Historical Phases Research Articles

Polio phases in Pakistan a decade’s journey at one glance: A succinct report

Poliomyelitis (Polio) is one of the ancient diseases, based on its strong infectivity and permanent deformities/deaths among under-five age children is still considered as a major public health threat globally. On historical timeline, Polio is divided into three phases; Endemic phase, Epidemic phase, and Vaccination phase. To explore all historical phases in brief concerning the current scenario so that decade’s journey can be assessed at once for future planning. Secondary data from authentic internet sources were gathered to find out key points, and a brief report is prepared. Actual origin of the disease is unknown, but its endemic phase remained in overcrowded areas where human’s agglomeration was increased. Endemic phase remained scattered in different areas of the globe from antiquity era until the mid of nineteenth century when relatively fewer paralytic cases were noticed. After that, outbreaks occur on a larger scale by crossing many geographical areas. This epidemic phase remained violent until mid of the twentieth century. The third phase started with the introduction of vaccines in 1955. After advancements in vaccines and the launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988, polio prevalence started reducing in richer countries followed by poorer countries around the globe. Currently, there is a 99.9% reduction in polio cases around the world; however, it remains in the endemic phase in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The situation is a continuous threat for our country as it could be converted from endemic to epidemic phase. However, Pakistan government’s efforts on the application of additional strategies of Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) such as; active surveillance, real-time risk assessment, assurance of high -quality data have shown a great hope that it will be the world’s fourth and final phase of “Polio Eradication Phase”. Keywords: Decades; Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI); Pakistan; Phases; Polio http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80123

A review of remote sensing for mangrove forests: 1956–2018

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems that typically dominate the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coastlines. The history of mangrove remote sensing (RS) can be traced back to 1956. Over the last six decades, hot spot topics in the field of mangrove RS have evolved from mangrove distribution mapping, biophysical parameters inversion, to ecosystem process characterization. Although several review articles have been published to summarize the progress in this field, none of them highlighted the key milestones of historical developments pertinent to major research topics or key drivers that stimulate such milestones.In this review, we aim to identify key milestones in mangrove RS by associating the emergence of major research topics with the occurrence of new sensors in four historical phases, i.e. before 1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010-2018. For each identified research topic, an in-depth theoretical understanding was achieved by analyses of both the first published article and the most-cited article. Based on the analyses, the current state of knowledge as well as existing limitations were summarized. In addition, in order to gain insights on driving forces for emergence of new research topics, we compared the chronological evolution of mangrove RS with that of terrestrial forest RS.Interestingly, we found that key research topics in mangrove RS replicated those of forest RS yet with varying time lags. This can be attributed to the following two facts: 1) mangrove forests often appear as more elongated patches than terrestrial forests; 2) field work is more challenging in mangrove habitat. Along with the RS sensors' advancement, various topics that had been studied in terrestrial forests were later transformed to mangrove studies. Based on the projected growth of foreseeing earth observation capacity, insights on future research directions in mangrove RS were also presented.

Foreign immigration to Italy: crisis and the transformation of flows

ABSTRACTThe worldwide economic crisis of 2008 ushered in a transitional phase for immigration in Italy. This complex process brought far-reaching change to the situation for migrants, generated by an indissoluble link with rapid and vertiginous changes to international migrant flows owing to the conflicts that broke out across the Middle East and North Africa. The article intends to reconstruct this new historical phase, highlighting mainly the developments of national migration policies and the related debate, especially with respect to the relationship with the European dimension.

