Historical Phases Research Articles

Politička partijska diplomatija s kineskim karakteristikama tokom sedam decenija od osnivanja NR Kine - inovacije u teoriji i praksi

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China has found itself in a complicated international situation and arduous development tasks. The CPC has steadily promoted its foreign exchanges in the process of inheritance and development. It has achieved leaps in practice of the theoretical innovations in party to party diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, which contributed significantly to the central missions of the Party and the nation, as well as the overall strategy of the state diplomacy. Starting at a new historical phase, it is crucial to summarize the experience of the practical and theoretical innovations in party to party diplomacy with Chinese characteristics. It is also of great importance to discover the basic logic and principles therein. All of which would provide practical significance for promoting a benign interaction between the practice and theory of party to party diplomacy, and make greater contribution.

Science, Part I: Basic Conceptions of Science and the Scientific Method

This article is the first in a trilogy about the concept “science”. Section 1 considers the historical development of the meaning of the term science and shows its close relation to the terms “knowl­edge” and “philosophy”. Section 2 presents four historic phases in the basic conceptualizations of science (1) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on deductive proof; (2) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (3) science as representing fallible knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (4) science without a belief in “the scientific method” as constitutive, hence the question about the nature of science becomes dramatic. Section 3 presents four basic understandings of the scientific method: Rationalism, which gives priority to a priori thinking; empiricism, which gives priority to the collection, description, and processing of data in a neutral way; historicism, which gives priority to the interpretation of data in the light of “paradigm” and pragmatism, which emphasizes the analysis of the purposes, consequences, and the interests of knowl­edge. The second article in the trilogy focus on different fields studying science, while the final article presets further developments in the concept of science and the general conclusion. Overall, the trilogy illuminates the most important tensions in different conceptualizations of science and argues for the role of information science and knowl­edge organization in the study of science and suggests how “science” should be understood as an object of research in these fields.

Science, Part I: Basic Conceptions of Science and the Scientific Method

This article is the first in a trilogy about the concept “science”. Section 1 considers the historical development of the meaning of the term science and shows its close relation to the terms “knowl­edge” and “philosophy”. Section 2 presents four historic phases in the basic conceptualizations of science (1) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on deductive proof; (2) science as representing absolute certain of knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (3) science as representing fallible knowl­edge based on “the scientific method”; (4) science without a belief in “the scientific method” as constitutive, hence the question about the nature of science becomes dramatic. Section 3 presents four basic understandings of the scientific method: Rationalism, which gives priority to a priori thinking; empiricism, which gives priority to the collection, description, and processing of data in a neutral way; historicism, which gives priority to the interpretation of data in the light of “paradigm” and pragmatism, which emphasizes the analysis of the purposes, consequences, and the interests of knowl­edge. The second article in the trilogy focus on different fields studying science, while the final article presets further developments in the concept of science and the general conclusion. Overall, the trilogy illuminates the most important tensions in different conceptualizations of science and argues for the role of information science and knowl­edge organization in the study of science and suggests how “science” should be understood as an object of research in these fields.

Sobre a atualidade do conceito de imperialismo nas relações interestatais

The late 1980s marked an important moment in terms of capital expansion. Thus, several authors and international organizations adopted the term globalization to explain the world transformations that occurred in the last decades of the 20th century. Such transformations would have as a backdrop the weakening of the power of nation-state. Certain authors of Marxist influence followed this path, arguing (neoliberal) globalization would mark a transition to a new historical phase. Some claim that globalization would have overcome imperialism, or that globalization would be a new form of imperialism, while others began to use these two concepts almost indistinctly. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the current explanatory power of the concept of imperialism to describe relations among States. The term globalization describes a capitalist world without borders, unified and accessible to a supposedly stateless capital, obscuring or even denying fundamental aspects regarding the functioning of the international system. Therefore, it suppresses the possibility of detecting a series of problems related to the historical development of exploitative relations in capitalism and to the role of imperialism as a theoretical and historical reference

“Atoms for Peace” and Developmentalism —Historical Phase of “Reconstruction” after 3.11—

“Atoms for Peace” and Developmentalism —Historical Phase of “Reconstruction” after 3.11—

The “Ethno-Political Pendulum” and its Manifestations in the Politics of Stalinist Antisemitism in the USSR

