Historical Heroes Research Articles

Genre transformation in the musical folklore (“Shamil’s Prayer” case)

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Искусствоведение» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, обобщающий результаты исследований ученых всего мира в различных областях искусства, включая музыковедение, культурологию и художественное образование.

An Early Byzantine Topic in the Twentieth-Century Fiction

The article presents the comparison of the images of main heroes, of the principles of writers’ characteristics, of the philosophical and historical-theoretical approaches to them in the novels and dramas at the end of nineteenth – early twentieth century. There are compared the works by Dmitrii Merezhkovsky, Valerii Brjusov, Henrik Johan Ibsen, Jacques Benoist-Méchen. The variety in approaches to the image of Emperor Julian Apostata is dictated by the complicacy and contradictoriness as of the historical hero himself,so of the time of action, namely the transitional period from paganism to Christianity, from Roman to Byzantine Empire, from antiquity to early Middle Ages.

Explaining Perfection: Quanzhen and Thirteenth-century Chinese Literati

AbstractThe Quanzhen Daoist order stands as the most dynamic religious element in north China of the tumultuous thirteenth century. Drawing on funeral epitaphs and abbey commemorations, this article illustrates how famous and obscure Confucian scholar-officials interpreted the order’s remarkable success in various ways. Some credited Quanzhen with pruning Daoism of its post-Han dynasty excrescences and reviving the heritage’s basic teachings. For others, Quanzhen marked simply the latest chapter in Daoism’s undimmed heroic history. A third group pointed to the order’s ascetic discipline, which as a matter of course attracted elite and mass devotion. Significantly, epitaphs and commemorations composed by Quanzhen writers sounded similar themes, suggesting that the learned laity and clergy shared a common discourse casting the order as a force for Han culture during foreign occupation.

Nacjonalistyczna Szwecja

Karl-Olov Arnstberg in the text Swedish Patriotism discusses the issue of identity and national consciousness in Sweden. The starting point for his reflections is the interview he had the opportunity to conduct with a doctor from Sri Lanka. He approached him as if he was a Swede, they both had a similar worldview, but his approach changed when the subject of conversation became the history of Sri Lanka. Arnstberg felt as if his interlocutor was so rooted in the past that the past, not the present created who he is now. The author of the text notices a parallel linking this situation with how the national consciousness of the Swedes was described at the beginning of the previous century by Selma Lagerlöf and Verner von Heidenstam. However, he notices certain regularity that “when the history of Sweden is written in a scientific and objective way, with a keen pursuit of truth, it is not only the history of Sweden that loses its social grounding, but it is also much harder to build a national identity on it”. What affects most the nation are fantastic heroes and fantastic events. Arnstberg emphasizes that he does not need his country’s history to build his identity. He refers to Peter Englund, a member of the Swedish Academy, who on the one hand wrote that ignorance of history may cause a lack of sense and identity, and on the other hand, he believed that historical events and heroes should not be used as justification for nationalism. His interpretation of Englund’s words includes two approaches to history. The first – modernist, which does not look at history in the identity context, and the second – nationalist, according to which knowledge of history is important for a sense of community with the rest of the nation. Further, the author of the text analyzes the concept of Swedishness, referring to the articles of other researchers. The examples he gives more blur the term than allow us to understand what it really means. He demonstrates, on the basis of nationalism, the paradoxes of Swedishness and even undermines its existence.

A Study on the Horse Racing Culture in Ancient Tibet

Horse racing is a traditional folk sport culture formed in the special geographical environment, living area and religious belief. Horse Racing made nomadic sonorous and powerful, the formation of moral value orientation of advocating bravery and fair competition. This thesis based on Tibetan historical documents on the origin, development and evolution of the ancient Horse Racing in Tibet. Tibetan people are fond and proud of the “Horse Racing Winning the Crown” excerpt from noted Tibetan heroic epic “Gesar” sung by the Tibetan people for thousands of years. Ancient Horse Racing was derived from the prehistoric era of heroic history. In Tubo and Qing Dynasty, with development of politics and economy, Horse Racing integrated with the cultures of the surrounding countries. Horse Racing becomes a unique military, sport and cultural activity. It enriches the folklore content of Tibetan ancient society and people’s interest in life, showing the spiritual and cultural value of “Nationality on Horseback”.

