Historical Path Research Articles

A novel hermit crab optimization algorithm

High-dimensional optimization has numerous potential applications in both academia and industry. It is a major challenge for optimization algorithms to generate very accurate solutions in high-dimensional search spaces. However, traditional search tools are prone to dimensional catastrophes and local optima, thus failing to provide high-precision results. To solve these problems, a novel hermit crab optimization algorithm (the HCOA) is introduced in this paper. Inspired by the group behaviour of hermit crabs, the HCOA combines the optimal search and historical path search to balance the depth and breadth searches. In the experimental section of the paper, the HCOA competes with 5 well-known metaheuristic algorithms in the CEC2017 benchmark functions, which contain 29 functions, with 23 of these ranking first. The state of work BPSO-CM is also chosen to compare with the HCOA, and the competition shows that the HCOA has a better performance in the 100-dimensional test of the CEC2017 benchmark functions. All the experimental results demonstrate that the HCOA presents highly accurate and robust results for high-dimensional optimization problems.

Historical Paths and the Growth of Baghdad Old Center

Urban growth of cities is connected with three related problems, the first one, is the deterioration of the center, which is a mark for historical origin. The second is the emergence of city edge, which contradicts by the center. The third one is the rapid semi urbanism of the edge. Literature review showed that Baghdad historical center (Old Rusafa and Karkh) had grown in four morphological stages, during which main paths had been changed from those which were perpendicular to the river front to those parallel to it. Research problem is that “there is a knowledge gap about the direction and origin of paths within Baghdad old center, after its growth”. The first research hypothesis is, “the direction of paths within old Baghdad center had been changed from those perpendicular to the river to parallel to it, then to a grid system by the effect of streets cut through and bridges constructions”. The second research hypothesis is that, “New paths (streets) which had been cut through old center had an origin within the historical paths”.The research aims to verify from the change in paths direction within old center, also from the origin of new streets in relation with historical paths. Research found that some new streets within Old Rusafa and Karkh, which are parallel to the river, existed as historical paths, according to the integration genotype of this center within the four morphological stages.

On the search for the legal nature of faunistic legal relations

In Russia, throughout the entire historical path of development, normative legal acts have been developed and adopted regulating the use and protection of the entire animal world, not limited to wild representatives in a state of natural freedom. At the same time, the theoretical foundations of faunal law have not actually been studied by legal science. Despite a significant amount of research involving either animals in a wild state, or calling for humane treatment of animals.The legal regulation of the use and protection of wild animals in pre-revolutionary Russia was considered from the perspective of civil law and police law. In the 70s of the XX century, Soviet jurists investigated the legal nature of wild animals and determined the place of protection of wild fauna in the system of branches of law.In the modern historical period, the need for a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of faunal law, including the legal regimes of both wild and non-wild animals, acquires historical and strategic significance. Most modern researchers directly identify wild animals with the subject of faunal law. Of course, wild animals are included in the subject of faunal law, as well as domestic, agricultural and other animals inhabiting the Russian Federation and the planet Earth.

ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ТВОРЧІСТЬ ЯК УМОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ ЛОГОПЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ДІТЯМ ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ ІЗ ОСОБЛИВИМИ ОСВІТНІМИ ПОТРЕБАМИ

The article is devoted to the problem of studying pedagogical creativity as a condition for effective speech therapy for preschool children with special educational needs. The authors note that speech therapy for children with special educational needs has appeared in the Ukrainian education system relatively recently and describe the historical path of formation and development of this area of work. The article substantiates the importance of pedagogical creativity in the professional activity of a speech therapist. In particular, such a need is determined by the age and individual characteristics of preschool children (underdevelopment of the emotional and volitional sphere, acceleration of intellectual development, decrease in cognitive activity, gadgetization of leisure), saturation of the speech therapist's professional activity with pedagogical problems (strategic, tactical, situational), conditions of professional activity (continuity, systematicity, openness, publicity, strict regulation in time, dependence on methodological and technical equipment of the speech therapy center). The authors determine that solving the problem of high-quality professional training of future speech therapists is inextricably linked to the formation of their ability to create. The main role in this is assigned to teachers of higher education institutions. The professional training of a creative professional is realized by creating optimal psychological and pedagogical conditions, in particular, establishing favorable relationships between the teacher and the student, setting pedagogical goals for students, the achievement of which requires maximum expression of creativity, increasing the emotional intensity of the educational process. Key words: speech therapy, children with special educational needs, speech disorders, pedagogical creativity, creativity, professional training of a speech therapist, conditions for the development of creativity.

