives, and more than ten years as U.S. senator, Thad Caraway has almost vanished from the political history of Arkansas. There are multiple reasons for his failure to draw more public and scholarly attention. Though his election to the U.S. Senate in 1920 offered opportunities for media exposure and policy making, he would be overshadowed by Joe T. Robinson, the senior senator from Arkansas, who became the leader of Senate Democrats in 1923 and the party's vice-presidential nominee in 1928. Diane Kincaid (later Diane Blair), biographer of Hattie Caraway, Thad Caraway's wife and later U.S. senator in her own right, commented that Caraways lacked the polish and suavity that permitted Robinson's easy entry into the more sophisticated political and financial inner circles.1 Republican control of the U.S. Senate during Thad Caraway's years there also made it hard for someone who was Wilsonian loyalist in foreign affairs and an agrarian populist at home to enact significant legislation. Perhaps the most important factor of all in drawing attention away from Thad Caraway was his wife's election to six-year term as United States senator from Arkansas in 1932, following his death in 1931. For the first time, woman had been elected to serve full term in the U.S. Senate.2 The unintended consequence of her courageous and unexpected victory was to eclipse her husband and his political career. But both Caraways deserve historical recognition, Thad as well as Hattie, and it is unfortunate that Thad is sometimes slighted. Thad Caraway built reputation in the Senate, Kincaid wrote, as a champion of the poor white farmers of his state and region, foe of lobbyists, die-hard Democrat, and fierce opponent in debate.3 He played conspicuous role in cleaning up the Teapot Dome scandal. He repeatedly attacked Albert Fall, secretary of the interior during the Harding and Coolidge administrations, calling him traitor and comparing him to Benedict Arnold, comparison in which Arnold came out better than Fall. His attacks helped to speed Fall's resignation and led to the passage of resolution canceling the Teapot Dome oil leases.4 Caraway also chaired Senate committee that investigated lobbying groups and their influence in Congress in 1929 and 1930. In 1931, he and Robinson clashed with President Herbert Hoover over the amount of relief money to be apportioned to Arkansas and other states to mitigate the disastrous effects of the 1930 drought. They won. Thaddeus Horatius Caraway was born in Spring Hill, Stoddard County, Missouri, on October 17, 1871. His parents, Tolbert F. Caraway and Mary E. Scates, moved from Missouri to Carroll County, Tennessee, when Caraway was very young. Soon afterward, his father, doctor, died.5 Caraway attended common schools in Tennessee and graduated from Dickson Normal College in Dickson, Tennessee, with bachelor of arts degree in 1896. He helped pay his way through college by working as cotton picker, sawmill laborer, and railroad section hand.6 While at Dickson, he became engaged to fellow student, Hattie Ophelia Wyatt, who also graduated in 1896 with bachelor of arts degree.7 Caraway settled in Arkansas, probably first in clay County, teaching school in order to finance his legal studies. Admitted to the bar in 1900, he began to practice in Lake City, small town in Craighead County, not far from Jonesboro.8 In 1902, he married Hattie Wyatt and moved his legal practice to Jonesboro, which became the Caraways' permanent home.9 The couple had three children, Paul, Forrest, and Robert. After practicing law with his firm, Caraway and Lamb, for five years, Caraway decided to run for prosecuting attorney for the second Judicial District, consisting of Mississippi, clay, Greene, Craighead, Poinsett, Cross, and Crittenden Counties. …

Contemporary Jewish Diaspora in Global Context: Human Development Correlates of Population Trends