In the article, the author uses the metaphor of the "pendulum" to explore the state antisemitism of the Stalinist period as a model of Soviet national policy, whose direction was subject to constant and radical changes by virtue of the unprecedented opportunities for subjectivism and political arbitrariness in public administration. The author tests his hypothesis that such antisemitism was rather an instrument of political technology, utilized towards different ethnic communities and political personalities than a manifestation of xenophobia towards the established ethnicity (to the Jews).The author explains the essence of the concept of an ethnopolitical pendulum. He consistently reveals major historical phases of the Stalinist regime’ attitude and its policy towards Jews: from a broadly neutral and even positive attitude before the Second World War to the gradually hidden increase in negative attitudes and discrimination during the Great Patriotic War and the increasingly frank and open antisemitic stance after the war. This resulted in brutal repression against prominent representatives of the Jewish ethnic group in all spheres of public life (army, industry, science, art). However, within the framework of this trend, the ethnic pendulum, guided by the logic of political expediency, kept on working, sometimes making return motions towards curbing the antisemitic steps of the authorities.

Senegalese Wrestling as “national sport” and other modern myths in Lamb

The short documentary film Lamb (1963), directed by Paulin Soumanou Vieyra (1925–1987), depicts Senegalese wrestling as a collective catharsis, a mobilizer of emotions whose regulatory function is the social cohesion of the young African nation. Unprecedentedly, the film presented Senegalese wrestling as a "national sport," a spectacle of the African tradition and modernity. Based on Vieyra's archives and the restored version of the film Lamb (2014), this article discusses Senegalese wrestling as a "national sport" in the context of African nationalism, highlighting the elements that represent wrestling as a genuine expression of the Black African civilization. However, wrestling had been transformed in Dakar during French colonialism. The film Lamb registers an expression of Senegal's multiethnic popular culture through the lenses of an African public intellectual who was one of the founders of postcolonial African cinematographic aesthetics. The sequence of Lamb reveals the "myth of transparency" (Wollen, 1969), that is, the idea that a film communicates a rich signification, an accessible truth, which spectators can immediately seize. Lamb is not merely a documentary about Senegalese wrestling. Its diegesis contains many temporal, spatial, and sound elements that remit to a mythical imaginary and a postcolonial political ideology. If Senegalese wrestling turned into a national sport (Wane, 2012), Lamb conceivably is a "document/monument" because it records a historical phase of such metamorphosis in the urban environment.

The roads of rage and ruin: contemporary art and its publics after the global

ABSTRACT This essay will consider the possibilities for contemporary art and culture in the current age of anger, the post-public condition, the historical phase of deglobalization, and the demise of the international artworld and contemporary art as we knew it. First of all, I will outline how contemporary art came to be structurally and historically after 1989, and how this was aligned with the central notion and economy of globalization itself. In the second half, I will describe how this historical formation is changing, and arguably disappearing, and consider what can and will replace it. I will do so through a reading of Walter Mignolo’s outline of five options for the future: decoloniality, rewesternization, reorientation of the Left, dewesternization, and spiritual reawakening. To these, I will then add and consider a sixth option: neo-fascism, drawing upon the work of Rastko Močnik, which also provides a road map for the present and future.

Italian Theories About Accounting Measurements From the Twenties to the Sixties: Looking for Underlying Tendencies

The main subject of this paper is the theory of accounting valuations as observed from a historical perspective. In particular, this research concerns the most significant theoretical concepts developed through the Italian doctrine between the 1920s and the 1960s. This period was a historical phase of great cultural ferment, characterised by the progressive deepening of the subject of accounting valuations by Italian scholars.Most of the attention has been focused on those scholars who, by developing theses among the most innovative and original, made significant contributions to the advancement of Italian accounting: Gino Zappa, Vittorio Alfieri, Francesco De Gobbis, Pietro Onida, Lorenzo De Minico, Alberto Ceccherelli, and Egidio Giannessi. These scholars, aware that the valuative problem could not be addressed with simple valuation rules, were interested in finding general principles that could be useful models of behaviour for the accounting practise. These principles made it possible to understand that valuation, being a process that transcends the simple mechanistic application of predefined rules, requires the formulation of a judgment based on the observation of the firm’s specific characteristics and of those of the external environment in which it operates.The analysis allowed the main trends in the examined evolutionary process to be identified, including the progressive relativisation as well as the increasing subjectivity of values, the penchant towards a holistic approach to the problem of accounting valuations, and last, but at the same time first from a doctrinal point of view, the tendency toward a scientification of the discipline of financial accounting measurements.