GEOMETRIC SURVEY DATA AND HISTORICAL SOURCES INTERPRETATION FOR HBIM PROCESS: THE CASE OF MANTUA CATHEDRAL FAÇADE

Abstract. Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultural heritage assets during their life cycle. Together with programmed conservation and local interventions, there is a large amount of information related to the building; it emerges the need for an appropriate tool in which to store all data. Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) can be an appropriate way to address this issue. In this context, the lack of automatic tools (to speed up the project) and the need for data interpretation in the process are noticeable, especially for cultural heritage items. In this paper we present a practical case study. Starting from an integrated survey of Mantua Cathedral (located in Northern Italy) we developed a HBIM model of its façade. Particular emphasis is given to data interpretation both from geometrical survey and from historical sources. The resulting model is consistent and coherent with reality. As a result, we state that the development of a HBIM model is not an automatized process. In the process, from the survey to the final model, there is the need for a deep knowledge and a deep understanding of the building, not only in term of geometrical survey but also of its historical phases, its changes in time, its materials and the construction techniques. HBIM can be a useful instrument for planned conservation, which strongly requires a coherent model to be effective and useful. A proper model, working as an integrated archive, can increase the effectiveness of planned conservation.

Non-racialism, relationality and no-relation: recovering Biko’s Black Consciousness forgotten

ABSTRACTThis article examines the rearticulation of meanings appropriated out of historical and ideological phases of the anti-Apartheid struggle, specifically with regard to race (non-racialism) and Black Consciousness. It compares examples of democrats in contexts radically different from South Africa, deploying “South African-made” meaning into discursive and political-economic contexts for which they had not been designed. The example of Steve Biko’s life, and discourse of non-racialism and Black Consciousness, as discursively articulated in the films Cry Freedom and Biko: Breaking the Silence is the emphasis. The study examines, within the context of the competing visions for South Africa in the 1980s, meanings appropriated and rearticulated by liberals in Britain and America – producing narratives that may have been a surprise to Biko himself.

Interdisciplinarity in the Philippine Academia: Theory, History, and Challenges

Forum Kritika on Interdisciplinarity in the Philippine Academia discusses the history of how universities and academics construct their respective notions of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity. Our decision to engage with this development in tertiary education takes off from a historical phase in our educational system. Questions on the character of disciplines have heightened in the last half-century, and this phenomenon does not only emerge out of the critical practice of the people who are part of universities, but the external world of the universities have started to knock on the university doors. Informed by the present situation of our universities and the educational system at large, we both argue that both disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are modern constructs that should be understood by elucidating dialectics of theoretical and historical underpinnings. The tandem of history and theory provides the frames for us to better see the challenges when universities implement such paradigm, and this forum hopes to shed some light to our fellow academics as the Philippines undergo crucial changes, revamps, and overhauls in our educational system.

“Fasad, Hijra and Warlike Diaspora” from the Geographic Boundaries of Early Islam to a New Dar al-Hikma: Europe

This paper aims to emphasize the influence that “Classic” Islamic Thought had on the contemporary European-Islamic one regarding the conceptualization and action of emigration (hijra-hajara) through the geographical and juridical redefinition of the Old Continent as a new “house” (dar/bayt) in hosting a Muslim population. The analysis should also be considered in relation to the sectarian and violent phase which followed the peaceful one of the so-called “Arab Spring” and the current deflagration of part of the Middle East. During the proto-Islamic historical phase, the term muhajirun was adopted to define those who made the hijra, referring to the prophet Muhammad’s followers in 622. They aimed to live according to religious behaviour and started to be different from their polytheist society of origin; the same term was also used to categorize those who partially populated the new conquered territories in the following decades: Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Iranian plateau, etc., and who decided to take root and become in-urbanized. The contemporary juridical, political, and religious perception, before and after 2011, started to consider a different “emigration” perspective, which, not so differently from the original hijra conceptualization, is rooted in abandoning a land of warlike and sectarian violence to reach a geography where individual religious affiliation can be safeguarded.

