Historical Elements Research Articles

Planning Structure Analysis of Izium Town of the Kharkiv Region of XVII–XVIII Centuries Period in the Context of the Historical Town Planning Studies in 2018

A lot of cities located in Kharkiv oblast are in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine. Among them, the town of Izium deserves special attention because of its rich history. However, Izium remains underexplored, which makes the historical research of its urban planning a relevant and important issue . Author presents his research findings of the Izium town area, which he made in 2018 being a member of the civil society organization “POG “Instytut Kulturnoi Spadshchyny” under All-Ukrainian Committee on Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, participating in the creation of the design and specifications for the Historical and Architectural Outline Plan of Izium in Kharkiv region. It defines the boundaries of the protected areas around historical monuments and historical sites and arrangements for their use. The purpose of the research was to study the historic and architectural processes that took place within the town area in the 17th-18th centuries and to determine the peculiarities of the local urban planning. The object of the research includs the area of Izium listed in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine (dated 1639 (Serdyuk, Bobrovsky, & Kirilenko, 2011, p. 562)), the town plan and landscape. The urban space and structure of Izium became the subject of the research . The author followed the commonly used methodology of historical research on urban planning and historical landmarks preservation (Vecherskyi, 2011). The selected methodology of the research of the historical and architectural heritage of the town became the key success factor. The author examined the town area taking into account major historical milestones and key urban structure elements (industrial settlement, town, railway, town-forming enterprises, the historical center of the town, etc.) The author also used the methodology of historical and architectural evaluation of the city structure (the main criterion was chronological, the secondary criteria were composition and landscape), which helped to estimate the condition of the historical center planning. Based on the retrospective and geographic analysis of archival records, literary sources, maps dated 17th-18th centuries and on-site inspection the author studied the prerequisites of urban planning in the town of Izium and surrounding landscapes of the Siverskyi Donets river valley. The study of previously made research and analysis of historical maps helped to get a more comprehensive picture of the urban development processes occurring at different times within the area and dynamics of the town planning development. The originality of the research is in finding the laws of origin and evolution of Izium town planning patterns in the 17th-18th centuries and major peculiarities of the town’s history. The results and conclusions of the research contributed to the creation of historical and architectural outline plan of the city and the determination of the size and dimensions of conservation areas and specification of their use. The historical and architectural outline plan can be used during the design of the General Urban Growth and Development Plan and zoning of the town area.

A Capela do Senhor Jesus D’além. As Ruínas Religiosas enquanto Elementos para a Construção das Memórias Locais

O exercício presente neste texto procura refletir sobre a importância das ruínas das estruturas religiosas enquanto poderosos elementos na interpretação e construção das memórias locais do espaço onde as mesmas se inserem. A Capela do Senhor Jesus D’ Além, datada do século XIX, situada no município de Vila Nova de Gaia, em Portugal, é o estudo de caso escolhido. Em ruínas e em pleno estado de degradação, muitos são os elementos históricos que possibilitam a interpretação do quotidianos da cidade durante o seu período de funcionamento. Atualmente, guardam nos seus espaços pedaços de memórias, sendo exemplo da incúria dos indivíduos.

Лик Славуја Разбојника у руским биљинама

The paper analyses the character of Nightingale the Robber in Russian epic poems (bylinas) by the following points: 1) character’s name and epithets, 2) his look, 3) his family, 4) the ways the character appears in the poems, 5) his physical abilities and weapons, 6) character’s gender (grammatical and natural), 7) character’s staying place, 8) the damage the character is making, 9) his fights, 10) personal characteristics, 11) similar characters in other poems. The analysis indicates a folk tendency to replace mythological stories in bylinas with historical ones. The example of this tendency is the part where the former mythological guardian of the border between the two worlds becomes a state enemy who blocks the road to Kiev. Despite the need to incorporate historical and realistic elements into bylinas, that process is not finished and thanks to this we can now see some parts of the original story.