Informal Institution on the Extension of Value Transformation: Experiences from Developing Countries

The purpose of this study is to investigate the substantive impact of how informal institutions regulate and reciprocate the actions of formal institutions in order to determine the extent to which the value transformation of developing countries is maintained across traditional, modern, and post-modern ranges. Using concepts of Inglehart's Evolutionary Modernization Theory and North's Transaction Cost, we have attempted to develop a conceptual framework based on the collinearity, structure, and velocity of value transformation in order to identify subjective preferences for the conformance of the underlying culture and the bargaining nature of informal institutions within the institutional multiplicity. Comparing three developing regions (South Asia, Africa, and Latin America) has allowed us to identify prospective domains and rates for tracking these changes. As a result of this comparison, various socio-cultural scenarios of underlying cultures and political-economic scenarios of the bargaining nature of informal institutions surrounding the transition and sustainability of particular value propositions in developing nations have been found. These scenarios have been found to be influenced by historical path dependency and cultural change agents with varying impacts on informal institutions.

Indigeneity coalesced: The 2022 national strike in Ecuador

This article analyses the national strike in Ecuador in June 2022, which paralysed most of its cities and roads for 18 days. The uprising has relevance for understanding the historical path of Indigenous movements in Latin America. We address two main questions. First, we analyse the 2022 uprising in the context of the extended timeframe of Indigenous revolts stretching back to 1990, considering what this popular mobilization tells us about recent highs and lows of Indigenous organizations and their relationship with current government regimes. Second, we delve into a tactical aspect of the uprising, exploring how the Indigenous population, among the most impoverished sectors in Ecuador, could block and freeze the country’s economic and commercial activity for so long.

Assessing and Forecasting the Long-Term Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Manufacturing Sales in South Africa

Sales forecasting is a crucial aspect of any successful manufacturing organisation as it provides the foundation for investment, employment development, and innovation. The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) had a negative impact on the manufacturing sector in South Africa (SA) and the rest of the world. The objective of this paper is to analyse the trend of manufacturing sales before, during, and after the GFC and to quantify the impact of the GFC on the total manufacturing sales in SA. The time-series-based Box–Jenkins methodology is used to achieve the objective. The study used Statistic South Africa’s data on monthly total manufacturing sales in SA from January 1998 to December 2022. Total manufacturing sales exhibit strong seasonality. The ACF, PACF, and EACF plots, as well as the AIC, BIC, RMSE, and MAE, suggest the SARIMA(2,1,2)(2,1,1)12 model as the best model for explaining and forecasting manufacturing sales in SA. The SA manufacturing sector was negatively impacted by the GFC, as evidenced by the comparison between actual data and projections based on a historical path prior to the GFC. Manufacturing sales are recovering from the GFC but have not reached potential levels that could have been achieved without the crisis. The SA manufacturing sector may take time to reach the expected/projected sale levels that could have been achieved in the absence of the GFC.

