Historical Layers Research Articles

Preservation of historical document or aesthetic value? Mualla Eyüboğlu’s Topkapı Palace Harem restorations in the 1960s

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the Chamber of Crown Princes (Veliaht Dairesi) located in the residential part (Harem) of the Topkapı Palace, the Ottoman imperial seat in Istanbul (Turkey), where the removal of later additions was discussed during its restoration in the 1960s. Based on the archival documents of Mualla Eyüboğlu, the architect responsible for the restoration of the Topkapı Palace between 1961 and 1969, and the resolutions of the High Board of Antiquities and Monuments, this study reveals a stimulating debate on the balancing of the preservation of historic document value versus aesthetic value. Ambitious to present the building in its original function and use of the space as a part of the imperial residence, Eyüboğlu decided to liberate the original building of all the later additions and tried to reinstate the building to its initial seventeenth-century state. The removal of historical layers was disapproved by some of her contemporaries, while others appreciated her aesthetic concern. The case is reviewed at a broader scale, opening up to and integrating similar discussions in European preservation theory in the 1960s.

Research on the Largo and architectural landscape of Macau from the perspective of historical layering

Abstract With the research of urban historical landscape, its definition has been continuously deepened. The development of a city is regarded as the result of the accumulation of cultural and natural values in different periods, that is, the historical landscape of a city is the result of historical ‘layering.’ This paper takes the historical dynamic layering process of the Largo and the architectural landscape of Macau as the research content and uses the layering method to take the economy, society and culture of Macau in each historical period as the internal cause of its layering value, relating its explicit characteristics so as to explore the ways and rules of its historical layering. Moreover, in the historical layering of various dimensions, the harmonious Chinese and Western cultural values of Macau are always linked, and it is concluded that ‘the characteristics of pluralism and symbiosis have created the present Macau.’ This paper advocates that in the protection and inheritance of the urban context of Macau, we should focus on the effective protection and promotion of the multi-symbiotic culture and pass on the unique flavour of the city jointly created by the Chinese and Portuguese people.

Technologies of Visibility

Technologies of Visibility

Веда Заговóров Волхва Велеслава (этюд о заговорно-поэтическом творчестве современных неоязычников)

This article analyses the book Veda of Magic Spells (Slavic Magic Spells Book) (2014) written by Ilya Cherkasov, who publishes his works under the pen name of Magus Veleslav (Volkhv Veleslav). The title of the book points out its dual genre. On the one hand, this is a collection of “pagan” magic spells that have been purified by double-faith historical layering, but on the other hand, this is also a compilation of Vedic hymns glorifying the Slavic Gods. There are some texts in the book which have close parallels with folklore compilations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. At the same time, there are many texts which are probably personally composed in the style of traditional magic spells by Magus Veleslav himself. Unlike traditional magic spells, in the texts of Magus Veleslav any Christian elements are absent. For example, instead of the Christian “Amen” at the end of a magic spell, he puts the exclamation “Goi!” And instead of the traditional word-combination “the slave of God (name)”, the author uses the formula “the grandson of Dazbog (name)”. The article finds that Magus Veleslav takes a free approach to traditional spell texts, seeing them as material for his own idiosyncratic literary reconstruction of pagan poetry.

The Development of Interdental Consonants in the Neo-Aramaic Dialects of the Aqra Region

Abstract This paper is a study of the reflexes of historically interdental consonants in the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken in the region of Aqra in northern Iraq. These dialects can be classified broadly into those of the villages lying to the north of the Aqra mountain and those of the inhabitants of the region to the south of the mountain. It is shown that there are a wide range of reflexes in the various dialects of this region. Moreover, within individual dialects there is some degree of variation in the reflexes. Most of these can be explained as the result of articulatory phonetic processes. Some of the variations give us insight into the historical layering of the reflexes. There are a few cases of variation that are likely to be the result of dialect mixing.