Intercultural missional leadership: Theological foundation and biblical narratives

This article explores the concept and practice of the missional leadership from three perspectives: the biblical worldview, cultural mandate and narratives of biblical examples. The research explores two elements of missional leadership, which is comparable to the leadership theory as it delves into the concept of ‘missional’. This research also unearths understanding the relationship between missional leadership in intercultural environments to the biblical worldview that is based on biblical theology. Furthermore, the exploration seeks to find a relationship between the intercultural missional leadership and the cultural mandate endowed by the triune God to mankind as God’s image. In addition, the research also carefully looks into the following biblical models that exemplify intercultural missional leadership: Moses, Jesus Christ and the apostle Paul. Narratives of the Bible show that God reveals his leadership through his providence to accomplish his goal according to his pleasing will, as God is the only resource to intercultural missional leadership. This study seeks to demonstrate how missional leadership in missiology coincides with theological common concepts of the biblical worldview and the cultural mandate in the biblical theology, which will be exemplified through biblical narratives. Both have the same goal to accomplish God’s kingdom according to the timeline of the historical phases in biblical worldview: creation, fall, redemption and restoration. It investigates present-time applicable principles through three biblical narratives, providing a reasonable basis of correlation between culture and the gospel.

African traditional beer: changing organization and spaces of South Africa’s sorghum beer industry

ABSTRACT Scholarship on the geographies of beer is concentrated mainly in the global North. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most undeveloped region in terms of international beer focused research. This neglect must be set against the growing attention on the region by the world’s leading brewing enterprises. Within beer research geographies, one distinctive facet of Africa’s beer economy is the manufacture of a variety of traditional or indigenous beers which are quite unlike the barley based clear beers and multiplying varieties of craft beers as consumed in the Global North. Indigenous beers formed an important part of the rural African social fabric and undertaken by mainly women brewers. The objective here is to address the limited extant knowledge about fermentation geographies of Africa. The focus is on South Africa’s sorghum beer industry and the commodification of traditional beer, interrogating the changing organization and associated spaces of production of this sector. Using archival sources and the industry press two historical phases are unpacked in the chequered development of the sorghum beer industry in South Africa. The study demonstrates the shrinking spaces of production of the formal economy of sorghum beer as the industry moved from serving narrow localized markets to concentrated production for wider regional and national markets. Arguably, recent struggles surrounding the ownership and control of South Africa’s sorghum beer industry represent an integral facet of the increasingly competitive economic landscape of beer across contemporary sub-Saharan Africa.

The tree ring growth histories of UK native oaks as a tool for investigating Chronic Oak Decline: An example from the Forest of Dean

Declines are a distinctive category of tree disease, complex to define and quantify and challenging to mitigate due to their multiple causes and heterogeneous tree response patterns. In many parts of Europe oak decline syndromes are severely impacting tree health and having a measurable economic impact on forestry. In the UK the impact of periodic oak declines is expanding against a backdrop of multiple environmental pressures, to levels capable of threatening the UK’s native oak woodland. Here we explore the growth histories of oak trees at a site symptomatic of Chronic Oak Decline (COD), in the South of England; Speculation Cannop in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. The dendrochronological picture at the site reveals that trees with current external COD symptoms have shown suppressed growth, in relation to the regional average, from early on in their lives. Moreover, there is an amplified reduction in minimum ring width in Symptomatic trees as compared to a healthy subsample of Control trees, likely to be heavily dominated by reduced latewood width in affected trees, as decline sets in. Broadly, the site reveals the initial appearance of decline, roughly 40 years after planting, in 1860. There is considerable variability in the later decline history pattern in Symptomatic trees but there are clusters of decline episodes in the 1920s, 1960s, 1980s and 1990s at this site. The Control trees are not always unaffected but rather show growth releases after each historical decline phase. The trees that currently show external decline symptoms do not have a history of these growth releases. We conclude that investigating the tree ring growth histories at sites impacted by COD could provide an important management tool, and ring width histories of trees at affected sites should be used in the identification of the decline predisposing factors, that a management strategy requires.