THE EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES TO DETERMINING THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW AND LAW-MAKING: THEORY AND POLITICAL AND LEGAL PRACTICE

The proposed publication provides a comprehensive review of the historical path of changing approaches (theoretical and practical) to the definition of the principles of law and lawmaking and establishes the nature of the evolutionary process in political and legal matter. On the basis of the general dialectical method, analysis and comparative legal approach, the principles of law and lawmaking are identified and revealed, depending both on the level and degree of generalization (special, sectoral, intersectoral, universal), and on the specifics of the current or historical stage of development of political and legal reality, the content of the concept of "lawmaking" is established in direct connection with similar categories, the lawmaking process and types of lawmaking are characterized. In the course of the presentation of the material, the author establishes that the current Russian law is based on synthesis of the achievements of the main concepts of legal understanding - the natural law doctrine, positivism and the realistic school of law. It is indicated that in recent years the principles of law in Russia have been evolving against the background of the steady sovereignization of the domestic political and legal order. The definition of lawmaking is given as a purposeful activity of the competent authorities to change, establish or abolish legal norms, which is the highest form of expression of the process of lawmaking and an integral element of rulemaking, it is established that the principles of lawmaking should correlate with the actual principles of law. The conclusion is that the evolution of the principles of law and lawmaking is non-linear, it varies depending on the level of development of each individual legal order and the individual characteristics of the formation, functioning and development of society. On the example of the domestic legal order the author shows that the reception of western European principles of law, as the independence of the Russian federation in the international arena was strengthened, was replaced by the construction of national legislation, taking into account the special historical path of the country and those traditional fundamental values that are immanent to the single multinational people of Russia.

Lobbying in politics: foreign experience and Ukrainian realities

To build a legal and democratic state, one cannot do without such a phenomenon as lobbying. This institution exists in many developed and civilized countries, but it is ambiguous and insufficiently studied. This opinion arises after analyzing the works of scientists whose subject of study was lobbying. The main purpose of this article was to reveal the essence of lobbying in politics in terms of foreign experience of this institution and compare it with Ukrainian realities.
 The article deals with the genesis and development of the concept of "lobbying", the historical path of lobbying in foreign countries. Attention was focused on its main features, functions, forms and components, taking into account existing scientific approaches. Such a study primarily allows to distinguish lobbying from corruption and identify its positive and negative aspects. In turn, the definition of forms of lobbying is extremely important, because it makes it clear how lobbying is manifested today at the national, global and regional levels.
 As for foreign experience, special attention was paid to the United States as the country where this institution originated and is actively developing now. Also the practice of lobbying was considered on the example of such countries as: France, Belgium, Great Britain, Holland, Italy and others. The features that show how the lobbying model differs in the USA, EU countries and Ukraine were highlighted. Lobbying in Ukraine for many years was considered unnecessary and perceived by politicians and citizens in a more negative way. The reasons for this are that this phenomenon has long been perceived by our society as something corrupt and criminal. Also, the article emphasizes the role of lobbying policy in Ukraine, reveals its essence in promising directions, taking into account the opinions of scientists.
 The conclusion emphasizes the need for legislative regulation of lobbying in Ukraine, which will allow to develop a policy of maximum transparency in the activities of public institutions and create the basis for the development of a democratic country.

Relationship between economic and political factors of the country’s economic development (on the example of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

The economic growth and economic development of the country is determined by many factors, including geographic, climatic, demographic, political, as well as its natural resource potential and historical path of development. Between all these factors there is both interrelation and interdependence, and contradictions. The historical path of the country’s development, the current sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the institutional environment, political processes, the values of economic activity and established business practices have an impact both in the short and long term. The result of these factors can be a variety of institutional traps that give rise to the effect of hysteresis and determine the choice of strategic development priorities or even their absence. In addition to internal factors, the country’s economy is influenced by external economic and political factors, as well as the interests of global economic actors: foreign companies, states and institutions. The identification of the relationship between all of the above factors in the historical context is of high scientific importance for predicting the further development of the country’s economy. The authors of the article studied the influence of economic and political factors on the economic development of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and revealed the existence of institutional traps that caused the hysteresis effect as the main cause of poverty in one of the most resource-rich countries on the African continent.

