Comparative Historical Method Research Articles

Traditions of the Production of Bast Shoes from the Mordovians

Introduction. The article discusses the structure of the craft associated with the manufacture of bast shoes among the Mordovians in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. It is supposed to consider the level of development of this industry, to identify its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, sources of raw materials, as well as its significance for the traditional economy of Mordovians. Materials and Methods. A comparative historical method was used, on the basis of which the forms of existence of individual components included in the structure of the fishery under consideration were studied, and the trends of changes occurring with it were traced. This method was applied in combination with the analysis of historiographic works and sources, as well as field research methods. Results. Bast shoes among the Mordovians since ancient times were made mainly for the needs of their families. But by the end of the 19th century, this activity turned into handicraft production, which reached a significant size, although it was predominantly local in nature. It included not only the direct production of bast shoes (lapti, stupni), but also the tools used in the manufacture of products, the procurement and primary processing of raw materials – bast, the sale of finished products. Discussion and Conclusion. The production of bast shoes among the Mordovians in the 19th and early 20th centuries remained mainly a household craft in which members of a peasant family were employed. At the beginning of the 20 th century, this industry began to decline. This was due to a decrease in forest area, which led to a shortage of raw materials, as well as low income from it. Bast shoes gradually began to go out of constant use, giving way to handicraft and factory leather shoes. Although, as everyday shoes, they continued to exist among the Mordovians until the middle of the last century.

Kazak Toponimik Efsanelerinde Türk Halklarının Ortak Motifleri

Toponymic legends, a subcategory of the legend genre in field of folklore, are valuable cultural heritage that reflect the cultural and historical significance of a place and are associated with the beliefs and stories of local people. Toponymic legends are stories hidden in the depths of place names. These legends shed light on the history and cultural context of the places they are named after. Serving as a reflection of a place's essence, toponymic legends nourish the fabric of geography, revealing the uniqueness of a region. Like an archaeologist carrying the traces of history, they provide us with an unparalleled window to unravel the secrets of the past and understand the roots of local culture. However, this subcategory has not been sufficiently studied within the discipline of folklore. However, the study of toponymic legends contributes to the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage by providing scientific data in cultural, historical, linguistic, geographical and ecological fields. Moreover, the interrelationship between similar legends in different regions is an important means of comprehensively assessing the culture of a nation. This relationship sheds light on the internal harmony, national unity and historical depth of a spesific nation's traditional culture. The aim of the study is to provide a holistic perspective on Turkish culture through two toponymic legend texts from Kazakh Turks. The legends of "Kız Kulesi" (Maiden's Tower) and "Kırk Kız" (Forty Maidens) exist among both Kazakh Turks and other Turkish communities in the research sample. Both legends belong to the categorical subcategory of toponymic legends. When examined in terms of their motifs and narrative patterns, along with their texts, variants, and historical background, they show significant similarities. Furthermore, when the elements that constitute the narrative are analyzed and interpreted from the perspective of Turkish culture, it is determined that they possess intra-cultural consistency. The fact that Turkic communities, which have interacted with distant and different cultures, share the same legends with almost identical motifs, indicates the preservation of cultural unity. "Kırk Kız" and "Kız Kulesi" legends shed historical light on Turkish culture within the toponymic category. These legends, with their rich motifs and narrative elements, provide insights into the cultural heritage and historical background of the Turkish people. They serve as important cultural symbols, reflecting the deep-rooted traditions, beliefs, and values of the Turkish culture. Through the exploration of these legends, one can gain a deeper understanding of the historical, social, and cultural dynamics that have shaped the Turkish identity over time.