Twierdza Kłodzko – jako integralny element struktury miasta

W niniejszym artykule przedstawione zostało znaczenie historycznego elementu w strukturze miasta jakim jest Twierdza Kłodzko. Ten górujący nad miastem obiekt militarny stanowi ważną dominantę znajdującą się w centrum Kłodzka. Autor powołując się na analizy oraz badania przeprowadzane przez niego na terenie samej Twierdzy przybliżając możliwości wykorzystania potencjału adaptacyjnego tego miejsca. Obiekt ten pełniący niegdyś znaczącą funkcje militarną powinien w dzisiejszych czasach mieć zupełnie nowe zastosowanie. Prezentując również przykłady adaptacji tego typu obiektów z kraju oraz ze świata przedstawiony został potencjał kulturowy oraz ekonomiczny dla regionu. Obiekty niespełniające swojej docelowej funkcji popadają w ruinę zatracając wartości oraz potencjał w nich ukryty. Możliwości adaptacyjne jakie posiada Twierdza Kłodzko pozwalają na wprowadzenie do niej różnego rodzaju funkcji co skutkować może wzbogaceniem jej wartości. Nadanie współczesnej funkcji w obiekcie zlokalizowanym w centrum kotliny Kłodzkiej stanowić ma element dodany, czyli efekt synergii dla miasta oraz obszaru w którym się ona znajduję. Bazując na opracowanych przez autora materiałach przedstawiony jest potencjał miejsca jako obiektu atrakcyjnego komercyjnie oraz kulturowo. Prezentując sposoby adaptacyjne zwraca się równocześnie uwagę na zagrożenia wiążące się z pozostawieniem Twierdzy działaniom niszczącym.

Choriro: a utopia que se fez verbo

Ungulani Ba ka Khosa é considerado um dos escritores mais importantes da literatura mocambicana, sobretudo, por colmatar ficcionalmente não apenas as lacunas deixadas pela historiografia que se debruça sobre o período colonial de seu pais, mas também por questionar de modo frontal as complexas decisões politicas tomadas pelo governo de Mocambique no momento pós-independência. Com o olhar voltado para o século XIX, o presente estudo tenta compreender como o autor entrelaça ficção a elementos históricos para lançar luz sobre o passado e legitimar vozes que são frequentemente excluídas dos discursos oficiais.

“The sky seems heavy with clouds”: Arthur S. Eddington and the IAU

AbstractThis paper addresses the relationships between Arthur S. Eddington, former director of the Cambridge Observatory (1914-1944), with the International Astronomical Union. It is demonstrated that the Union was related to every major moment in Eddington’s scientific career. New historical elements are brought forward, in the last section of the paper, to demonstrate Eddington’s action in favour of German colleagues during the Second World War.

PORTRAIT OF HUNGARIAN POETESS AND TRANSLATOR ZHUZHI RAB

There are only a few areas where coexistence of language usage-society-comprehensibility can be observed – one of them is translation of literary work. The language usage of the original work and the translator is highlighted and examined by translational stylistics. Comprehensibility in translation means that the translation represents an experience for the reader, which is built on his/her own cultural background. The existence of society in translation is measured by whether or not the translator’s work is recognised and acknowledged by the public. At the end of the 20th century Zsuzsa Rab’s lifelong rich and extensive work in the translation of Russian literature could not get the well-deserved acknowledgement at all. Translation is key to the existance of a work of literature written in a foreign language. This is a text, which mirrors the cultural and historical elements of a certain era. Translation is a communicative process and it follows the rules of language paradigms. Translations, and especially translations of work of literature, are the products of semiotics. They are esthetic signals, which contain the translator’s own reading and understanding of the text as well as his own socio-cultural attitude. Translations also reflect the historical thinking of the translator’s own country. We follow along these types of historical memories in the Russian and Hungarian translations. We analyse the ways how these translations reflect the translator’s approach to historical facts in his reading, his writing and his choice of synonyms. We show that historical stereotypes of the target language can modify the meaning of the original text during the translation process.

The Wall of History

This text is an experiment in ‘mythological anthropology’ (Georges Bataille). Through a parody of Hegelian dialectic in which the moment of ‘synthesis’ is displaced by a delirious ‘prosthesis’, autobiographical and historical elements are disfigured in a play of phantasms.

OJEBETA “THE SELF AWAKENED” IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE SLAVE GIRL

The novel “The Slave Girl” by Buchi Emecheta exposes the plights of African women and portrayal of their struggle as slaves and ultimately how they come up the problem and becomes a self-awakened. In this paper, one can see Ojebeta starting her life as a slave and finally becomes an owner of a house by passing so many phases of life as a slave. In the beginning, she is sold into domestic slavery by her own brother. She has become the victim to her brother’s traits. She has become a scapegoat to the plans of African patriarchy. The intention of Buchi Emecheta is to recreate the image of women through feminism. Emecheta’s fiction is blended with reality representing socio historical elements of the prevailing society and its environment besides questioning the pathetic conditions of the people in general and women in particular. One can observe the narration of innocence of childhood grown into adulthood by attaining certain amount of freedom with the Christian education which she has received with which she has attained a small degree of self-awareness.