Marxist Art Understanding

Karl Marx, ekonomik ve toplumsal ilişkilere yoğunlaşarak kapitalist toplumun nasıl işlediğini, feodalizmin içinden nasıl doğduğunu, modern toplumdaki sınıfların üretimsel gelişimlerindeki tarihsel evrelerle nasıl bağlantılı olduğunu açıklamaya çalışır. Ekonomik ve toplumsal ilişkiler bağlamında kapitalizmin ardındaki temelde yatan sınıf mücadelelerini görünür kılarak üretici kaynakların sahibi olan burjuva sınıfının ve çalışmak zorunda olan proleterya sınıfının mücadelesini tarihsel materyalist bir bakışla ele alır. Zira Marksizm’de büyük öneme sahip olan “yabancılaşma kuramı”, “emek-değer kuramı” ve “materyalist tarih anlayışı”, kapitalist toplumun nasıl işlediğini göstermek ve feodal düzenden kapitalist düzene doğru insanların ekonomik temelli ilişkilerine yoğunlaşan evrimlerini açıklayan temel kavramlardır. Bu kavramlar aracılığıyla Marks, sosyal ve tarihsel bir varlık olan insana kapitalizmin dünyasıyla ilgili epistomolojik bilgi aktarımı yaparken, insanların maddi dünyaya dair kavrayışlarını güçlendirir. Düşünceler ve kavramlar insanların maddi etkinliklerine bağımlı olduğu için sanat, toplumsal değişmenin ve dönüşmenin en etkin kuvvetidir. Maddi yaşamın karşıtlıklarından dünyaya dair bir izlenim oluşturur. Bu makalede özellikle sanatın etkin olan yönü vurgulanarak, insan yaşamının sosyo-ekonomik koşullarına entelektüel bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar bakımından, Marksist perspektiften hareketle sanatın sosyo-ekonomik koşullara, politik etkilere yönelik ilgisini karakterize eden entelektüel faaliyet sorunlaştırılmaktadır. Marksist temellerden yola çıkan yeni sanat anlayışı ile birlikte dünyayı değiştirmeye yönelik devrimci nitelikteki pratik amaç işlevselci bir sanat görüşünü onaylayacak şekilde temellendirilmektedir. Buradan hareketle Marksist açıdan ekonomik, politik, ideolojik yapılanmalarla karakterize edildiği düşünülen sanatın ne olduğu sorusunun cevabı belirlenmektedir.

JAPANESE POSTERS, GRAPHICS AND DECORATIVE ARTS

In the second month of 1856, the censors approved five prints by Utagawa Hiroshige(1797-1858) the series title One Hundred Views of Edo (Meisho Edo hyakkei). And so began the story of one of the most famous landscape series of Japanese woodblock printing. Whil the city of Edo , rename Tokyo I 1868, had alredy been chosen as the subject of numerous paintings printed books and other woodcut series, therehad never been a series with so many views as promised in the title of this one. The promise was more than kept: by the time of the appearance of the final pictures in the tenth month of 1858, a total of 120 individual prints, issued in instalments, did indeed constitute the most comprehensive topographical series among ukiyo-e, “pictures of the floating , fleeting world”. The term ukiyo gose back to the Buddhist notion of the world’s illusory and transitory nature. In the course of the late 17 century , the term was extended to secular contexts, reffering now not only to the pleasures of the theatres, teahouses and brothels, but also other popular entrertainments in the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Edo. The last part of the word “e” simply means picture. Many ukiyo-e functioned as advertisements for theatrical perfomences or sum tournements, or they feted the celebrities of entertainment culture. Portraits of actors in the latest roles, along with those of the most popular trend-setting courtesans, were among the best-slling motifs. Advertisement is a need for the modern daily life. Nevertheless, in 1894, Audrey Beardsley thought that the artists who mean art doing posters, betray art itself. Since today, in the capitals like Tokyo, Paris, London, Vienna, Belgrade, Skopje, Athens, Istanbul and world around, 30 seconds TV spots are shaping out taste, positions, and views, it seems very difficult to understand the role of posters and advertising during the XIX century. Nowadays, the campaigns are mainly transmitted by television channels. On the other hand, posters have lost their initial importance and are used generally in traffic or as info panels for some event. Today’s posters are done on the basis of one unique medium : photography. Japanese decorative art realized a huge influence on the european one. What are the historical phases of posters and graphics inspired by Japan? Who are the big masters of Japanese graphics and prints?