At the turn of the 21st century, international political and military interactions, socioeconomic development and transactions, and, not less significantly, cultural patterns and communication networks reached a definitive stage of globalization. A short span of years witnessed the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the Soviet Union as a major global power, the reunion of Germany, the revival of religious fundamentalism, particularly within Islam, the return of "ethnic cleansing" in Europe and Africa, new waves of mass international migration, the beginning but also the stoppage of a peace process in the Middle East, the Catholic Church's improvement of its relationship to the Jewish people and its historic recognition of the State of Israel, the European monetary union, and also the rise of the internet and other global and regional societal changes. Transformations of the global polity, economy, and communications deeply and rapidly affected the daily life, identity, and boundary definition of nations, communities, and individuals in world society, and among world Jewry within the broader context. Since the late 1960s, powerful events related to general geopolitical change and more specific events directly stemming from the Jewish experience have contributed to transforming Jewish population and society. One major factor of a general nature was the end and dismemberment of the Soviet Union as a major global power. Among other things, this not only crucially affected the strategic position of the successor republics on the global scene, but also made possible radical changes in migration policies, which were followed by one of the largest migration waves in modern Jewish history. A major example of a more specifically Jewish circumstance, which actually preceded the migration from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and its European client states in time, concerns the long [End Page 61] and—at the time of this writing—unresolved chain of events following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. While an analysis of the strategic and geopolitical significance of those events is outside the purpose of this paper, 1967 and its aftermath deeply affected the position of the state of Israel in the world system, and more specifically made it much more salient among the Jewish Diaspora. Through a chain of direct and indirect consequences, the balance of demographic, migratory, and identifiable trends within the Jewish people significantly changed.1 The pressures, opportunities, and dilemmas brought about by these global changes also stimulated the emergence of conflicting visions of the present and future of the Jews in the Diaspora and in Israel. While in the Diaspora the quest for Jewish continuity was challenged by a steady pace of assimilation and alienation, in Israel the once predominant paradigms of ingathering of the exiles, immigrant absorption, fusion of the Diasporas and nation-building based on a Jewish majority were challenged by alternative non- or post-Zionist views. These ideational-cultural developments carried major consequences for Jewish demography. The size, pace of change and characteristics of Jewish population, reflecting both biological-demographic and cultural-identification determinants, were in fact strictly intertwined with the major turning points in contemporary Jewish history and society. Facing changes affecting the Jewish Diaspora, modern historiographic and sociological interpretations have competed over a variety of analytic propositions. Two major axes of investigation have been concerned with the uniqueness of the Jewish experience in relation to other Diasporas,2 on one hand, and what the more useful explanatory framework would be for observed patterns of change over time and in comparative context, on the other.3 Keeping in mind these trends and debates, this article's purpose is two-fold. After concisely reviewing some of the main recent and current trends in the world Jewish population, we shall focus on some observable relationships between major demographic and socioeconomic indicators at the macrosocial level, and changes in the geographical distribution and mobility of the Jewish population. Special attention will be paid to migration movements, following...

Remapping Writing: Indigenous Writing and Cultural Conflict in Brazil

IN THE FORMULATION OF ITS PRESENT CONSTITUTION in 1988, the Brazilian nation chose to put an end to centuries of disrespect and marginalization of its populations by officially recognizing the existence of languages and cultures within the boundaries of the nation and by recognizing the rights of its peoples to full citizenship and political representation. This historic recognition was followed up later, in 1996, by one of the potentially most critical instruments for implementing this new found respect for the in Brazil, namely the creation of w education policy and the establishment of the school. The official buzz-words used to describe the new policy and the new school system were and intercultural; as Such, their primary objectives were the recuperation of their historical memories, the reaffirmation of their ethnic identities and the valorization of their languages and sciences'; all this besides guaranteeing to the Indians, their communities and their peoples, access to information, technical and scientific knowledge of the national Society and other and non-indigenous societies. (1) The new policy allowed each community to have its Own 'bilingual and intercultural school and to make its own decisions as to medium of instruction, content, pedagogy and curriculum, with the interference of the state in a merely advisory capacity. Previous constitutions had denied full citizenship to the populations, attributing to them the status of wards of the State. Schooling had existed in areas, but with no specific legislation, it followed the norms of non-indigenous rural schools and was generally run by local authorities or by missionaries. Far from being bilingual and intercultural, these older schools implemented policies of varying degrees of outright cultural and linguistic assimilation. In spite of the obvious radical differences between the policies of today and those of yesteryear, a common element to both is literacy. In other words, in both cases the school is seen as the place for the dissemination and production of written knowledge, be it in the language of the community concerned or the national language, Portuguese. In spite of the well meaning official indigenous turn and the newly-established physical, institutional and discursive space of the school, conflicts persist on both sides; perhaps forseeably, these conflicts appear to stem from what constitutes knowledge. Given the amplitude of this problematic, I shall concentrate my discussion here on some of the conflicts related specifically to writing as emblematic of the problematic aspects of this recent official commitment to knowledge in Brazil, and its purported claims to valorize (2) languages and cultures. If this commitment and its policies are taken as indicative of the need to remap the history and place of contact between the nation and its unities, then I propose to read writing as a map of the conflicts involved in this re-mapping process. One of the most palpable results of the new policies has been the recent surge in the publication of written narratives and other school-related materials, mainly in Portuguese, in general collectively authored by members of the various communities. (3) Significantly, a large proportion (if not the majority) of these texts is produced by groups of adults undertaking Indigenous Teacher Education courses, with the purpose of producing previously unavailable written materials to disseminate knowledge to be used in the new schools. In general, like the courses, these materials tend to be produced under the tutelage of Brazilian non-indigenous, monolingual specialists, for the most part, linguists and anthropologists. …