<b>A formação continuada do professor no desenvolvimento brasileiro e sua relação com as diretrizes cepalinas nas décadas de 1960-1970

O fundamento do qual partimos é que o fomento e as demandas por políticas de formação continuada dos professores têm base histórica em condições relacionadas ao contexto do desenvolvimento brasileiro atrelado às orientações e diretrizes internacionais, especialmente da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe (Cepal) a partir da década de 1960. O objetivo do presente texto é analisar, à luz do materialismo histórico dialético, tal relação, considerando, o relatório das conclusões e as recomendações da Conferência sobre a Educação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social na América Latina, realizada em Santiago do Chile em 1962, em que os temas formação, intensificação, aperfeiçoamento e capacitação docente são explicitados como os suportes humanos da educação e como estratégias fundamentais para alavancar o desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. O estudo apresentado é uma revisão bibliográfica e documental e tem a pretensão de contribuir com a ampliação do debate e explicitação das necessidades inerentes a esse contexto por políticas de formação continuada dos professores e, como contraponto, evidenciar os movimentos dos educadores contra hegemônicos antagônicos à linearidade da implantação dessas diretrizes.

STENDHAL, PUSHKIN, GOGOL: TOWARDS THE METAPHYSICS OF A MONUMENT

The metaphysical motif of the monument in the works of Pushkin and Gogol is compared with Stendhal’s monument philosopheme. The article demonstrates the ideatorial and material, spiritual and tangible aspects of the motif in the works of these authors, as well as its connection with the historical element in culture and daily reality.The monuments in Pushkin’s ode and Gogol’s Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends [Vybrannie mesta iz perepiski s druziyami] is perceived by the two authors through the dichotomy of culture as opposed to civilization. It was on Russian soil that Pushkin and Gogol further developed the cultural-historical and philosophical-historical pathos of Stendhal’s observations, moving in the same romantic/post-romantic flow.The author infers that, in his Monument [Pamyatnik], Pushkin preserved and uncovered his creative self as a combination of the spiritual and the tangible. By contrast, Gogol’s late works show his attempts to evade such preservation or to use ambiguous ways to imply the existence of his morphed self. Indeed, Gogol did not ‘repeat’ Pushkin, but only in the constant inner dialogue with the poet amid history in motion.

The Idea of Designing an Amphitheater in the Besh Qardash of Bojnord (Tourist Destination and Recreational Region) with Stretch Fabric Structures

One of the criteria for sustainable design is "the principle of adaptation to local regions". In this case, the native, historical, cultural and specific characteristics of the region are considered. This study tried to use an idea of designing an amphitheater in the Besh Qardash of Bojnourd (tourist destination and recreational region) with stretch fabric structures as the contemporary structural systems that have a certain similarity to nomadic tents which along with being in line with the historical and cultural elements of the region, including the historical tomb next to the spring, present a combination of modern and local architecture. This can be a great help to hold ceremonies and cultural events in this location, such as holding traditional wrestling competitions (Ba Chukhe) and horse racing (Turkman horse) in special time of the year. In the following parts, along with introducing the geographical and climatic conditions of the region by examining the technical and executive characteristics of stretch fabric structures, the results will be presented.

Child Abuse and Nonaccidental Trauma

Child abuse accounts for over 1% of visits to pediatric emergency departments (EDs), and injuries related to abuse have higher morbidity and mortality than accidental injuries. Recognizing child abuse and neglect in the ED is challenging but critical to prevent recurrent episodes of abuse and long-term physical and emotional sequelae. This review defines child abuse and neglect and explores historical and physical examination findings, assessment and diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and outcomes for victims of child abuse. Figures show x-rays demonstrating common fracture patterns associated with abusive injury and an algorithm for evaluation of nonaccidental trauma in the ED. Tables list key historical elements in the evaluation for abuse or neglect, bruising characteristics suggestive of abuse, fractures that are specific for abuse, and recommended laboratory evaluation for suspected abuse. This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables, and 36 references. Key words: child abuse, child neglect, nonaccidental trauma, sexual abuse

IDENTITY BUILDING OF ASIAN INDIANS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY

ABSTRACTThis study discusses and explains the identity building of ethnic minority in American multicultural society. Identity is not given directly as the immigrants arrived in the States, but they had to get through hurdles and adjustment. Hence the comers need to have a negotiation strategy in getting into the mainstream. The analysis is done by using the interdisciplinary approaches to view on the historical, cultural, and sociological elements of the study. The writer develops the identity theory of Sheldon Stryker to reveal the process of identity building of the Asian Indian in American society. The result of this study shows that the Asian Indian immigrants bring their culture that made themselves attractive as well as accepted by the mainstream society. Besides, the Asian Indian immigrants are the people of hard work and clever that they can easily gain success in the United States and consequently support the country in the global competitiveness. The successes of the Asian Indian immigrants have created a positive identity in the American society. Fortunately, the maneuver of being multicultural in American society today has advantaged this minority group to continue their existence.