New speakers of new and old languages: an investigation into the gap between language practices and language policy

This paper explores the intersection of new speakers in conditions of globalisation led mobility and it investigates the implications the phenomena may have for language policy making. It first describes two historical phases in language policy development that are closely related to a sociolinguistics of stability. In this, it criticises how present-day language policy is attached to specific time and space constraints whose focus is a by now outdated concept of language and of speaker as its prescriptive objects—thus leading institutional language policies to not being ‘in sync’ with contemporary new speakers’ socio- and geo-political movements and developments. This proposition is illustrated in two case studies, both located in the Netherlands and dealing with the language practices and connected policies of two types of new speakers. The first case deals with the experiences of asylum seekers being engaged with ‘techno-literacies’. That is asylum seekers being part of ICT assisted classes for civic integration through the learning of Dutch (new speakers of a new language, learning through new means of language learning). The second case deals with Chinese students who are fully proficient in Dutch, attending language heritage classes for learning Mandarin through book based lessons (new speakers of an old language, learning through old means of language learning). In both cases, the observed language practices and meta-pragmatic judgements of the individual language users elect them as initiators of bottom-up sociolinguistic change that, while offering grassroots solutions for local challenges, also plays a role as local evidence for informing future top-down language policy development.

The Local Aerosol Emission Effect on Surface Shortwave Radiation and Temperatures

AbstractThe local aerosol emission effect is investigated by comparing two numerical simulations (1982–2016) with the U.K. HadGEM3‐GA6 model nudged to the same ERA‐Interim circulation. One includes full historical Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 RCP4.5 aerosol emission changes while the second uses a monthly aerosol climatology from 1982. At global scale, the emission scenario does not change the mean surface energy balance, but it shows strong regional contrasts. Thus, we focus on regions where the change in emission has been the largest: North America, Europe, India, and China. No clear impact on temperature trends is found over China although aerosol emissions have increased in recent decades. This could be explained by a stronger role of meteorology in this region rather than direct surface heating, and also by a more limited change in aerosol optical depth compared to regions such as Europe. Other regions show clearer responses to aerosol effect, consistent with previous studies: cooler maximum temperatures (with historical emission compared to fixed emissions) where emissions have increased (North‐East of India) and warmer maximum temperatures where emissions have decreased (Europe). However, in each region, the interannual variability in temperatures is strongly controlled by the circulation. Precipitation is also locally decreased (0.5 mm/day) over North India during summer due to a reduction of moisture convergence in the boundary layer (where no nudging is applied). Based on these simulations, we suggest that radiation‐driven aerosol emission impacts on local surface temperature and precipitation are not linear and can be mitigated or cancelled by the local dynamics.

Global governance and place-making: India, internationalism and empire in 1930s London

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue that two core components of contemporary British human geography curricula (global governance and place making) can and should be taught together. I also argue that materials from the past provide valuable teaching tools in the present. As such, this article also makes the case for historical geography. It does this through examining historical phases of what is now called globalisation. It outlines geographical perspectives on imperialism and internationalism, two variants of inter-war, modern globalisation. It introduces India as a key site in British history, but argues that we can understand large-scale processes like globalisation through small sites of place-making, such as international conferences. The Round Table Conference sessions of 1930–32, which brought Indian leaders came to London, is presented as an example of a space and time in which place-making and global governance came together.

The Actualization of the Critical Impulse in Critical Theory: Dialogical Rationality Around Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, Palestine