«Татарский брак» вдовы и младшего брата Андрея Мстиславича Черниговского

Research objectives: To study Russian-Horde relations in the period of formation of Russian principalities’ dependence on the Mongol Empire and the ulus of Jochi – a historical phase connected with a 1246 trip of a Russian prince and the widow of his elder brother to Batu. This elder brother, Prince Andrei, had been executed earlier by the Mongols. The aim of the work is to clarify the causes and consequences of the conflict situation that arose as a result of the refusal of Andrei of Chernihiv’s relatives to permit a marriage “according to the Tatar custom”. Research materials: Russian chronicles and collections of Church law (Just Measure, canonical answers of Metropolitan John II [1080–1089]), the so-called “Books of the Pilot”, princely statutes (Statute of Prince Yaroslav of the Church courts), religious letters, the Lyubetsky Synod, as well as some Latin and Muslim sources. Results and novelty of the research: Based on an analysis of the information contained in Old Russian sources of Church law, chronicles, princely religious letters, the reports of the papal diplomat John of Plano Carpini and accompanying representatives of the Franciscan mission, C. de Bridia and Benedict of Poland, as well as sources containing information about the legal norms and customary law of the Mongols (e.g. the travel accounts of William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, and Ibn Battuta), the author comes to the following conclusions: Batu’s demand for marriage between the widow and younger brother of the previously executed Prince Andrei Mstislavovich of Chernihiv “according to the custom of Tatars” fully corresponded to Mongol customary law. However, it came into sharp contrast with two canonical prohibitions of Russian Church law: the ban on marriages of closely related individuals and marriage without a Christian wedding. Possible practical reasons for the Mongol marriage demand could include the desire of the authorities of the ulus of Jochi to exclude the younger brother of Prince Andrei from the number of contenders to rule the Chernihiv Principality, the desire to test the political loyalty of applicants for the inhe­ritance of the executed prince, and an aim to eliminate the dual rule which was ostensibly established in the Chernihiv Principality after the death of its previous ruler. The refusal of the brother and widow of Andrei of Chernihiv to comply with the Batu’s demand caused a strong reaction of the Horde’s authorities, ending in a ritual of forced marriage. This ritual was accompanied by a series of humiliating processes, one of the likely goals of which was to demonstrate to the Russian ruling elites the priority of Mongol legal norms over the legal norms of states that were politically dependent on the Jochids.

Income Tax: Genesis of Definition and Object of Accounting

Income tax in many countries is one of the main sources of filling the public budget and levers of influence on the development of economic processes at the macro level. The income tax ensures the balance of economic interests of the state, legal entities and individuals and the avoidance of excessive tax pressure. The impact of European integration processes on the Ukrainian accounting system increases the relevance of the development of the organization and methods of accounting for income tax. The purpose of the article is to establish the main phases of the evolution of the concept of “income tax”, clarify its economic content and identify the characteristics as an object of accounting.
 The article examines the historical phases of the income tax evolution, taking into account amendments in the tax law in Ukraine. A review of interpretations of the concept of “income tax” by foreign and domestic scholars was made, to establish the three main approaches to its interpretation: as a direct tax paid by a business entity from the received profit; as an item of the company financial statement, informing concerned parties on the amount of the assessed and paid tax; as a company’s payment to the state for utilization of economic infrastructure and resources. The author’s definition of the concept of “income tax” is proposed, which contributes to the clarification of the accounting terminology. It is argued that income tax should be considered through the prism of the tax law and accounting standards. A comparison of treatment to income tax as an accounting object in the National Accounting Standard 17 “Tax Income” and International Accounting Standards 12 “Income Taxes” is made. Based on a study of the legal framework for the accounting of income tax, its main components are identified as an object of accounting.