Managing Diversity in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Canada: Québec's Constitutional Development in Light of the Scottish Experience

We argue that an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms adopted for the management of diversity in eighteenth and nineteenth century Canada can contribute to a better understanding of its constitutional odyssey in the twentieth century, particularly in light of the Scottish experience with the Treaty of Union. The article focuses on two essential moments in the recognition of Québec's distinctiveness: the Québec Act of 1774 and the BNA Act of 1867. Québec's constitutional odyssey is seen through the transformation from an ethnically to a territorially based conception of its identity. Comparative politics, in contrast to political theory, has yet to develop a vocabulary that can provide valuable explanations concerning the historical recognition and institutionalisation of diversity as well as a means for comprehending and articulating the subsequent political repercussions of such forms of recognition.

The Emergence of Kings in the Contemporary Igbo Society : New Discourse on Ethnic Culture and Historical Recognition

The Emergence of Kings in the Contemporary Igbo Society : New Discourse on Ethnic Culture and Historical Recognition

Behavioral science as the art of the 21st century philosophical similarities between B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism and postmodern science.

Since B.F. Skinner's death in 1990, psychologists taking a historical approach are beginning to clear misconceptions of his philosophy: radical behaviorism. Contrary to the belief of many, radical behaviorism, continues to grow and branch into new areas. This paper attempts to explore the history of Skinner's assertions and place them within the context of contemporary western thought. Parallels are drawn between Skinner's science and diverse areas such as evolutionary biology and postmodern philosophy. The social construction of knowledge is one of the many lasting legacies of Skinner's work. Introduction Say what you like as long as it does not stop you from seeing how things are.... And when you have seen this there is plenty that you will not say--(Wittengstein, 1953) For many contemporary thinkers, the idea that Skinner's Radical Behaviorism and postmodernist philosophy of science are compatible would appear ridiculous, or at best superficial. After all both evolved from drastically different historical roots (Andresen, 1992) and some scientists have accused postmodern philosophers of being antiscience (i.e. Holton, 1993). For example, Lyotard's (1979) book The Postmodern Condition enjoys a special distinction for weaving together Postmodern art, with elements of the post structuralism philosophy, and a theory of postindustrial society. While the work has some clear seems, it is considered a good starting point. Lyotard attempts to define the postmodern by contrast to the modern: I will use the term modern to designate any science that legitimates itself with reference to a metadiscourse...making an explicit appeal to some grand narrative, such as the dialects of Spirit, the hermeneutics of meaning, the emancipation of the rational or working subject, or creation of wealth. Although Lyotard's statement holds for some postmodernists, much of postmodernism is not antiscience but rather the natural evolution of thinking following the discrediting of realism (Ross, 1996; Rorty, 1979, 1991). One can contrast the statement above with that of another recognized postmodernist Griffin (1988)physics no longer disenchants our stories; physics itself provides us with a new story which can become a common, unifying story underneath our more particular stories. (p. 15ff). As we will see central tenets of the postmodernism trend were factors that most contemporary sciences adopted in the early part of this century (long before even the word postmodernism was considered) with the notable exception of psychology and linguistics, which still seem to be dominated by realistic thinking and methodology. On the other hand, within psychology, Skinner has been wrongly described to epitomize the logical positivist movement. Some erroneously argued that Skinner was a realist, a theorist indistinguishable from other behaviorists (Paiget and Ingelder, 1969). However, this characterization fails to recognize Skinner's behaviorism as an attempt to what we come to know (Baum, 1994; Lana, 1991, 1995). Far from being a copy theorist, Skinner argued that all thinking is dynamic: even the experimenter's thinking is shaped by organism/environment interaction (Skinner, 1956). In postmodernist terms, Skinner was studying the building of Moscovici's (1987) virtual worlds. Brinker and Jaynes (1988) point out this precisely differentiates Skinnerian behaviorism from other behavioral theories. Few would disagree that B.F. Skinner has contributed much to psychological thinking of the 20th century. Historical recognition of Skinner's work is assured (Lana, 1991) with divergent fields such as anthropology (Glenn, 1988) and behavioral biology (Robinson & Woodward, 1989) readily discuss his writings. However, whether or not Skinner's ideas are fossils (Sutherland, 1990, cf. Richelle, 1995), as some have contended, will be left to history to judge. Our analysis of Skinner's work occurs because currently, the field of psychology must place its work within contemporary views of science, developing a greater contextual awareness of its historical roots (Richelle, 1995). …