Nude Colour: Race in Flávio de Carvalho’s “A Cidade do Homem Nu”

This paper discusses “A cidade do homem nu”, Flávio de Carvalho’s (1930) proposal for an imaginary city arranged in concentric circles. In this city, Carvalho claimed, man would live free of Christian values such as marriage and property. A prolific architect, writer, and artist active for over two decades, Carvalho’s work has been studied in relation to Brazilian modernismo. In this sense, “A cidade do homem nu” can be understood as an avant-garde manifesto challenging traditional institutions and taboos. However, this paper reads “A cidade do homem nu” as a utopia that should be considered in dialogue with Brazilian racial dynamics. Specifically, I argue that Carvalho posits a utopian city that can be thought of along the lines of Gilberto Freyre’s controversial praise of miscegenation. First, I offer close readings of the text’s scarce but decisive racially marked references in relation to the topic of nudity. Second, I examine Carvalho’s circular diagram and its likely architectural sources, as well as actual urban reforms that were carried out in Brazil at the beginning of the twentieth century. Nudity and circles evoke and fuse different historical and cultural layers in Brazilian society that destabilise notions of linear time and the idea of miscegenation itself.

Процессы исторической трансформации традиционной культуры

Currently, research areas are devoted to the study of topical issues of culture, the history of the Kazakh people, ethno-cultural interaction with other peoples, the problems of modern cultural transformation which makes it possible to fill in the existing gaps in the knowledge of the historical layers of Kazakh culture. The processes of modernization in society have led to an increasing interest in the study of traditional cultures. The relevance of these studies was due to many factors, despite the strengthening of the globalization process, interest in national culture persists and revives in most countries of the world. The study of the culture of traditional society requires applying various aspects of understanding this phenomenon, due to its heterogeneity and inconsistency. The authors note both the positive and negative sides of such an impact on society in general and man in particular. After all, the one-sided nature of cultural interaction can lead to the loss of national identity, and the question of preserving one’s identity is directly related to questions about the state of culture and its preservation. The modern socio-cultural space is undergoing a profound transformation, which is as sociated with the spread of information technologies, which have a great impact on the development of cul- ture. The rationalization of activities and the expansion of access to information are positive. The possibilities of people familiarizing themselves with cultural values are leveled. The growth of inter-communication ties, the expansion of contacts between countries, the dialogue of cultures, the creation of global communication systems, all these components are the basis for the further development of mankind.

THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF DICTIONARY FORMATION

Historical lexicography systematically conducts scientific research of historical lexicological, historical dialectological, historical phonetic, historical grammatical works and sources that allow us to study the historical vocabulary and vocabulary of the Kazakh language from a comprehensive linguistic point of view, determines ways, methods and methods of their use in the formation of historical dictionaries. The theory of historical lexicography serves as a scientific and theoretical basis for the practice of creating etymological, historical-dialectological, and historical dictionaries of the Kazakh language and allows them to be improved. At the same time, in accordance with the scientific level of modern lexicography, there is a need to define the goals and objectives, structural features, and principled foundations of historical lexicography in Kazakh linguistics. Due to the development of the scientific and information space in modern society and the improvement of the lexicography industry, the development of historical lexicography and computer historical lexicography also has an impact on the dynamic development. XV-XX centuries of the Kazakh language. one of the most important tasks of modern Kazakh linguistics is the creation of an electronic body of texts and a historical electronic file fund (journalistic, epistolary, from works of art, oral literature, historical records, etc.), dictionaries of a historical character created for different centuries, a historical dictionary of the modern Kazakh language, a historical and etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language, reflecting the manifestation of Kazakh cultural and spiritual, national values in the language. It is necessary to define the main principles of forming a historical and etymological dictionary and create an electronic Historical Dictionary both in the field of Turkology and Kazakh linguistics. This is one of the guarantees of a deeper understanding of the historical layers of the Kazakh language, that our native language will not be absorbed in the era of globalization.