CONCERNING THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL IDEA IN THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS

Purpose. The paper examines the role of the national idea in the history of the development of civilizations on the example of Russia and foreign countries. Methodology. The authors relied on the following scientific principles: historicism, objectivity, complexity of studying the subject of research, also used scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, etc. and special methods of historical science, in particular, historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, method of diachronic analysis during research. Conclusions. The author concludes that the national idea forms as a guideline for the development of civilization, determining the direction of its political, spiritual and socio-economic development. There is a lot of factors are influencing formation of a national idea: religious, spiritual, moral, and geopolitical. Its content is partly determined by the specifics of the country’s socio-economic development. The formulation of its main provisions is influenced by political and philosophical scientific concepts. National ideas are largely based on the historical experience of the development of the nation, its ideas about its origin, ethnic and cultural roots, experience of interaction with neighboring states and nations. The emergence of a national idea may be due to historical circumstances. For example, the formation of the concept of “Moscow - the Third Rome” was associated with the tasks of forming a single Russian state, and the formulation of the contemporary national idea of the People’s Republic of China was the need to develop a special Chinese way of developing socialism. The advancement of a national idea that corresponds to the true tasks of the country’s development can serve as a powerful stimulus for its further development, and, conversely, neglecting many factors in determining its content can have disastrous consequences. Therefore, the research of the historical experience of putting forward a national idea, of course, requires deep study. Practical significance. The conclusions have made in the article can be used in the development of the national idea of Russia, as well as in the teaching of history, political science and legal.

Axiological Aspects of the Russian Education Development in the Context of Uncertainty

The article considers the trends in the development of education on a global and domestic scale. The author substantiates the special role of axiological aspects in the transformation of educational systems and the role of digital media in this process. The article focuses on the extent to which modern information and communication technologies change the perception of the main participants of pedagogical activity about the values of education. The aim of the article is to study the actual value orientations of students of Russian universities in the context of global transformation processes in the world. A set of scientific methods such as analysis, systematization, generalization, comparative-historical method, questionnaire survey, quantitative and qualitative data analysis is used. The results obtained are compared with the results of similar studies, opinions and assessments of experts, and conclusions are drawn regarding the main guidelines for the further development of Russian education in an unstable, constantly changing world, taking into account global trends and the challenges facing domestic education today

The Connection between Power and the People in the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash ASSR in the mid-1950s – 1980s (On the Example of the Councils of Ministers of Autonomous Republics)

Introduction. This article describes the feedback between the Soviet people and executive authorities of the autonomous republics from the mid-1950s to the 1980s on the example of activities of the Councils of Ministers of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focuses on the reaction of the Councils of Ministers and their subordinate bodies to letters, received from citizens. Materials and Methods. The study was based on materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El, the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic, and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia. In the work were used the content analysis, the concrete historical, the historical-systematic and the historical-comparative methods based on the on the fundamental principles of historical study – historicism, objectivity, systemacity. Results. The most common form of everyday communication between the Councils of Ministers of ASSR and the society was the submission by citizens of applications, appeals and petitions, which raised the various issues. The analysis of the activities of the Councils of Ministers of the Autonomous Republics revealed problems related with the consideration of citizens’ appeals. The reaction of the Councils of Ministers to criticism of shortcomings in the organization of accounting for incoming letters, control of subordinate authorities, as well as the personal reception of citizens is considered. The most pressing issues with which Soviet people appealed to regional governments were identified. Discussion and Conclusions. Despite significant shortcomings in the system of consideration of complaints and appeals of citizens, the Councils of Ministers, as the central bodies of state administration of the republics, as a whole performed a number of important communicative functions between the government and society. The following are the most basic points: 1) the citizens had the opportunity to solve various everyday, social, economic issues using the appeal to the authorities; 2) the regional authorities received representations about the problems of concern to the Soviet people, so that timely action could be taken; 3) Councils of Ministers of ASSR and subordinate bodies acted as a link between the people “on the ground” and the highest authorities.

