Recent Advances and Updates in Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is a complex clinical syndrome marked by the breakdown of skeletal muscle cells, with historical recognition dating back to biblical times and modern understanding evolving since World War II. This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of RML, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. As a result of trauma or non-traumatic muscle injuries, pathogenesis involves the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream. Epidemiologically, RML exhibits demographic nuances, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors for prevention. Clinical manifestations range from the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine to diverse presentations. Diagnosis involves evaluating elevated creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, with management strategies focusing on fluid balance, AKI prevention, and addressing underlying causes. The prognosis is diverse, influenced by complications such as AKI, with various scoring systems aiding risk assessment. Prevention and treatment strategies include a multifaceted approach, integrating tailored warm-ups, mindful exercise, education, and dietary modifications. Overall, the prognosis for RML remains favorable, underscoring the significance of meticulous management. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of RML, bridging historical insights with contemporary medical strategies and guiding ongoing research and advancements in patient care for this intricate condition. RML serves as a paradigm for integrating nuanced historical perspectives and modern medical approaches, highlighting the intricate balance required for effective management in clinical practice.