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, editor. Caricatures on American Historical Phases 1918 - 2018: Pulitzer Prize Winning Editorial Cartoons from Wilson to Trump

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, editor. Caricatures on American Historical Phases 1918 - 2018: Pulitzer Prize Winning Editorial Cartoons from Wilson to Trump Lit Verlag GmbH &Co. KG Wien, 2019. Pp. 216. ISBN: 978-3-643-91154-4 Joseph Michael Gratale, The American College of Thessaloniki The first sentence in John Berger’s book titled Ways of Seeing, the author states the following: “Seeing comes before words.” Although Berger’s book was first published over forty years ago, his book’s opening sente...

New evidence of mid- to late- Holocene vegetation and climate change from a Neolithic settlement in western fringe of Central Ganga Plain: Implications for Neolithic to Historic phases

Here we present a continuous palaeoclimatic record of 5980 years (7230 cal BP–1250 cal BP) from Hetapatti, a Neolithic site situated on the western fringe of the Central Ganga Plain. The region was a center of reurbanisation following the decline of the Harappan civilisation and is considered a hub of economic, political and religious evolution since the sixth millennium BC. Hetapatti contains an uninterrupted sequence from Neolithic to Historic (Gupta) period. The study integrates two different approaches (phytoliths and carbon isotope analysis) to infer vegetational and climatic changes and to understand their relationship to the cultural sequence. Our results show a gradual transformation from a warm and humid climate into a warm and dry climate from the Neolithic to Historic (Gupta) period. We find an abrupt weakening of the ISM at ~2080 cal BP driving a warm and dry climate. The comparison of our data with other high resolution regional and global records led us to hypothesise a synchronicity in this warm and dry trend, coeval with the Roman warm period (RWP). The observed variation in vegetation and climate might have driven by the fluctuations in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). Additionally, the phytolith analysis provides evidence of cereal crops including rice, wheat, barley, millets, etc. suggesting a crop affinity with the earlier Indus crop package. It is interesting to note that the site displays an uninterrupted cultural sequence from Neolithic to Historic times, with artefacts of each phase exhibiting technological and stylistic developments from the preceding culture. From this we infer that the well adapted socio-ecological strategies and availability of perennial rivers may have helped the ancient civilisation to absorb the stress relating to a varying climate.

The Self-Portrait of Censorship in Socialist Romania

"Censorship in socialism was a longlasting institution. Frightening and invisible, it harboured, in fact, various institutions and underwent different historical phases. It prescribed attitudes and themes by partially or totally suppressing them. What was incriminated at some point could be accepted a few years later. A theme, however, has always been taboo: censorship itself, political power’s discretionary and abusive act of limiting the freedom of expression in literature. Based on archival documents (mainly from the National Archives of Romania), this paper aims to reconstruct the way in which the Censorship removed fragments or whole texts in which it could see (or appeared to see) its own image. The reports of the censors may be seen as self-portraits, including the points of collision and the lines of tension between literature and power."

Transition Shock as Tool of Integration

This paper aims to apply the recent approaches of intercultural interactions between minority-majority groups upon the historical acculturative phases of Sino-Muslims. Muslims in China departed their ghettos during Yuan/Mongol reign (1279-1368A.D) and got acquainted with Chinese culture at larger scale hence we contend that it was the period of ‘transition shock’ for them, to apply Alder’s phrase; as they were not only familiarized with the Chinese society but also revisited their new identity amidst a new people thus underwent a process of change revising their ‘self-understanding’. This cultural shock later propelled them to ‘integration’ during Ming (1368-1644A.D) thus served as a tool of their integration in China. Taking the Berry’s model of acculturation, we suggest the early Mongol’s was a period of ‘contact’ between the two cultures i.e. Islam and China whereas late Mongol and early Ming was characterized with ‘conflict’ and finally Ming age was the period of ‘adaptation’..