In this review article, Isaac and Platenkamp argue that during the 1930s and 1940s of the previous century, concepts like "critical" and "essence" were still defined and understood in the tradition of what increasing numbers of academics called "Critical Theory." However, they suggest that since then the situation has significantly changed. In their view, while Critical Theory critically approaches the ideologies of the modern Western world, it has actually (itself) became a victim of this overwhelming critique of ideologies. To Isaac and Platenkamp, the main conceptualizations in and for Critical Theory have been weakened by a content inflation in the new historical phase of postmodernism. Thus, for instance, as a concept "criticism" had been revitalized to (down to?) a relativist position. In this review article, Isaac and Platenkamp suggest that academics in Tourism Studies now inherently claim to be "critical" by just appropriating the mere qualification critical, ipso facto. In this light, the old vital value of "Essence" thereby has become a superficial concept of old primitive ideologies, today, and it seems to have no meaningful function anymore in Tourism Studies. This review article thus aims to reintroduce the field of Tourism Studies to Marcuse's original concept of Essence and discuss it vis-à-vis its interpretational confrontation with the said postmodernist position and thereby to the very revitalization of the qualification "critical." Hence, Isaac and Platenkamp seek to save this qualification from the postmodernist attacks on the universality of the Critical Theoretical position by drawing particular attention to Arendt's concept of the agora, viz. as that kind of public space (comparable to the forum Romanum), in which people significantly present themselves as individuals with independent opinions. In this regard, Isaac and Platekamp are particularly disturbed by the recent flowering of the so called "Critical Turn" group (or network) within Tourism Studies since it appears to progress without a thorough understanding of Critical Theory, per se. They argue that classical thinkers of Critical Theory need to be addressed and understood if the Critical Turn group of scholars in Tourism Studies may decently/faithfully/meaningfully be deemed to be critical. In order to make their case, Isaac and Platenkamp highlight the case of Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem. They position the Tomb as a very important biblical tourism site (and agora) by and through which the revitalization of the "critical" may be incorruptibly recognized.

Combination chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer in older adults: Efficacy and safety analysis of patients at a majority-Hispanic NCI-designated cancer center.

389 Background: Pancreatic cancer (PCa) is more frequent in older adults, but older patients are underrepresented in large clinical trials. There is limited data on efficacy and safety of regimens such as FOLFIRINOX or nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine (nab-gem) in older adults, especially Hispanics. Therefore, we compared the efficacy and safety of first-line PCa regimens in older adults. Methods: Retrospective analysis of stage IV PCa at our Hispanic-majority NCI-designated cancer center from 2000-2017. mPFS and mOS estimated from KM curves and groups were statistically compared with the log-rank test. The magnitude of association between dichotomous factors and survival was estimated with the hazard ratio (HR). Results: Forty-eight pts, mean age 71.7 years, median 69.2 (range 65-90). 31% Hispanic; 50% Male. First-line treatment: FOLFIRINOX (n=9), nab-gem (n=11), gem (n=11), other (n=9), supportive care (n=2). Baseline ECOG 0-1: 100%, 94%, 45%, 100%, 1% (p=0.004). Baseline albumin: 3.4, 3.4, 3.1, 3.5, 2.25 (p=0.06). mOS 7.1 months (95% CI 5.9-10.1). mPFS 5.6 months (95% CI: 5.3-NR). mOS by group: 8.6 mo, 7.1 mo, 3.2 mo, 2.9 mo, not available (p=0.95). Most patients had grade 0-2 toxicities (See table). Grade 3-4: fatigue n=2, neutropenia n=1, neuropathy n=1, mucositis n=1. Conclusions: Combination systemic chemotherapy are tolerated in older adults with PCa; however, in our cohort, survival was lower than historic phase 3 clinical trials with these regimens. Patients receive 2+ drugs had higher ECOG and albumin at baseline. Prospective studies with geriatric assessments are needed to determine patients who benefit from combination chemotherapy. [Table: see text]

Genetic complexity in the replication-competent latent HIV reservoir increases with untreated infection duration in infected youth.