The Architectonics of Sensibility in the View of the Theory of Cultural Transfer: Early Prose by Panteleimon Kulish

Due to the expansion of the human issues to the text, various manifestations of emotionality are structured or hidden, unconscious movements and subjective reactions to the world are revealed in the text. The individual becomes the basis for the development of the typology of the emotional images. Such images become public, turn to the carriers of genre, and form narrative matrices. The text becomes a particularly sensitive field, a tuning fork, which allows the readers to correlate their own emotions with previous, already experienced, and tested literature. Endowed with powerful cultural and historical meanings, built up and enriched in the perspective of epochs, emotions become a fluid basis for comparisons of human images at the transcultural and transnational levels. They form the tertium comparationis, within which there are a selection and birth of new images of emotion, and thus, the properties of artistic writing, measurements of the sensibility of the text to extraneous trends and inclusions, modern approaches to the interpretation of the tradition. As a result of this longevity, the world of emotions is internalized into history as a memory of the past, which lives in the present and has its internal temporality and cultural stage. However, there is always a constant “theoretical” excess in the variety of manifestations of sensibility, which serves as the basis for their comparisons, assimilations, and distributions. It has no historical layers; it is the criterion and measure of the meeting of even distant images and models on the border, in the field of tertium comparationis.The study of the emotional world of the work involves correlation with the circulation of ideas, worldviews, and aesthetic forms in the melting pot of culture. In this semiotic device, the theory of cultural transfer is formed. It allows going beyond local comparative studies to the level of globalization expansion of objects of interpretation. The founder of transfer analysis M. Espan’ formulated this methodology as the output of literary criticism on the other side of comparative. P. Kulish’s prose is a very interesting phenomenon in the context of this theory. The author resorted to a special technique of intertextual interaction, palimpsest as “embedding” and too sensitive attitude to tradition, rethinking at a cultural distance in fundamentally different historical and literary conditions.

Sorgner, S. L. (2021). We Have Always Been Cyborgs. Digital Data, Gene Technologies, and an Ethics of Transhumanism

One facet of Stefan Lorenz Sorgner’s scholarship is immediately visible in his diligent academic production: the 21st Century is a leading spatio-temporal unit of his analyses. Although such assessment could be considered a rough generalization, it should not be taken for granted. To be placed in the contextual core of the current epoch is of particular relevance with respect to multiple academic trajectories Sorgner navigates and is almost always an achievement rather than an expected, ready-made content. Namely, more often than not, especially in authorship with transhumanist labels, the temporal and conceptual curves are not subtly controlled and fine-tuned into a well-balanced thinking product that contributes to facing the current and potential issues of the relatively near and projectively feasible futures. Such gross asymmetry has various dangerous consequences Sorgner unequivocally warns about, opting deliberately to be an active chronicler of the ‘history of the present’ instead. This approach entails the dismissal of ‘guaranteed’ futurity vectors, be it Christian linearity or Kurzweilian exponentiality, but no less of petrified presentism or conventional historical layers of any inherited anthropology and the specific ethical account it is built upon.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ МЕЖІ КАТЕГОРІЇ ESPACE COSMIQUE

The article is devoted to the cosmic space category and its semantic meaning peculiarities. The interpretation of culture as a horizon of universal, that is, cosmic values, for all hours, was tied to the Cosmos. The national and cultural specificity of the cosmic space category was analyzed and its general characteristics were outlined. Also, the stages of the historical evolution of the studied category were profoundly focused. Given the results of the analysis the paper outlines the historical semantic shift and semantic expansion of this category. The vocabulary representing the concept was also structured. Medieval hymns that take their roots in folklore and folk epos turned out to be fruitful material for studying both linguocultural and worldview representations of the cosmic space category through the prism of the world's perception of that particular time. Cosmological works of different time periods and modern scientific articles were used as reference corpus material for this particular research. The problems of reconceptualization and refiguration of the category of space were researched in the modern national worldview. Also, the difference between the nominative fields and their lexical realization of both concepts ESPACE and COSMOS were described, and the “historical layers’’ and their change of these two concepts were determined. The semantic field of the cosmic space category has significantly expanded and is characterized by the presence of multiple plans. It has a lot of different new meanings, including the reinterpretation of the cosmic space category in terms that can be attributed to the semantic fields of economic space, safety space, resource space.