Modern Urban Planning and Dissonant Heritage: The Case of San Polo

Summary The aim of the article is to understand to what extent modern mass housing estates, built in the decades following the Second World War with new construction methods and under the influence of innovative planning ideas and egalitarian philosophy, are currently facing a process of decline. In particular, the research is committed to understand how such innovative urban structures rapidly evolved into stigmatized places of residence and sources of dissonant heritage. The work focuses on the case of San Polo, a neighbourhood of Brescia, in Italy, designed by architect, planner and historian Leonardo Benevolo, who had the opportunity in the northern Italian city to experiment and implement his architectural views in the sphere of “public urbanization”. It is possible to claim that Benevolo’s theoretical approach and architectural practice excellently represented the golden age of modern housing in postwar Europe, when the connection between progressive political views and egalitarian urban planning was apparently perfect. Nevertheless, after the political and economic transition that characterized western Europe since the 1980s, mass housing quickly became a residual issue in the public discourse and entered in a spiral of decline. San Polo was no exception: problems – especially in its iconic tower blocks – soon emerged, and overall optimistic expectations were frustrated by the reality of physical, social and economic decline. This study is therefore committed to understand to what extent San Polo is a case of dissonant heritage in the urban context. While it is clear that the heritage of San Polo is the heritage of a precise historical phase and represents particular ideas in architecture and planning, on the other hand it must be stressed that the ideological transition of recent decades made its values and its messages obsolete and that socio-economic segregation negatively affected the reputation of the neighbourhood and its inhabitants had to face a process of stigmatization that found echo in official and journalistic discourse.

Three decades of telemedicine in Brazil: Mapping the regulatory framework from 1990 to 2018.

This study characterized the evolution of Brazilian public telemedicine policy in the Brazilian Unified Health System for 30 years from 1988 to 2019 by analyzing its legal framework. We identified 79 telemedicine-related legislations from the federal government (laws, decrees, and ordinances) and 31 regulations of federal councils of health professionals. Three historical phases were established according to the public policy cycle, and material was classified according to the purpose of the normative documents. The content analysis was based on the advocacy coalition framework model. Of the federal legislations, 8.9% were for the Formulation/Decision-Making phase, 43% for the Organization/Implementation phase, and 48.1% for the Expansion/Maturation phase of telemedicine policy in Brazil. The Federal Council of Medicine was the most active in standardizing telemedicine and was responsible for 21 (67.7%) regulations. The first legislations were passed in 2000; however, the coalitions discussed topics related to telemedicine and created their belief systems from the 1990’s. The time cycle which included formulation and decision making for Brazilian telemedicine policy, extended until 2007 with the creation of several technical working groups. The expansion and maturation of telemedicine services began in 2011 with the decentralization of telemedicine policy actions across the country. Telemedicine centers which performed telediagnosis influenced the computerization of primary health care units. We conclude that Brazilian telemedicine field has greatly grown and changed in recent years. However, despite the proliferation of legislations and regulations in the period studied, there is still no fully consolidated process for setting up a wholly defined regulatory framework for telemedicine in Brazil.

Kindergarten in Ontario – An Exceptional Case of a Publicly Funded Early Childhood Education Since 1883

Ontario has the distinction of having the longest and the richest history of public kindergarten in Canada. Ontario’s kindergarten is an exception in the field of publicly funded early childhood care and education in Canada, where the care and education of preschool-aged children has not been recognized as the government’s responsibility. This article traces the development of Ontario’s public kindergarten from its inception in 1883 to the current Full-Day Early Learning–Kindergarten Program. It identifies the evolving characteristics of kindergarten, trends, and paradigmatic changes in the analyzed period by using a longue durée approach as per Fernand Braudel. It explores the context of each historical phase of Ontario’s kindergarten development, the intersection of political agendas, ideologies, and economic and pragmatic considerations that were impacting kindergarten policies.

Trajectories and Modes of Autocratization in the Early 21st Century

Contemporary processes of autocratization attract growing attention, but their trajectories and modes remain relatively understudied. To contribute filling this gap, we offer one of the first case-oriented comparative analyses of twenty-first century autocratization. First, we examine a global set of cases. Hence, we focus on four typical cases from different regions – namely, Ecuador, Moldova, Thailand and Rwanda – representing different forms of contemporary autocratization. The analysis confirms that autocratization is an empirically relevant phenomenon in this historical phase. Moreover, an evolution is occurring in how this political syndrome unfolds, in the regimes it tends to hit, and in its outcomes. More specifically, the main threat that liberal democracies currently face is a process of sequential autocratization, perpetrated by elected rulers wishing to expand and prolong their power through the loosening of the mechanisms of horizontal accountability and the manipulation of the electoral process. However, we also highlight that an ongoing process of autocratization could be interrupted or reversed.