Innovator from Novatorovs` street: the life of a scientist, the fate of a devotee

Innovator from Novatorovs` street: the life of a scientist, the fate of a devotee

ELECTRONIC PETITIONS AS A MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING THE PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC GOVERNMENT AND A RESOURCE FOR IMPROVING STATE GOVERNMENT

The issue of the importance of electronic petitions as a means of implementing people's power and a resource for improving state governance is considered. A petition (from the Latin petitio - "appeal") in the general sense is a collective request submitted to state authorities or local self-government bodies in written or electronic form. An electronic petition in the general sense is a special form of expression of a request or proposal submitted by a certain subject and addressed to a state authority or the head of state. The positive qualities of electronic petitions traditionally include simplicity and convenience, saving time and simplifying the bureaucratic procedure in its design and processing. The modern information society contributed to the qualitative improvement of the procedure or mechanism of registration of such a form of appeal, which can be submitted in electronic form. This is a certain appeal with a specific problem, placed on a special electronic platform, where people get the opportunity to support this or that request or demand, without spending a significant amount of time and using only the Internet. Since the 1990s, research mediated by the Internet has gradually become widespread in the social sciences due, in particular, to the expansion of the use of the Internet in various spheres of social relations. Among them, online petitions are increasingly used today. The mentioned problems are analyzed quite vividly on the pages of professional literature. The necessary circle of specialized literature is analyzed. On the basis of historical and historical-comparative methods, the specifics of initiating petitions to state authorities have been clarified. It was noted that the full implementation of this form of appeals presupposes the presence of a certain maturity of social relations and the development of parliamentarism. Peculiarities of submitting petitions in paper and electronic forms are compared. It is emphasized that the introduction of the practice of submitting electronic petitions is based on the achievements of the modern information society and the possibilities of digitalization of any documents. The position regarding the significance of the petition institute in the process of development of modern democratic governance is formulated and substantiated. According to our assessment, in this case, the first thing should be about significant innovations in the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as in the implementation of the principles of people's rule and in approaches to state governance in general. In addition, a popular electronic petition can receive wide coverage in both traditional media and social networks. It is known that the main advantages or positive qualities of submitting this form of petitions include convenience, since the need to physically collect signatures in support of one's proposal disappears, and the possibility of simplified communication with officials or state authorities. However, in a successful case, more important importance should be attached to the significance of electronic petitions in the field of social and political-legal relations as a whole. First of all, this concerns the implementation of the right of citizens to participate in the management of state affairs, the meaningful filling of the concept of electronic governance, as well as the place of such appeals in the sphere of clarification and development of state policy. It was noted that the full implementation of this form of appeals presupposes the presence of a certain maturity of social relations and the development of parliamentarism. The main advantages or positive qualities of submitting electronic petitions include convenience, since the need to physically collect signatures in support of one's proposal disappears, and the possibility of simplified communication with officials or state authorities

FATHER PETRE TATALASHVILI – THE LAST PRIOR OF THE GEORGIAN MONASTERY IN ISTANBUL

The residence of the Georgian Catholics in Istanbul, the Monastery of the Virgin Mary (turkish: Gürcü Katolik Kilisesi), with its schools, printing house and rich library used to fulfill a great Georgian cultural, educational and scientific function outside of Georgia for more than a century. The temple was built in 1861 by Father Petre Kharischirashvili in one of the most beautiful districts of Istanbul, Ferikoy (the village of Angels). It is noteworthy, that the most of the fathers serving in the Georgian Monastery of Istanbul were from Samtskhe-Javakheti by origin. Father Petre Tatalashvili was from Samtskhe as well. During the hundred years (1861-1961) of its existence, Georgian Catholic Monastery of Istanbul acted as a spiritual, cultural, educational and scientific center where many national, educational or scientific activities were performed. Establishment of religious educational institution, Georgian-French schools, printing-houses, the literacy dissemination society among Georgians living in Turkey, library called after Akaki Tsereteli are good examples of cultural and educational activities of the Monastery. The Monastery was the educational center giving Georgian young people the opportunity to get education first in Istanbul and then to Europe. It supported many Georgian scientists and public figures, like Ivane Gvaramadze, Mikheil Tamarashvili, Shalva Vardidze, etc. The goal of the article is to describe the work of the father Petre Tatalashvili, one of the valuable figures, a secretary of a monastery and the responsible person for the educational processes, later on the last Prior of the Georgian monastery in Istanbul. Accordingly, it aims to introduce him to a broader society based on the preserved notes kept in family and other funds or archives, which have not been used by the scientists widely. We consider, that he deserves to be known by the Georgian society due to his deeds, as he faithfully served to education and cultural advancement of Georgian people for entire his life, under the foreign sky, in the foreign country. He was the defender, the patron, the spiritual confessor of Georgian Catholics. The research methodology: The research is based on the historical research method: description, comparative-historical method, empirical, causal-historical analysis based on the epistolary and memoir materials preserved in the archive fund of Istanbul Georgian Catholic Monastery