Феномен прецедентности в венке сонетов «Томская Писаница. Кемерово» Энди Крофта

The paper considers the poetic work of the English poet Andy Croft “Tomskaya Pisanitsa Park, Kemerovo” created under the impression of visiting the museum-reserve of the same name. The crown of sonnets written in English in the form of Onegin stanza shows numerous references to national-specific and universal precedent phenomena functioning on formal, content, and language levels of the text. This work is of relevance due to the importance of studying the problem of precedent phenomena functioning in poetic discourse in general and in the poet’s idiostyle in particular. The analysis of the phenomenon of precedence in various aspects is performed by consistently considering the transformation of the solid poetic form of the crown of sonnets as a manifestation of precedence at the architectonics level. The key thesis of the study is that the poet’s orientation towards including the precedent-setting phenomena is based on two main factors: 1) the desire to understand the new cultural environment by comparing its phenomena with the phenomena of his native or world culture; 2) the intention to create a peculiar encyclopedia of human civilization with its cultural and historical layers. The complex analysis of the poem revealed the peculiarities of the realization and functional role of precedent phenomena. This study deals with general problems of text theory and culture studies. However, the perspectives of further analysis of precedent phenomena are to investigate the new spheres of precedent phenomena functioning and cultural memory aspect in poetic discourse.

BIBLIOTEKA ISTORIJSKOG ARHIVA ŠUMADIJE KRAGUJEVAC

Libraries in the 21st century have the goal and task to preserve the wealth of spiritual culture, taken over from ancient times when books and literacy played a very important role in creating the history, not only of monastery libraries but also of rulers and intelligent people, whose role was from of crucial importance for their creation. Libraries in cultural institutions represent historical places due to the specificity and historical layering preserved in them, thanks to which they shape the cultural identity of the local community, including the intellectual and educational spectrum of its readers. In addition to influencing the education of new young generations of readers, they also create contemporary history. Modern technology has replaced the written word with an electronic record, so everything is "at our fingertips" via the Internet and search engines, which applies especially to electronic editions of certain books. Nevertheless, there is a certain number of researchers and users who look for books in the library, and the advantage of such a way of working with users is reflected in the ability to see and define the needs of users and to provide them with assistance in the way of accessing and searching for data when using the library and archive materials. Such a way of working contributes to the improvement of services and records of library users. To find spiritual culture in librarianship among the many books of all kinds, from precious and decorative manuscripts, through newspapers and ordinary writings, to diplomatic works, postcards, and much more, represents a real skill in terms of choice of specialization, both in work and in the protection of library material. Library employees protect the library material that connects literary, artistic, and scientific creativity. Protection is inextricably linked to the scientific organization of libraries. The book is a unique document that represents tradition and culture that we should preserve.

Археология низовьев Амура: опыт интерпретации символов на личине петроглифов реки Кия