Historical carpentry corner log joints—Numerical analysis within stochastic framework

The paper presents the results of numerical analysis performed on historical, traditional carpentry corner log joints of two basic topologies: the short-corner dovetail connection and the saddle notch connection. These types of carpentry joints are commonly used in currently preserved objects of wooden architecture. All connections have been modelled in pinewood, which has been defined in the Finite Element software MSC.Marc/Mentat as an orthotropic material. The numerical calculations have been carried out for two types of connections with two different boundary conditions and load types. The contact phenomenon between the individual elements of the connections has been taken into account. The main purpose of the research is to select the most damage-resistant type of connection and to determine the stress distributions on the contact surfaces, which demines the damage areas. However, a lot of uncertainties appear in the studied models, e.g. due to the natural variability of the material properties of wood and the uncertainty of friction coefficient. Therefore the uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis has been performed in order to include these uncertainties and study their effect on variation of the mechanical response of the connections. A regression-based non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion method has been employed to complete the task.The state-of-the-art knowledge about the damage-prone zones in the considered connections is immensely important since many wooden buildings, mostly historical, require maintenance, renovation and the reinforcement of existing, especially historical elements. On the contrary, there are not many results of related research published yet.

Meaning of ‘Butcher’ in Modern Nation States: How Sunweon Hwang’s 일월 (Sunlight Moonlight) intertextualizes Tōson Shimazaki’s 破戒 (The Broken Commandment)

이 글은 소설가 황순원(1915-2000)의 장편소설 『일월』(1964)을 자연주의 작가 시마자키 도손(1872-1943)의 『파계』(1906)와 비교하여 황순원 텍스트에서 두드러지게 나타난 추방과 소외의 본질을 규명하려 한다. 장편 『일월』이 인간 소외의 문제를 한국 전쟁의 상흔과 겹쳐 확대･심화하였다고 보고, 이를 『파계』와 비교할 것이다. 두 소설은 차별받는 백정 계층을 모티프로 한 현실 반영적 요소를 갖지만, 『일월』은 『파계』의 합리주의적 세계관을 넘어 금기의 세계가 지닌 의미에 도전한다. 이 금기의 문제가 내면의 존재성으로 치환되는 『일월』은 『파계』가 보여준 리얼리즘의 총체성을 해체하여 재창조한다. 이 글은 『일월』이 『파계』를 어떻게 변주하고 있는지를 캐릭터와 서사를 중심으로 분석하여 전후 한국사회에서 추방과 차별이 형상화된 양상을 다루어보고자 한다.This paper compares the novel 일월 (Sunlight Moonlight, 1964) by Korean novelist Sunweon Hwang (1915-2000) with 破戒 (The Broken Commandment, 1906) by the Japanese naturalist writer Tōson Shimazaki (1872-1943) and identifies the essence of expulsion and alienation, which are prominent in both novels. The two novels focus on the anguish of a main character from the butcher (baekjeong) class and examine how the conflict of the class system still persists in modern society. Hwang describes the issue of exile as a personal internal problem within the large frame of society without much criticism, but Shimazaki decisively criticizes the class-system heritage of the past. The fact that the Japanese main character of The Broken Commandment, who was expelled, leaves for Texas at the end, leads to the realization that the political direction of the Meiji Restoration and the theme of the novel share the same context. Texas is a somewhat orchestrated place to remind readers of the moral lesson of equality, and the reason that the character leaves for Texas is that Japan, which was a status society, was in the process of being modernized by the abolition of the status system, and because of the enlightenment message of the Meiji era that it is important to learn from advanced Western culture. However, in Sunlight Moonlight, the exiles and the aliens do not try to punish the perpetrators or reform the society that drove them out, and the boundary of good and evil between those who exile others and the exiled is also vague. This is because those who exile are also members of a society that is wounded by those who are exiled. In the matter of expulsion, Hwang is trying to heal within the text by excluding social and historical elements and leaning on symbolism. This in turn results in the healing of the lyrical self in the world of poetry, which ultimately leads to the primal question of I, who am myself.”