The Lure of Technocracy? Chinese Aid and Local Preferences for Development Leadership in Africa

AbstractShould politicians, technocrats, or the free market guide the economic development of a developing country? The historical development paths of countries vary widely. Public opinion concerning development models also differs across space and over time. Using Chinese aid data from AidData and the second round Afrobarometer survey, we study how Chinese aid affects local preferences for economic leadership in sixteen African countries, 2000–2005. Our causal identification strategy is to compare the preferences of respondents who lived near an aid project site where a Chinese project had been implemented at the time of the interview (treated group) to individuals who lived close to a site where a Chinese project would be initiated shortly after the interview (control group). We find that Chinese aid increases the local population's support for economic experts to run the economy. World Bank aid, on the other hand, has no impact on local preferences for economic leadership.

Istoricheskie predposylki i puti razvitiya kitajskoj kul'tury s mezhkul'turnoj tochki zreniya v kontekste globalizacii

The strategy of Chinese culture going out is an important part of national culture development strategy. It is of great significance to study the historical background and path of Chinese culture going global strategy from a cross-cultural perspective.

Evolution of Peptide Biopharmaceuticals

Peptides are small molecule substances involved in numerous essential physiological functions such as human growth and development, stress, regulation of the emotional state, sexual behavior, and immune responses. Their mechanisms of action are based on receptor-ligand interaction, which leads to highly selective effects. These properties and low toxicity allow them to be considered potent drugs. The production of peptide preparations became possible at the beginning of the 20th century after a method for the selective synthesis of peptides was developed. However, after the successful synthesis of the first peptide drugs, many issues related to increasing stability, bioavailability, half-life, and the ability to move through cell membranes remained unresolved. The review considers the historical path of development of the synthesis and production of peptides, as well as modern approaches to the creation of peptide drugs and their use in biopharmaceutics, including the development of original peptide drugs in Russia.

Port Cities in the Persian Gulf: From Quiet Pearling Towns to Global Cities

Abstract Divergent historical paths and different levels of state attention have led to different developmental paths by the contemporary port cities of the Persian Gulf. Some port cities were established as company towns by Western oil enterprises, with Abadan and Dammam as primary examples, designed specifically for purposes of segregating Western employees from local ones and housing each according to hierarchy and rank. Dammam has received government attention and resources, but Abadan has mostly been left on its own, still bearing the scars of Iran's war with Iraq from 1980 to 1988. Also largely ignored are secondary port cities such as Basra, Bushehr, and Bandar Abbas, especially in comparison to the aspiring global cities of Kuwait, Manama, Doha, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai. Whether this latter group of port cities have reached the status of “global cities” is an open question, despite their expanding roles as nodes in global networks of transportation, logistics, and services. Impressive buildings and modern landmarks they have in abundance, but whether form can attract or foster substance is yet to be seen.

Образ Мариан Кулаго в контексте темы России в романе В. П. Аксёнова «Ожог»

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the novel “The Burn”, the first postmodern novel by V. P. Aksyonov, an iconic writer of the 60s of the XX century. The aim of the research is to identify the features of creating the image of the main character Marianne Coulagot in the context of the theme of Russia. Marianne Coulagot is a key image not only of the plot-compositional organisation of the novel, but also of its ideological conception. The scientific originality of the research is seen in the fact that the author analyses in detail the central image of the writer’s little-studied novel from the perspective of semantic fields, identifying the individual author’s features of exploring the theme of Russia in the context of V. P. Aksyonov’s biography and the life of his contemporaries, the generation of the 60s-70s. As a result, the paper proves that V. P. Aksyonov, on the one hand, continues the traditions of N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. A. Blok, S. A. Yesenin, creating a common folk female image, partly embodying the Russian national female character; on the other hand, the writer, protesting against the neutralisation of femininity in Soviet society, endows the heroine with naturalness, emotionality, sexuality, creating an image of a sensual woman. A number of ironic parallels between Marianne’s life and Russia’s cultural and historical path in the XX century reveals the tragic fate of the Russian intelligentsia who emigrated.