E.H. Norman, Canada and Japan's Postwar Constitution

T he creation of constitutional research commissions in both the upper and lower houses ofJapan's national Diet in 2000 marked a controlled resuscitation of both the historical enquiry and debate regarding the past and future ofJapan's national charter. Controversy regardingJapan's postwar constitution is nothing new. During the 1950s, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) established a similar constitutional review process. One of the aims of that initiative was to eliminate Article IX, the peace clause that theoretically forbids Japan to wage war or to maintain armed forces. Faced, however, with massive and growing popular resistance from a burgeoning peace movement in the 1950s, the LDP allowed this first attempt at constitutional revision to fade into oblivion. Much has changed in the forty years between the two inquiries but one constant impetus to revise the Constitution has been the historical recognition that Japan's constitution was initially drafted by the staff of General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP). What is less well known is that E. Herbert Norman, a historian of Japan and Canadian diplomat, waged a protracted battle to take the constitutional drafting process away from both SCAP and Japan's ruling oligarchy in order to put it into the hands of the Japanese people themselves. Norman was thwarted in this idealistic endeavor by none other than General MacArthur. Despite SCAP's imperious style in constitution crafting, Norman in the end supportedJapan's new constitution partially because no alternatives were available but also because it enshrined some of the values which he thought reflected the historical aspirations of the Japanese people.

Aging Society as Late Modernity and “Radical Aging”

Beginning with a historical recognition of aging society, this paper attempts to construct a framework which links the issue of human aging with social reform.Firstly, this paper regards the historical context of aging society as a phase of “reflexive late modernity.” Secondly, based on this recognition, this paper critically examines social gerontological studies in Japan, and discusses the efficacy of the concept of human development. I will then introduce the concept of “radical aging.” The following sections of this paper applies the term “radical aging” to a specific issue. In particular, the “turning point in midlife” in contemporary Japan is considered to be an intensive phenomenon of “radical aging.” As a result, “reflexive socialization” is introduced as a key concept of “radical aging.” In addition, this paper examines how this concept contributes to the issue of reforming the socio-cultural infrastructure.

What Has Happened to Union Recognition in Britain?

This paper examines the determinants of establishment-level union recognition status using data from the three Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984 and 1990. Our theoretical approach argues that product and labour market variables dated at (or around) the establishment's setup should be considered the crucial determinants of recognition status. Confirmation of these predictions is found for private-sector manufacturing establishments in the econometric analysis. Of particular interest are: (i) the nonlinear relationship between historic industry quasi-rents and recognition status and the stability of this aspect of the model over the three data-sets; and (ii) a marked downward shift in recognition probabilities that occurred during the 1980s, which seems to be largely a consequence of the failure to organize new establishments set up in the 1980s.