In the lower reaches of the Amur River and on the coast of the Tatar Strait, from the 50s of the 19th to the 21st century, a number of rock art monuments were discovered: Sikachi-Alyan, Sheremetyevo, Kiya River, Sukpai, Kalinovka, Mayo Forest, Situan Bay, Bazarnaya Bay. Petroglyphs contain different cultural and historical layers of the Stone Age, the era of early metals and the early Middle Ages.The creators of the images left on the stones and rocks the symbols of the most important representations created in their cultural community, some of them can be considered as an element or a holistic view of the model of the universe and the rules of life in society. Of particular importance are studies of the semantic content of petroglyph drawings. Studying drawings and plots on stones and rocks, a petroglyphologist seeks to decipher these messages of antiquity,get closer to understanding the cultural foundations of the inhabitants of the region in a particular historical era. The object of the author's research is the rock art of the Lower Amur region. The subject of the study was the semantics of signs in the drawings of petroglyphs. The purpose of the article is to present a variant of the interpretation of the semantic content of the symbolism on the face No. 1 of petroglyphs on the right bank of the Kiya River near the village of Pereyaslavka in the Khabarovsk Territory. The research method is the use of the author's method of iconographic description of the drawings of masks. The result of the study was the interpretation of the mask No. 1 as an image of the mask of the supreme spirit-dancer for performing the rituals of male secret unions. The mask is an artistic embodiment of the central character of the “cannibal pillar” ideogram. Three-part ideograms of similar content were singled out by the author among the Lower Amur petroglyphs in the amount of fourteen complexes. The iconographic description of the mask No. 1 on the rock of the Kiya River and the analysis of signs showed that the image belongs to the drawings of the level of the world model. This is an attribute from the ritual sphere of sedentary fishermen's groups. The face is an image of a ritual mask in a headdress with a sultan. It is endowed with cranial features: these are eyes in concentric circles, double lines framing the frontal part, eyes and lower part inside a double contour, they indicate the image of the skull. The image of a mask with numerous signs testifies to the existence of a developed system of worldview in the culture of the settled fishermen of the Amur. It is structured, reflects the connection of generations with ancestors, contains new ideas and signs that appear in society in the process of transition from the maternal clan to the paternal one.

Integracija antičkog nasleđa u savremeni grad - slučaj Osijeka, Hrvatska

The city of Osijek has experienced many changes in its cityscape throughout history. Osijek has many recognizable features which include an Austro-Hungarian Baroque fortress, the Classicist Upper Town, and the Art Nouveau European Avenue; also, the fact that three more historical layers exist: Roman, medieval and Turkish, is often overlooked. The main reason for this is the fact that the archaeological heritage of those periods is almost invisible. This paper is based on the hypothesis that the integration of ancient heritage can be a valuable asset when designing a modern city. The subject of this paper is the integration of the ancient heritage of Osijek into the modern architecture of the city in the 21st century, with special reference to a site within its protected cultural and historical area, which is part of Roman Mursa. The critical literature analysis illustrates the importance of cultural heritage preservation in the identity of a place, society and humanity. Cultural heritage is recognized as a bearer of identity and a resource of cultural diversity in the conditions of growing standardization, gentrification and (post) globalization.

Archaeological monuments of Akterek as an open-air museum

The article presents the results of the analysis of the archaeological monuments of the Akterek, andthe assessment of their significance as an object of the historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan. Atpresent, the revival and preservation of the historical and cultural heritage is being actualized and acquiresspecial significance. In this regard, the authors aim to show the importance of one of the optimaland effective ways to preserve and popularize the historical and cultural heritage – museumification, etc.transformation of movable and immovable monuments of history and culture, as well as natural objectsinto objects of museum display. Thus, a museum monument will provide an opportunity to learn moredeeply and understand the historical roots of our ancestors, to restore the people’s historical memory.However, the most important thing in this matter is to give new life into the historical monument.The results of studies of the monuments of the Akterek, carried out archaeological expedition of theCentral State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006-2021, are shown. Coupled with the resultsof earlier studies (in 1898-1988), proving that the monument is characterized by special uniqueness andrarity: several cultural and historical layers, including monuments from the sites of primitive people tomonuments of urban culture of the Middle Ages. The article also provides a historiography of the studyof archaeological monuments on the territory of the Akterek tract.Key words: archeology, burial mounds, settlements, petroglyphs, museumification, monuments,landscape, sacral.