Номинация и нейтрализация государственно-правового пространства в Новое и Новейшее время

The article reviews state and law in the modern and contemporary period of civilizational development from the social design standpoint. Symbolic power creates social space by progressively pursuing the historical path from state, bureaucratic to global power that establishes its own global order.

Gene therapy for urea cycle defects: An update from historical perspectives to future prospects.

Urea cycle defects (UCDs) are severe inherited metabolic diseases with high unmet needs which present a permanent risk of hyperammonaemic decompensation and subsequent acute death or neurological sequelae, when treated with conventional dietetic and medical therapies. Liver transplantation is currently the only curative option, but has the potential to be supplanted by highly effective gene therapy interventions without the attendant need for life-long immunosuppression or limitations imposed by donor liver supply. Over the last three decades, pioneering genetic technologies have been explored to circumvent the consequences of UCDs, improve quality of life and long-term outcomes: adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, gene editing, genome integration and non-viral technology with messenger RNA. In this review, we present a summarised view of this historical path, which includes some seminal milestones of the gene therapy's epic. We provide an update about the state of the art of gene therapy technologies for UCDs and the current advantages and pitfalls driving future directions for research and development.

Dynamic Motion Planning Model for Multirobot Using Graph Neural Network and Historical Information

In order to effectively improve the path‐finding capability of a multirobot system in a decentralized control approach, a dynamic motion planning model based on graph neural networks and historical information (GNNHIM) is proposed. Due to the limited sensing range of the robot's onboard sensors, GNNHIM uses convolutional neural networks to extract features from the heterogeneous environmental information collected and analyzes the motion trends of other robots in conjunction with the historical path information stored locally. After finishing feature fusion, each robot exchanges its feature vectors with other robots still within sensing range to obtain the next action by the graph neural network model processing. Herein, imitation learning is used to train robots to choose behavioral strategies to maximize team benefit. The experimental results show that GNNHIM can make path planning for multirobot systems more efficient and reliable, enabling all robots to reach their own goal within a limited time in 95.1% of the experimental dataset. Moreover, GNNHIM still has great generalization when applied to unseen scenarios and larger scale robot systems. GNNHIM in unseen scenarios has improved the success rate by 6%‐34% and reduced the detour percentage by 3.8% on average compared to the other scheduling model.

The Expansive Corridor: Testing Acemoglu and Robinson (2019)

In The Narrow Corridor, Acemoglu and Robinson create a compelling narrative concerning the relationship between the power of states, the power of societies, and economic development, illustrated with a series of historical vignettes. Using a recently constructed historical dataset of state capacity, we provide a series of formal and informal tests of their hypothesis. We first visualise the historical paths of the strength of society and the strength of the state for each country so as to operationalise the claims of Acemoglu and Robinson. We then measure whether the balance of the strength of society and the strength of the state is predictive of improvements in both. We find very little evidence in favour of Acemoglu and Robinson.

Almeida Bible—Keeping a Heritage Alive: The Historical Path and Current Challenges of a Seventeenth-Century Translation

Until the seventeenth century, no Portuguese person or any other individual had either planned or accomplished a full translation of the Bible into Portuguese. As research has shown, there is a significant quantity of partial Bible texts in Portuguese during the late medieval period, but it was João Ferreira de Almeida (ca. 1628–1691) who undertook the “first common translation … of the Sacred Books.” Since the mid-eighteenth century, the “Almeida Bible” has been published in different versions, first in the Far East—Java and India—and, from the early nineteenth century, in Europe and America. This paper focuses on the historical context in which the Bible translation undertaken by João Ferreira de Almeida emerged and the main characteristics of the translation. It also provides a historical analysis of the revisions that the initial texts underwent in their different chronological and geographical environments, and ends with suggestions for a new revision of the European Portuguese version of the Almeida Bible.