Timely initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) limits latent HIV reservoir size and should also limit reservoir genetic complexity. However, the relationship between these two factors remains unclear, particularly among HIV-infected youth. Retrospective analysis of replication-competent latent HIV clones serially isolated by limiting-dilution culture from resting CD4 T-cell reservoirs from ART-suppressed, young adult participants of a historic phase I therapeutic vaccine trial (PACTG/IMPAACT-P1059). Replication-competent latent HIV clones isolated from resting CD4 T cells of four perinatally and 10 nonperinatally infected young adults (average 22 versus 6 years uncontrolled infection, respectively) were sequenced in Pol and Nef. Within-host HIV sequence datasets were characterized with respect to their genetic diversity and inferred immune escape mutation burden. Although participants were comparable in terms of sociodemographic and HIV sampling characteristics (e.g. on average, a mean 17 Pol sequences were recovered at five timepoints over up to 70 weeks) and the length of ART suppression at study entry (average 3 years), replication-competent HIV reservoir size, genetic diversity, immune escape mutation burden and variant complexity were significantly higher among the perinatally infected participants who experienced longer durations of uncontrolled viremia. Nevertheless, viral sequences inferred to retain susceptibility to host cellular immune responses were detected in all participants, irrespective of uncontrolled viremia duration. HIV elimination in late-suppressed youth may be doubly challenged by larger and more genetically complex reservoirs. Strategies that integrate host and viral genetic complexity to achieve HIV remission or cure may merit consideration in such cases.

A LAYERED-WEB INTERFACE BASED ON HBIM AND 360° PANORAMAS FOR HISTORICAL, MATERIAL AND GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Abstract. The latest information technology developments in the field of digital heritage (DH) have enabled the creation of novel virtual experiences favouring information-sharing connected to the 3D digital reconstruction of historical and existing buildings. In recent years, Building Information Modelling for historic buildings (HBIM) projects are the most applied methods to transmit the richness of built heritage from both the geometrical and informative points of view, but they are not always adequate to ensure a simple reading of different type of information for not-expert users. For this reason, further investigations were performed, following a novel SCAN-to-BIM process based on novel Grades of Generation (GOG 9 and 10) in order to digitally represent one of the most complex structure of the Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio in Milan. It is composed of arches supported by pillars, characterised by a double-wave curve, both on its vertical and horizontal axis. The information coming from the previous studies, such as historical documentation, as-found drawings, building archaeology analysis (materials and brick surface texture) and decay data (crack patterns, material discontinuity), was integrated with a novel webimmersive solution able to display 360° pictures, video and HBIM simultaneously. A detailed comparison of the 360 multimedia data of the current arrangement with the one of the HBIM historical phases allow experts and not-experts to analyse the transformation of the arch structures in a new immersive environment with different devices such as laptops, mobile phones and latest virtual and augmented reality (VR-AR) headset.

Diachronic Reconstruction and Visualization of Lost Cultural Heritage Sites

Cultural heritage (CH) documentation is essential for the study and promotion of CH assets/sites, and provides a way of transmitting knowledge about heritage to future generations. The integration of the fourth dimension into geospatial datasets enables generating a diachronic model of CH elements, namely, a set of three-dimensional (3D) models to represent their evolution in various historical phases. The enhanced four-dimensional (4D) modeling (3D plus time) pursues a better understanding of the CH scenario, enriching historical hypotheses as well as contributing to the conservation and decision-making process. Although new geomatic techniques have reduced the amount of fieldwork, when put together, the geometric and temporal dimensions imply the interpretation of heterogeneous historical information sources and their integration. However, this situation could reach a critical point when the study elements are no longer present. The main challenge is to harmonize the different historical and archaeological data sources that are available with the current remains in order to graphically rebuild and model the lost CH assets with a high degree of reliability. Moreover, 4D web visualization is a great way to disclose the CH information and cultural identity. Additionally, it will serve as a basis to perform simulations of possible future risks or changes that can happen during planned or hypothetical restoration processes. This paper aims to examine the study case of a diachronic reconstruction by means of a mobile laser system (MLS) and reverse modeling techniques for a lost urban CH element: the citadel or Alcázar gate of Ávila. Within this aim, the final model is evaluated in terms of the consistency of the historical sources to assess its suitability considering the constructive interpretations that are required to integrate heterogenous data sources. Moreover, geometric modeling is evaluated regarding the current remains and its surroundings. Finally, a web 4D viewer is presented for its dissemination and publicity. This paper is an extended and improved version of our paper that was published in the 2018 ISPRS Technical Commission II Symposium, Riva del Garda, Italy, 3–7 June 2018.