SEH-SDB: a semantically enriched historical spatial database for documentation and preservation of monumental heritage based on CityGML

Cultural heritage has a great and inestimable value for communities. Unfortunately, several historical monuments are under deteriorating conditions mainly due to the lack of knowledge about their historical importance. Hence, it is necessary to provide efficient solutions to preserve these monuments. An effective approach for the preservation of cultural heritage should address two main aspects: documentation and information. The first aspect is related to methods that are used to document and digitally archive historic buildings by using appropriate materials and techniques for acquiring 3D spatial data. The second aspect aims to inform the population and policy makers about the importance of the historical heritage in a simple, effective, and interactive manner. In this paper, we propose an original approach to design a semantically enriched historical spatial database (SEH-SDB) for documentation and information of monumental heritage. First of all, a LiDAR acquisition of the historical heritage should be undertaken to capture its current condition. Then, the SEH-SDB database will be designed according to four semantic packages related to historical buildings that are (1) Components package, (2) Material package, (3) Historical package, and (4) Social package. The component package is based on the CityGML standard, which ensures a high interoperability for 3D models. The material package represents the material used in the construction of the building (wood, stone …). The historical package informs about historical elements that characterize the building and its temporal evolution. The social package aims to inform about the main social activities that may take place in the historical building. Based on the SEH-SDB, a 3D historical GIS is developed to provide rich semantic information about historical sites. At the end of this paper, a case study of a historical monument named “Ribat Banajah” in Jeddah Historical City in Saudi Arabia is presented. A digital archiving of the current state of this building is performed by using terrestrial LiDAR in combination with other classical surveying techniques (traversing, leveling, and GPS). Then, a building information model of this building is created and exported to the 3D HGIS designed for the documentation of historical buildings.

Child Abuse and Nonaccidental Trauma

Child abuse accounts for over 1% of visits to pediatric emergency departments (EDs), and injuries related to abuse have higher morbidity and mortality than accidental injuries. Recognizing child abuse and neglect in the ED is challenging but critical to prevent recurrent episodes of abuse and long-term physical and emotional sequelae. This review defines child abuse and neglect and explores historical and physical examination findings, assessment and diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and outcomes for victims of child abuse. Figures show x-rays demonstrating common fracture patterns associated with abusive injury and an algorithm for evaluation of nonaccidental trauma in the ED. Tables list key historical elements in the evaluation for abuse or neglect, bruising characteristics suggestive of abuse, fractures that are specific for abuse, and recommended laboratory evaluation for suspected abuse. This review contains 4 figures, 4 tables, and 37 references. Key words: child abuse, child neglect, nonaccidental trauma, sexual abuse

An experimental study on the role of augmented reality content type in an outdoor site exploration

ABSTRACTOverlaying a building with images from the past can be an engaging way to explore a historic site. However, little is known about what type of content functions well when using augmented reality (AR) in outdoor contexts. This research investigates how different types of AR content – such as text or image – can affect the flow experience as well as other user affective and behavioural responses. We ran an experimental study with 85 participants at a university campus, where three groups used different apps – AR app with overlaid textual information, AR app with overlaid both textual information and images and an app with audio guide – to explore the area's historic and cultural background. The results show that overlaying images in addition to the text was clearly the most successful way of attracting attention and providing stronger flow in comparison to the apps that overlaid only text or delivered audio. However, we also discovered that users occasionally interpreted the overlaid imagery to be cues for something else other than what they were designed to represent. Finally, we discuss how AR content can enlarge otherwise invisible details, depict historic elements and unveil interiors of buildings.

Floating Ferraris: Visual, Material, and Historical Elements of Institutional Work

In this paper, we explore how organizations integrate visual and material elements with rhetorical history as part of institutional work projects. We focus specifically on how organizations embrace contested, painful, or tainted historical events through the use of visual and material elements. Empirically, we draw on a series of oral history interviews and secondary sources to examine the work of Martin Litton and his organization Grand Canyon Dories to understand how naming each dory after a unique natural wonder that had been previously destroyed helped to build an army of citizen activists. We contribute to institutional theory by illustrating how unique types of visual and material elements can be used to simultaneously remember a painful past and protect an imagined environmental future. We also extend research on institutions and place, as a type of material element, by conceptualizing how places that have been previously destroyed can continue to endure through memories, visual experiences, and material objects. Finally, we contribute to the literature on rhetorical history by demonstrating how organizations can draw on exogenous historical accounts as a means to create strategic value from contested, painful, and tainted historical events.