We Can Be Heroes Trust and Resilience in Corrupted Economic Environments

We use an original variant of the standard trust game, in order to study the effect of corruption on trust and trustworthiness. In this game, both the trustor and the trustee know that part of the surplus they can generate may be captured by a third “corrupted” player under different expected costs of audit and prosecution. We find slightly higher trustor’s giving in presence of corruption, matched by a significant effect of excess reciprocity from the trustee. Both the trustor and the trustee expect on average corruption acting as a tax, inelastic to changes in the risk of corruptor audit. Expectations are correct for the inelasticity assumption, and for the actual value of the “corruption tax”. Our experimental findings lead to the rejection of four standard hypotheses based on purely self-regarding preferences. We discuss how the apparently paradoxical excess reciprocity effect is consistent with the cultural role of heroes in history where examples of commendable giving were used to stimulate emulation of the ordinary people. Our results suggest that the excess reciprocity component of the trustee makes trustor’s excess giving a rational and effective strategy.

Ludvig Holbergs opgør med Antikkens helteideal

There exists a general agreement that the most precise and extensive definition of Ludvig Holberg’s perception of the historical hero and villain is to be found in his Heltehistorier (Hero-tales) from 1737. Scholars however have never fully agreed on who the heroes and villains of Heltehistorier were. Some focus on certain biographies from which they deduce that Holberg operated with one single type of hero. This article indicates that Holberg did not limit his definition of a hero to one specific archetype. His intention was to dispute the classical hero figure, and instead present a series of different types of hero but also villain. Heroes could excel as: gracious warlords, flawless statesmen or philosophers, while the villains were portrayed as sanctimonious deceivers or merciless avengers. Heroes could also possess vices and villains virtues. Whether their attributes were good or bad was always assessed in relation to their cultural and historical heritage.

Creation of Historical Satire through History and Psyche in a Nigerian Play

This study investigates how Ahmed Yerima, a Nigerian playwright demonstrates a change from the traditional norms and forms of playwriting. He engages in a new idea like interrogating existing history, creating fictional characters from historical heroes through the portrayal of characters’ psyches at the expense of historical situations and predicament. Existing literary scholarly engagements on satire have drawn inspiration and source from either Horatian or Juvenalian satire but the playwright under this study exhibits a style that has a departure from the traditional sources of satire. This study therefore, examines Yerima dramaturgy in creating historical satire through history and human psyches in order to show the distinction between reality and illusion and to privilege human mind above the prevailing societal realities. Our primary text or data shall be Igatibi, a play with historical affinity with Nigeria’s people, it will undergo a critical textual analysis which will be influenced by postcolonialism and psychoanalysis as theoretical framework. The essence of postcolonial is to distinguish reality from bigotry and hypocrisy, while psychoanalysis helps to investigates characters’ unconscious motives and behaviours. It is discovered that the bigotry, crudity, hypocrisy and sycophancy that are aspects of Nigerian socio-political atmosphere are exposed. Thus, a new stylistic technique for satire has evolved complementing both Horatian and Juvenalian satires.

PERSONALIDADES NEGRAS?! SÓ CONHEÇO ZUMBI, PROFESSORA!” - A CONSTRUÇÃO DO “HEROI” E A INVISIBILIZAÇÃO DO NEGRO NA HISTÓRIA

Based on a wider pedagogical activity, executed in a Federal Education Institution with 5th grade students of the elementary school, this article has the goal of reflecting about the black people’s invisibilization, in the “History heroes” construction process, based on the critical debate and recognizing that there are different historic versions, wich has been legitimizing the eurocentrism as epistemological fundament to the construction of the many knowledges. It started from a general historical personalities list, on wich the students pointed out the individuals that are more known and iconic for them and, from that, a new activity was developed, searching the visibilization of History’s black personalities, until then unknown to most of them. In the article, the discutions will be fundamented on authors: Boschi (2007) and Silva (2010). Others autors will be considered.

ОСВІТНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ В ПРОСТОРІ ТВОРЕННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ: ВІД ТОТАЛІТАРНОЇ КОНФЛІКТНОСТІ ДО ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ДІАЛОГУ

The article studies the problem of forming Ukrainian national identity of the Ukrainian citizens, which becomes crucial in the modern Ukrainian studies discourse, especially during the opposition to the hybrid war initiated by Russia against Ukraine. The formation of a national identity is a decisive socio-cultural trend not only for Ukraine, but for the whole of the modern world. The urgency and importance of this problem is expressed in the fact that for some societies, the crisis of national identity has become such forms and scales that overcoming it means not only the choice of an adequate strategy for development, but also becomes a problem of survival. The attention is drawn to the fact that since the establishment of the new Ukrainian state in 1991, Ukrainians haven’t managed to overcome Russian identity with its “friendship of nations” and great Russian culture. The majority of citizens in the new country have preserved the distorted understanding of their own history and state traditions, related to the historical myths and a pantheon of historical heroes and traitors. It is determined that our state must construct its own policy of shaping Ukrainian national identity, which must be implemented in the system of education and upbringing of the younger generation. This context requires giving credence to the researchers’ opinion about the priority of education as the key factor for shaping modern Ukrainian national identity, which serves as the base for the national development, national security, and consolidation of the Ukrainian society. It is with education that modern scholars associate the implementation of the state policy of preserving the united socio-cultural space of Ukraine, the formation of a value system, genuine citizenship and patriotism, the formation of a consolidation of society and Ukrainian national identity. Today, the Ukrainian education is undertaking a journey from de-ideologization and humanization to the national focus on the European vector of transformations. Special attention is paid to the educational strategies: National Education Development Strategy for 2012–2021, Strategy of National and Patriotic Education of Children and Youth for 2016–2020, «Ukraine 2020» Sustainable Development Strategy, etc.

Harper’s Island: Negotiating a Masculine World to Become a Female Hero

Abstract This article will analyze the portrayal of the main character in the television program Harper’s Island, Abby, as a female hero. The term “female hero” will be used throughout because “heroine” has traditionally implied that female heroics are inherently different and less significant than those of males. This article will compare Abby to previous female heroes from a range of texts and establish her as an atypical female hero. The reason for using this show to analyze the female hero, which has had so many different interpretations and representations, is because Abby fits into the position in a unique way. She can be considered a combination of a vast range of different elements of historical and contemporary female heroes, as she negotiates a male world but never becomes masculine in order to be heroic—something that is rarely seen in other female heroes.

Remediating history: assessing the past in Dutch historical fiction for children c. 1960–1980

Historical fiction is a powerful way of transmitting national history to later generations. It emerged in the nineteenth century as a means of building identity and fostering solidarity. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, former representations of history were deconstructed. Instead of glorifying the nation, social evils were exposed. As a consequence of this, western European histories of children’s literature claim a shift in children’s books from an emphasis on political to social history. Historical heroes and triumphs were replaced by accounts of the lives of common people and how they were touched by great events. This article investigates the influence of this changed perception and representation of history on images of nationality in Dutch historical children’s books. Two groups are identified: a group of books that are critical of historical practices and events, focus on the lives of common people, and project emancipatory ideals on historical characters; and a group of books that transmit a conventional image of the past which was introduced in former periods, in which nation-building and the formulation of a national character reigned. However, images of nationality transgress these categories.

LEARNING LOCAL AND NATIONAL HISTORY TO DEVELOP HEROIC VALUES

This study was motivated by the writer’s concern on the accumulating phenomena of social deviation in adolescent life. The writer’s think education were not able to develop the best character in students life. The historical teaching is a part of education have function as to develop a character, because in history be foundthe best value from the event and the historical figure. That is called a heroism value, a concept which we can to study about the best value in history from the event and the hero. The hero in history is the individual to prefoundly different if he had deternining an issue or event whose consequences would have been profoundly between if had not acted as he did. This concept still relevance in the adolescent fhenomena in Indonesia. Historical Education, especially a heorism teaching, is one of an effective media for chacater development. Historical education bases the heroes to build bravevy, casrifice, leadership, and responsibility character. Based on the introductory statement above, the research problem of this study would be stated as followed: “Are there any significant differences in students’ awareness in history before and after the teaching and learning of history according to the multiculturalism in local, national, global perspectives?”. The methodology used in this study was both quantitative and qualitative paradigms, with quasi-experimental design and data compiled by interview technique among lower secondary school students in Sumedang municipality. The research findings are firstly, that the influence of local history teaching towards the develop of heroism value are significant. Second, the influence of national history teaching towards the develop of heroism value is positively significant. Third, that the influence of local and national history teaching and learning towards the develop of heroism value is significant.

PROJECT: SCREENPLAY GOING HOME

This paper explained the process and the result of my final project which is a screenplay entitled Going Home. The screenplay is about Dahlia, a thirteen-year-old girl who was born and grew up in Australia. Then, she has to return to Jakarta, Indonesia and continue her education in Indonesia. She has an assignment about history of Indonesia. She needs to write one of heroic history of Indonesia with her own words and write her reflection about it. Once, she goes to Surabaya for a holiday and stays at Majapahit Hotel Surabaya. In the hotel, she experiences the past life about several historical moments by going back and forth to a past life and present life. After experiencing it, she can feel and understand the spirit of the Indonesian revolutionary heroes. She respects Indonesia heroes more. Also, she can encourage her friends to love Indonesia better and to blend in diverse group of ethnics as strong and one Indonesian who support to improve Indonesia. I would like to show that young generations are now lack the spirit to build their country. They forget to become one; One Land, One Nation, One Language. This creative work focuses on how history of Indonesia can help young generations to gain the spirit of Indonesian revolutionary heroes to love and improve Indonesia. To put this issue into a form of entertainment, I decided to make a screenplay which type of genre is adventure fantasy.

The Influence of Romanticism on Ukrainian Historical Pedagogical Narrative (19th – the beginning of 20th century)

The article analyses the impact of the intellectual culture of romanticism on the works of Ukrainian historians of education and pedagogical thinking during 19th – the beginning of 20th century. The study shows that the Ukrainian historical pedagogical narrative of that time was influenced by the idealistic concept of “Spirit”, the idea of nation being the main subject of history, idealization of the bygone centuries and historical heroes, sublimated attitude to Christianity, psychology which was manifested in usage of the empathy method, etc.

Psyche, Nightmare and Religion: Precursors of Colonial Conquest in Ahmed Yerima’s Attahiru

This paper is premised on the connection between history and drama in order to profile the historical characters or heroes and explicate the socio-political predicament in their society. Existing studies on historical plays have focused on the celebration and chronicling of the heroic deeds of the historical characters, sometimes ignoring the artistic techniques the playwright employed. This study, therefore, examines psyche, nightmare and religion as the stylistic techniques for establishing the sources of disintegration in an imperial environment. This is with a view to investigating the link between the conflicts of the protagonist and the predicaments of his society. The study is based on psychoanalysis that allows for the investigation of characters’ unconscious motives and collective archetypes. The text, Attahiru is subjected to critical textual analysis in both content and form to analyse the paradigmatic use of history, dream and religion to account for the colonial conquest of an African society. Various patterns of unconscious archetypes such as psyche, nightmare, daydream and religion were discovered to serve as techniques of foreshadowing and flashback to the physical and psychological conflicts in the play. They serve as signifiers of the protagonist’s traumas. These unconscious archetypes, therefore, have become the catalysts for disintegration and veritable strategy in Ahmed Yerima’s account of imperial history.

Genealogical Mapping of Dalit and Historical Heroes

Genealogical Mapping of Dalit and Historical Heroes

Anatomical eponyms - unloved names in medical terminology.

Uniform international terminology is a fundamental issue of medicine. Names of various organs or structures have developed since early human history. The first proper anatomical books were written by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen. For this reason the modern terms originated from Latin or Greek. In a modern time the terminology was improved in particular by Vasalius, Fabricius and Harvey. Presently each known structure has internationally approved term that is explained in anatomical or histological terminology. However, some elements received eponyms, terms that incorporate the surname of the people that usually describe them for the first time or studied them (e.g., circle of Willis, follicle of Graff, fossa of Sylvious, foramen of Monro, Adamkiewicz artery). Literature and historical hero also influenced medical vocabulary (e.g. Achilles tendon and Atlas). According to various scientists, all the eponyms bring colour to medicine, embed medical traditions and culture to our history but lack accuracy, lead of confusion, and hamper scientific discussion. The current article presents a wide list of the anatomical eponyms with their proper anatomical term or description according to international anatomical terminology. However, since different eponyms are used in various countries, the list could be expanded.

The Teaching of Ataturk as a Historical Hero in the Social Studies Lesson: A Study on Social Studies Teacher Candidates

The Teaching of Ataturk as a Historical Hero in the Social Studies Lesson: A Study on Social Studies Teacher Candidates

Anxiety disorders are associated with early onset of heroin use and rapid transition to dependence in methadone maintained patients.

Early onset of heroin use is a severity marker of heroin use disorder. We studied the interaction between early onset and rapid transition to heroin dependence recorded with retrospective interviews in 213 patients with severe heroin dependence and history of methadone maintenance treatment. General linear models were used to identify independent factors associated with early onset, factors associated with rapid transition to dependence, and a multivariate model was used to study the interaction of those two dimensions. Lifetime history of anxiety disorders and age at onset of cannabis use are shared common risk factors and are associated with the interaction.