Образ Петра I в мифологическом контексте

Within this study, the authors make an attempt to consider the image of Peter I, one of the most difficult to analyze, through the prism of interpretation and myth formation. The mythological image of Peter the Great has been formed over three centuries, reflecting both the vicissitudes of all historical epochs, including modernity, and various layers of culture and art. For a long time taking into account, that the beginning of the mythologization of the image of Peter I dates back to the era of his reign, society perceived his image in accordance with the requirements of its era, and sought to reflect its own interpretation of his personality and activities. The ways of perceiving the image of Peter I were influenced by socio-philosophical, socio-cultural and political attitudes of society, as well as ideas about the historical personality. The paper suggests that the myth-image moving away from its original true image (the historical personality of Peter I), generates new reflections that may contradict both its prototype and subsequent reflections. The complexity of the mythological image of Peter I is stipulated by the combination of features of historical mythology and reality in it, which, in turn, reflected in oral or written representation, have a close connection with historical and social memory. The authors come to the conclusion that the process of mythologizing Peter the Great, while maintaining a certain objectivity, is also carried out in metaphysical holistic knowledge when justifying the exclusivity of the appearance of such a ruler in Russian history, whose mythological image is used in the formation of a sense of integrity and unity of perception of the myth, based on the feeling and experience of the individual.

A Late Recompense: The Rediscovered Monumental Octagon at Pergamon

Today large parts of the ancient city of Pergamon lie beneath the current city of Bergama. Thriving on top of the ancient remains, the site consists of numerous historical layers ranging from the Roman period up to today. Thanks to its rich history, the city has been inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO in 2014 with the title “Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape.” In 2013 an octagonal structure was discovered in one of these multi-layered spots where the Roman imperial expansion of the city and the 19thcentury residential settlement meet. Hints in archival documents revealed that this is actually a “rediscovery,” which highlights the importance of archival materials for current research projects in ancient cities like Pergamon that has a fairly long history of research. This article mainly examines the blanks and hints in the research history of the Octagon in three excavation periods. After summarizing the most recent discovery of the ancient structure, it addresses access issues as well as its state of preservation and the research methodology shaped in accordance with current conditions.

Urban and Cultural Resilience: Built Heritage, Culture, Technology, Future

In the Western and in the Mediterranean cities a broad reading of cultural dynamics, together with the overlapping of the historical layers and an historical-based reading of cities and territories, allows readers to identify the presence of a continuous combination of dynamics of urban and cultural resilience. Appearing in bibliographies separately only in recent decades, urban and cultural resilience, social-economical system (SES) and adaptive circles can be used to theorise structural patterns recurring over time in specific contexts. This essay highlights the resilient structure of urban developments, cultural expressions, design, arts, quality gastronomic products, diffused craftsmanship and diffused know-how in the second half of the 20th century in Italy, delineating some resilient future perspectives for the continuation of these dynamics.

“Dictionary-Encyclopedia” as a Type of Amateur Dialect Dictionary (Dictionary of Bakal Town Dialect by B. P. Plaksin)

A comprehensive description of one of the types of amateur dialect dictionaries, namely the “dictionary-encyclopedia”, is carried out. As a material for the analysis, a dictionary of the dialect of the Bakal town of the Chelyabinsk region, compiled by Boris Petrovich Plaksin (the volume of the dictionary is about 4000 words) was selected. The results of the analysis of the thematic, stylistic belonging of the vocabulary constituting the vocabulary of Plaksin’s dictionary are presented. It is shown that a significant part of the dictionary is made up of dialectal linguistic facts (as well as common and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, which the author qualifies as local) of the thematic groups “Rural life”, “Economy”, “Human characteristics”, “Professional activities”, etc. It is emphasized that a vast layer of dialectal and national facts given in the dictionary is the vocabulary and phraseology of traditional folk culture, church terminology and vocabulary of the Old Believers, as well as designations of the realities of various historical eras. It is concluded that B. P. Plaksin chooses a strategy of value-historical selection of vocabulary and includes in his dictionary the vocabulary of various cultural and historical layers, focusing on the various sources available to him on Russian history, traditional rituals, historical facts, etc.