MANIFEST-2, a Global, Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Control Study of CPI-0610 and Ruxolitinib Vs. Placebo and Ruxolitinib in JAK-Inhibitor-Naive Myelofibrosis Patients

The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family of proteins bind to chromatin to regulate the transcription of target genes involved in multiple pro-fibrotic pathways and is a novel therapeutic target for reducing fibrosis in myelofibrosis (MF). CPI-0610 is a unique, first-in-class, oral, small-molecule inhibitor of BET (BETi) proteins, designed to promote disease-modifying activity through selective gene regulation of key oncogenic, fibrotic, and inflammatory factors with potential to transform the standard of care in MF. Products with only one mechanism of action are approved currently for treatment of MF, Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitors (JAKi), with ruxolitinib (rux) being the standard of care for treatment-naïve MF patients. A minority of MF patients treated with rux (35%; 106 of 301) or fedratinib (37%; 35 of 96) achieved a spleen volume reduction ≥ 35% (SVR35) at 6-12 months. Disease-modifying therapeutic agents with a novel mechanism of action are needed to improve the outcomes in MF pts. Blocking BET activity with CPI-0610 inhibited aberrant maturation of megakaryocytes and decreased cytokine production in preclinical studies. In addition, synergistic antitumor activity of BETi and JAKi combination was observed in preclinical MF models. Clinical activity of CPI-0610 in combination with rux in JAKi-naïve MF patients observed in the phase 2 MANIFEST study was higher (SVR35 at wk 24: 63%) than that observed with rux alone in historical Phase 3 trials (Mascarenhas, EHA 2020). MANIFEST-2 is a global, phase 3, 1:1 randomized, double-blind, active-control study of CPI-0610 + rux vs. placebo + rux in JAKi treatment-naïve patients with primary MF, post-polycythemia-vera MF, or post-essential-thrombocythemia MF. Key eligibility criteria: DIPSS score ≥Int-1; platelet ≥100 x 109/L; spleen volume ≥ 450 cc by CT/MRI; ≥2 symptoms measurable (score ≥3) or a total symptom score (TSS) of ≥10 using the MFSAF v4.0; peripheral blast count <5%, ECOG ≤2. Approximately 310 patients (155 in each arm) will be enrolled in the study. Patient randomization will be stratified by DIPSS risk category (Intermediate-1 vs. Intermediate-2 vs. High), platelet count (> 200 × 109/L vs. 100 - 200 × 109/L), and spleen volume (≥ 1800 cm3 vs. < 1800 cm3). Double-blind treatment (CPI-0610 or matching placebo) will be administered once daily (QD) for 14 consecutive days followed by a 7-day break, which is considered 1 cycle of treatment (1 cycle = 21 days). Rux will be administered twice daily (BID) for all 21 days within each cycle. Primary endpoint: SVR35 response (≥35% reduction in spleen volume) at wk 24; key secondary endpoint: TSS50 response (≥50% reduction in TSS) at wk 24; other secondary endpoints: safety, PK, PD, bone marrow morphology/fibrosis, duration of SVR35 response, duration of TSS50 response, PFS, OS, conversion from transfusion dependence to independence, rate of RBC transfusion for the first 24 wks, hemoglobin response, peripheral proinflammatory cytokines. Figure Disclosures Mascarenhas: Incyte, Kartos, Roche, Promedior, Merck, Merus, Arog, CTI Biopharma, Janssen, and PharmaEssentia: Other: Research funding (institution); Celgene, Prelude, Galecto, Promedior, Geron, Constellation, and Incyte: Consultancy. Harrison:Roche: Honoraria; Sierra Oncology: Honoraria; Promedior: Honoraria; AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Incyte Corporation: Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CTI Biopharma Corp: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Luptakova:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Christo:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Wang:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Mertz:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Colak:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Shao:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Bobba:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Trojer:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Senderowicz:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Ended employment in the past 24 months; Puma Biotechnology: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Humphrey:Constellation Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Verstovsek:Gilead: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; NS Pharma: Research Funding; Sierra Oncology: Consultancy, Research Funding; PharmaEssentia: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; ItalPharma: Research Funding; CTI Biopharma Corp: Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Blueprint Medicines Corp: Research Funding; Protagonist Therapeutics: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding.