Historical Elements Research Articles

The aspect of realias in different cultures

This article examines the specificity of translation of realias-linguistic units reflecting national life, which are generally studied in linguoculturology. Realia are a stumbling block in translation, since the translator should recreate the text for the reader preserving not only the ideological content of realia, but also the national and historical colouring. Thus, the following paper reveals both the origin and usage of realia in the context, identifies the most possible methods of rendering realia and leads to better translation. By the way, it helps to identify the origin meaning of culture block words in different cultures. As well as, this article deals with how to translate realias in three ways: transliteration, neologisms, collocations. Each culture has its own denominations of national and historical elements, objects, phenomena, which are defined by the term "realia". Realia, elements of a foreign culture, with ethnic, historical or local colouring, are frequently used in foreign language as a means of helping students to develop functional knowledge of the target language in terms of vocabulary and culture. "Realia are a stumbling block in translation, since the translator should recreate the text for the reader preserving not only the ideological content of realia, but also the national and historical colouring. Thus, the following paper reveals the originate of realias, their items in different cultures, as well as, the origin and usage of realia in the context"1.

Cesarean childbirth: an institutional socio-clinical study of the professional practices and discourses.

Objective:to analyze how the social, historical, economic and professional elements influence the institutionalization process of cesarean childbirth in Brazil and France.Method:a qualitative study grounded on the theoretical framework of the institutional socioclinic. The data were produced through focus groups and individual interviews, supported by semi-structured scripts, with health professionals, mothers and fathers and a research diary. The study had 83 participants. The analysis was based on the theoretical framework and thematic analysis. Cross analysis was developed between the different types of data, services and groups, as well as between countries.Results:the participants were characterized in terms of schooling, employment, level of training and workplace. The countries researched have their own peculiar health and educational structure and are marked by a social-historical-economic construction outlined by patriarchy. The New Public Management influences both contexts and makes health care precarious. The technical and organizational dimensions reinforce an intellectual and social division of work and knowledge in health.Conclusion:the institutionalization process of childbirth in the countries is marked by social, economic and professional aspects. Practices and speeches of the professionals in their work process influence the occurrence, or not, of cesarean sections.

ПЛЕБІСЦИТАРНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ НАЦІЇ Е. РЕНАНА

The article analyses the concept of the nation of the French thinker Ernest Renan. The role of objective factors in nation-building processes is considered, the inadmissibility of absolutisation of the role of these factors in the formation of the nation is indicated. The reasons for E. Renan's criticism of the identification of nation and race are investigated. In particular, the anti-scientific and anti-democratic nature of such identification is pointed out. The concept of the nation as a daily plebiscite and its connection with the common history and destiny is analysed. The importance of the national idea in the process of nation formation is pointed out. In particular, the role of national myths, the myths of the "victim nation" and the "hero nation", and historical oblivion in the processes of nation-building is analysed. The results of the study were obtained by applying the following methods: structural and functional - to analyse the role of objective and subjective factors influencing the processes of nation-building, their relationship; comparative - to compare the importance of territory, dynasty, statehood, common interests, race, language, religion and national identity in the process of nation-building; institutional method - for the analysis of the daily plebiscite as a process of mental and socio-political institutionalisation of the collective will, which is the basis for the continuous reproduction of the national community; causal analysis - to reveal the specific historical circumstances of the formation of the plebiscite concept of the nation of E. Renan, in particular the influence on the formation of his views on the consequences of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Ernest Renan entered the history of the development of socio-political thought as the author of the concept of the nation, which is a combination of psychological, historical and democratic elements. Renan's concept organically combines national identity as the basis of the nation with the democratic nature of national choice (daily plebiscite). This combination forms nationally conscious citizens who together make up the nation and embody its collective will. The existence of nations as the collective wills of nationally conscious individuals is the key to the law in domestic politics and international relations.

Jerusalem Time: Reading Contemporary Israeli Dystopias

ABSTRACT The image of Jerusalem in contemporary Hebrew literature offers a new concept of history, religion, and the flow of time. From the turn of the twenty-first century, literary works have brought the city to the fore as a cornerstone of their cultural and political examination of the Israeli situation following the second Intifada and its aftermath. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, Jerusalem surfaced in futuristic/dystopic writings, integrating mythical, biblical and historical elements in a futuristic reality, and challenging familiar conceptions of time and space. This article discusses and compares two works: Yishai Sarid’s Ha-shlishi (The Third, 2015), and Dror Burstein’s Tit (Muck, 2016). Both portray a horrifying, dystopic reality whose focal point is Jerusalem and the Temple, while shaping an intriguing dialectic tension between different temporal concepts, and offering new poetic strategies. These works demonstrate the great power of the city in contemporary Jewish and Israeli existence, and reveal the connections between ideology and violence.

Geofeminism in Romanian Fiction. An Introduction

The relationship established between geography, literature, the study of space, and gender studies is one that generates increased knowledge regarding perspectives on literary works. From this vantage point, in the present essay we offer an analysis of several Romanian novels, temporally close to the beginnings of literature in Romania, from a geofeminist perspective, a hybrid concept which aids the mapping of literary territories. The maps thus resulted from this type of analysis offer a much more complex positioning within the European cultural space, even more so if one considers the surfacing of real historical elements, inserted into the novels analysed, which stand as samples for the present demonstration.

It is time to look back on postmodernism

It is time to look back on postmodernism

Gamelan Melayu Sound Preservation and Archiving through Recording Methods and Production Techniques

Sound or audio engineering is a branch of the field of engineering, which involves the process of recording sound and reproducing it by various means, as well as storing in order to be reproduced later. Known as sound or audio engineers, these trained professionals work in a variety of sound production fields and expert in recording methods. They can be instrumental to implement the affordable technologies and technical process to distribute the audio data hence, making it accessible for future generations. The current role of these engineers not only to perform or limited to recording session but they create metadata for archiving and preservation for future needs. Currently, product sleeves of ethnographic recordings represent no technical elements of how traditional music recordings are produced. The product details focus only to some extent on historical elements and musical notation. To an audio archivist, declaring what devices are in a recording is not linked with preservation data. Apart from the format, the sleeved design, technical specification is essential to other social scientists such as audio engineer and field recordist of the future. The aim of the present research is to capture optimum dynamic range of the sound and applying a signal processing that would not alter the tonality, timbre and harmonic of the sound. Further applying a suitable information storage for the metadata to be preserve or archived for future accessing and reproduction.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN THE GATEWAYTOWN OF KUDOYAMA

Managing historic environment and cultural heritage are important not only from the conservation of cultural assets and local environment but it is also necessary to consider the perspectives from the community. This paper aims to examine a case study focusing on houses and local resources in the center of Kudoyama, known as the gateway town to the World Heritage Site, Koyasan in Wakayama, Japan. Study methods used are field observations and literature reviews. From the results, characteristics of the town center of Kudoyama became clear as follows; about half of all houses have been built with single or semi-second story houses to form relatively reduced height of skylines. Thus, it creates viewpoints to surrounding mountains within the town center on undulating landform. In terms of local resources, a variety of natural and historic elements have been found to create a historic environment in town center of Kudoyama. In addition, some traditional design of houses is representing the similarities with surrounding areas of the World Heritage Sites of Yoshino and Koyasan. In future, managing cultural landscape may be necessary to balance the needs of the community and tourism.

The Study of the Landscape of Populated areas for needs of the Development of the Concept of Greenery

Thematic planning of the blue-green infrastructure is increasingly incorporated in development plans of European cities, within which the qualitative green structure is implemented at various scales – of the county, of the populated areas and locally. European experience shows that it is important to divide several levels or scales of planning (national, regional, county, city, local level) in the planning of green structures, defining the objectives and tasks to be achieved in each level, and the hierarchy between them. The methodology for developing the concept of the greenery is based on the planning of a three-level / scale greening system, based on widely used in Europe approaches for the development of green infrastructure, green network (green grid, etc.), basic principles of ecological design and urban acupuncture (the activation of urban space with punctuated public outdoor objects, elements, territories).The aim of the paper is to present the linkage between the theory and practice in the development of the concept of greenery for small scale populated areas. It is written that the structure and elements of the landscape of the populated area of Ikšķile (Latvia) and its villages have been studied and analysed as the pilot area. The levels included in the landscape study, as well as in the concept of the greenery of Ikškile municipality – city, neighbourhood or village, landscape units and object levels – form a hierarchical system in which each subsequent level details the previous one. Similarly, the study of the existing greenery structure of the populated areas is based on a multi-level study which is linked to a future planning. The most significant natural and cultural historical elements of the city have been identified and analysed at the town level of Ikšķile, dwelling on the cultural historical structure of the populated area, as well as the day-to-day important objects and areas designated as “nodal points” in the town. The “nodal points” and the “linking elements” at the town level are analysed in two directions – objects and territories of daily importance and important for the development of tourism. At the level of neighbourhoods and municipality villages, the elements forming the identity of the place and the existing structure of greenery are more analysed. At the level of landscape units and objects, the existing greenery elements in specific functional zones and situations of the town (street greenery, greenery of residential areas, etc.) – their diversity, typology, quality and usability, accessibility are analysed. As a result, the existing image of Ikšķile, the forming elements of the identity and the existing greenery and spatial structure are obtained, as well as problematic situations at each level of the study are defined. The elaborated research serves as a basis for the development of the greenery concept of the populated area of Ikšķile and its villages.

Način i učestalost korištenja parkovske baštine na primjeru banjskog parka Ilidža

This paper presents manner and frequency of using park heritage on the example of Ilidža Spa Park. The aim of the research is to determine the attitudes of visitors to the Spa Park about the manner and frequency of using the park heritage, as well as the possibility of restoring some historical elements. The research was conducted through a questionnaire, quantitative type, in the period from August 23, 2017, to September 29, 2017. The total number of respondents is 246, of which 56.1% are female and 43.9% are male. As the best-rated contents (grade very good) the majority of respondents state the availability (37%) and quality of greenery (20.3%) while the worst-rated (grade very poor) cultural contents (6.5%). Most respondents have a positive attitude towards restoring the original appearance of some parts of the park (70.7%) as well as for restoring the historical elements - pavilions and old benches (72.8%). The park needs to be legally protected as a park heritage, ie a cultural and historical heritage with unchanged boundaries and a large part of the historical matrix. It needs to be renovated with the allocation of larger financial resources for maintenance and protection. The results of this research will expand the existing knowledge about the satisfaction of visitors to the Ilidža Spa Park, and contribute to experts to solve problems in finding the possibility of applying methods of restoration and restoring the original appearance of this historic park.

Traditional and Modern Forms of the Cossack Culture in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries. Revival, Transformation, and Cultural Construction

Introduction. The paper deals with studying the formation of culture elements during the Cossacks revival process in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The cultural pattern of a community is always changing. Cultural practices and traditions of the past get integrated into the modern social conditions, while new values and rituals assume the character of traditional ones. The topicality of the subject derives from the fact that the Cossack culture was subject to a dramatic transformation in the 20th century, while many elements of the culture were wiped out. The transmission of the cultural tradition was interrupted. The Cossacks revival in the late 20th century supposed a return to traditional historical forms. However, this task proved difficult because of the break in the transmission of the ethnic culture. The formation of the present-day Cossack cultural system supposed the selection of some elements of culture from the past and their integration into the new conditions as well as the creation of new forms of culture that would contribute to the cultural identification of the Cossacks. Methods and materials. Historiography has predominantly described the traditional forms of the Cossack culture. The issues of cultural construction were touched upon only occasionally. This paper applies the historical and chronological, historicalgenetic methods as well as the conception of socio-cultural construction. Analysis. During the Cossacks revival process its participants demonstrated a sharp increase of interest in the traditional forms of culture. The attempts at their integration into the present-day conditions led to the deformation of cultural forms. They lost their authenticity and transformed themselves into secondary forms of culture, thus cultural patterns of the modern Cossacks got changed. At the same time, new cultural traditions and norms were “invented”. Their function was to fix Cossacks identity and to show that the Cossacks do exist in the social life of the country. The adaptation of the traditions and historical elements of the Cossack socio-cultural system had its peculiarities. The traditions and elements were taken from different epochs and formed an arbitrary composition of different cultural phenomena. Traditions played an important role in the Cossacks revival process because they acted as cultural identification markers for the Cossack community. For that reason even new cultural practices were given the appearance of traditions. Results. In the late 20th – early 21st centuries the restoration of the Cossack culture was actually its construction. A number of trends can be traced in the process. They developed concurrently and contributed to the creation of new cultural milieu.

Tierras por razón de pueblo: ejidos y fundos legales de los pueblos de indios durante la época colonial

<p>Durante el virreinato a los pueblos de indios se les reconoció una cantidad de tierra mínima para asentamiento y subsistencia a la cual se le denominó de diferentes formas hasta conocerse en el siglo XVIII como tierras de ejido y de fundo legal. El presente estudio pretende aportar elementos históricos sobre la aplicación de estas figuras jurídicas en la asignación de tierras a los pueblos de indios en las jurisdicciones de la Nueva España y la Nueva Galicia, así como las confusiones y los cambios semánticos que en el tiempo tuvieron ambos conceptos.</p>

Features of the socio-spatial organization of creative spaces of a modern city

Urban public spaces in the context of the sociology of architecture are considered, the definition of the urban creative space is given, the creative spaces’ role in the transformation processes of the formation of a modern urban environment is analyzed, the specifics of their organization forms and methods are considered in the article. It is proposed to use the existing public spaces adjoined to the houses of culture that often have their own unique history, identity and “memory of the place” as the platforms for the development of the city’s creative potential. The organization principles and methods of creative spaces in the context of Volgograd regional features based on the scenario approach that provides the development of the types: “scenography”, “activity”, “information”, “arrangement scenarios” are formulated. The conclusion about the need to preserve the specific city spaces containing outstanding historical elements and about the creative spaces’ formation on the basis of the historical succession principle built on a combination of historical objects and new environmental components is made.

Recommendations For Restoration Of Historical Transparent Coatings In Pushkin Museum

Due to the intensification of historical buildings restoration works that are cultural monuments and related to architectural monuments, numerous questions arise about the possibility of increasing the efficiency of translucent structures, including their energy efficiency, using modern innovative technologies. The cost of competent reconstruction of windows and lanterns with the preservation of historical elements is much higher than the cost of standard modern structures, as a result of which there are numerous examples of barbaric illegal replacement of historical windows with modern ones. This not only spoils the appearance of buildings, but also contradicts federal laws (with all the ensuing consequences). Earlier, NIISF RAASN carried out multifactorial field studies of historical translucent coverings of a cultural monument of federal significance – the main building of the Pushkin Museum, on the basis of which their inconsistency with modern requirements for such structures was established. According to the technical assignment and the project for the reconstruction of the building, 13 options were proposed for the possible restoration of these coatings. To assess the proposed options, a comprehensive computer simulation and corresponding calculations were carried out in accordance with the certified software package “WINDOW TECT”. On the basis of the conducted examinations and computer calculations, optimal solutions were proposed for the restoration of historical translucent coatings of the main building of the Pushkin Museum, providing for the preservation of the original elements of metal structures and ensuring an increase in the thermal characteristics of the lantern and side lamp.

New Geomorphological and Historical Elements on Morpho-Evolutive Trends and Relative Sea-Level Changes of Naples Coast in the Last 6000 Years

This research aims to present new data regarding the relative sea-level variations and related morpho-evolutive trends of Naples coast since the mid-Holocene, by interpreting several geomorphological and historical elements. The geomorphological analysis, which was applied to the emerged and submerged sector between Chiaia plain and Pizzofalcone promontory, took into account a dataset that is mainly composed of: measurements from direct surveys; bibliographic data from geological studies; historical sources; ancient pictures and maps; high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) from Lidar; and, geo-acoustic and optical data from marine surveys off Castel dell’ Ovo carried out by using an USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle). The GIS analysis of those data combined with iconographic researches allowed for reconstructing the high-resolution geomorphological map and three new palaeoenvironmental scenarios of the study area during the Holocene, deriving from the evaluation of the relative sea-level changes and vertical ground movements of volcano-tectonic origin affecting the coastal sector in the same period. In particular, three different relative sea-level stands were identified, dated around 6.5, 4.5, and 2.0 ky BP, respectively at +7, −5, and −3 m MSL, due to the precise mapping of several paleo-shore platforms that were ordered based on the altimetry and dated thanks to archaeological and geological interpretations.

Smith’s Wealth of Nations and the economic past: setting the scene for economic history?

Although Adam Smith used history extensively in his Wealth of Nations, his contribution to economic history is neither systematised nor explicitly presented. The aimof this paper is to investigate the ways in which history is incorporated in Smith’s political economy and to elucidate the role of historical investigation in Smith’s Wealth of Nations. We propose a “four thematic” approach of Smith’s use of history, corresponding to four distinct ways in which Smith incorporates the historical element in his political economy. First, as method through a progressive version of proto-historical materialism, second, as illustration in order to verify his theoretical conclusions, third, as theory in the form of his stages theory, and, finally, as economic history to describe the emergence of modern Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Ombak Gong (A Study on the Aesthetic of Javenaese Gamelan Gong Accoustic in the Digital Music Era)

The art of gamelan in Javanese culture contains aesthetical, ethical, and historical elements. The aesthetical element or the beauty of gamelan art reflects the common artistic principle dulce et utile which means entertaining and valuable. The creative activities of each artist is distinct. In other words, artists are able to create new modes in an artistic expression. Art does not only enrich psychological well-being but also serves as a media to communicate culture to the society. Gilbert Chesterton stated that the development of science and arts is inseparable. Whereas science studies the generic aspect of a physical form of something, arts deal with a more private matter that is the unique and solitary human. The ombak gong tuning system has become the unique characteristic of the accoustic tuning system of the gong instrument in Javanese gamelan in the current digital music era.
 Keywords: ombak gong, aesthetic of accoustic, digital music

Shape Grammar Strategies for Representing the Built Heritage

Traditional architecture style represents the evolutionary style and experienced characteristics of an urban environment that give a sense of place and identity. This style includes a mixture of technical and cognitive values that are difficult to conserve compared to other material resources. The process of organizing and classifying the architectural elements of these constructions in a virtual digital manner is one of the means of preventive conservation of the built heritage.
 Many international experiments have employed the shape grammar in analyzing the structure of the historic elements because of its ability to combine the dimensional and morphological values, to classify them into a variety of categories with common characteristics according to the local architectural language. The study seeks to determine the approaches of the shape grammar to derive the rules and its relationships that used in the virtual reconstruction according to the traditional architectural principles, and highlighting the digital applications and software that deals with the shape grammar in this field. The methodology of this study adopted the analysis of studies that employed the shape grammar in the built heritage domain to determine the potential of these systems, to be presented as a documentation procedure for information management of built heritage.

Análise das mutações constitucionais à luz da crítica hermenêutica do direito

Sob o argumento da busca pela efetividade das normas constitucionais, em especial, daquelas definidoras de direitos fundamentais, a prática interpretativa do Supremo Tribunal Federal tem produzido as chamadas mutações constitucionais, cujas raízes se encontram no direito alemão. No Brasil, contudo, em que, aparentemente, há carência de uma identidade própria em termos de teoria jurídica, mormente, da decisão, questionou-se se tal atuação tem caráter ativista, especialmente sob o prisma da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito. Objetivou-se, com o estudo, analisar o instituto da mutação constitucional a partir de seus elementos históricos, de forma a pontuar sua legitimidade e adequação à prática jurídica brasileira, a partir dos fundamentos filosóficos que orientam a teoria Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito, em contraposição aos parâmetros interpretativos do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Para tanto, valeu-se pesquisa exploratória, envolvendo levantamento bibliográfico e do método histórico. Concluiu-se que a produção de mutações constitucionais decorre de uma postura decisionista/discricionária do Supremo Tribunal Federal, configurando ativismo e ferindo os preceitos do Estado Democrático de Direito. Sob o prisma da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito não é um instituto legítimo.

Análise das mutações constitucionais à luz da crítica hermenêutica do direito

Under the argument of the search for the effectiveness of constitutional norms, especially those that define fundamental rights, the interpretative practice of the Federal Supreme Court has produced many constitutional mutations, which can be traced back to German law. In Brazil, however, there is an apparent lack of identity in its own legal theory, especially in regards to judicial decisions. Many have questioned whether these decisions have an activist tendency, especially from the point of view of Hermeneutic Criticism of Law. Moreover, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the institute of constitutional mutation from its historical elements, in order to understand its legitimacy and adequacy in the Brazilian legal system from the philosophical foundations that guide the theory of Hermeneutic Criticism of Law, in opposition to the interpretative parameters of the Federal Supreme Court. Likewise, exploratory research and literature review was used for the same reason. This paper concludes that the production of constitutional mutations derives from a decisionist/discretionary posture of the Supreme Court, configuring activism and hurting the precepts of the Democratic State of Law. Moreover, from the point of view of Hermeneutic Criticism of Law, it is not a legitimate institute.