Overcoming the Past in German Scientific Discourse

Even now German society is painfully aware of its past. For German historians and cultural scientists, the problem of overcoming the past is an important topic for discussion. The purpose of this research article is to explore the genesis of the phenomenon of overcoming the past in post-war Germany. To investigate the phenomenon and the development of the concept, the article analyzes the approaches of German historians to the study of this problem from the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany to this day. The research is based on the principles of memory studies to reflect on the problem of guilt and collective responsibility of the Germans for the Nazi era. In 1949–1990 the German society acknowledged Nazi crimes and established memorials. Political disputes on the reassessment of national socialism attracted public attention and transformed memory politics in the country. The author also applies a comparative historical method to determine how this went in two German states, Germany and the GDR. The results of the study show that after the unification of Germany, the concept of overcoming the past has changed and the problem of overcoming the past has got a new dimension in German scientific discourse. As the study has shown, at present not only overcoming the period of National Socialism but also rethinking the SED regime is a significant problem of public historical consciousness and the culture of memory in Germany. This double problem is widely discussed in the media and is finding its way into the collective consciousness and identity of the German people. The article describes and analyzes the specificities of the process of transformation. Scientific discussion of the differences between the understanding of the concept of overcoming the past and its practical applications described in the paper is another finding of the study.

J.R.R. Tolkien's Memory of the First World War in His Works

This article examines the problem of perception of the First World War and its events in the context of preserving the memory of it. The main emphasis is on the personal perception of military operations and their subsequent reflection in a work of art. We are talking about the work of the writers of the "lost generation of 1914", in whose novels and stories the memory of a historical event is preserved. The central issue of the studied memory of the "Great War" was the work of the British writer and scientist J.R.R. Tolkien and his personal perception of the event, reflected in the epic novel "The Lord of the Rings". In modern historical science, the problem is poorly studied. The attempts of research scientists are based on the use of comparative historical and biographical research methods, which is why many issues are not taken into account. Therefore, the author aims to identify the subjects poorly studied by foreign and domestic researchers in the problem of perception of J.R.R. Tolkien events of the First World War. The main task is aimed at identifying and systematic analysis of the main storylines of "The Lord of the Rings" and comparing them with the data of the letters of the British writer and the memoirs of other participants in the hostilities. The author comes to the conclusion that the formed J.R.R. Tolkien and the image of the First World War reflected in the novel "The Lord of the Rings" is his personal assessment, and for its study it is not enough to use predominantly comparative historical and biographical methods of research.

The buzzer: not just a toy

The article analyzes the buzzer toy for boys. It is very easy to make from a button with a rope passing through the two holes. In past times, it was made of wood, bone plate, leather. When the rope with the plate is twisted and sharply released, the toys make a specific sound. The name of the toy in many languages reflects its buzzing. The aim of this work is to study the geography of the buzzer game in the Old and New Worlds and to reconstruct the ritual that underlies the game. The main research methods are mapping and comparative-historical method. The source base is represented by published materials on the games of the peoples of the world, as well as the author's field materials from the Southern Urals. The following conclusions have been drawn: the toy is most commonly young male, all-season, and is associated with sound. Sound in archaic culture played an important role; it limits and structures space, establishes contacts between the worlds and protects a person from evil spirits. In most cases, the buzzer has lost its sacred meaning, but among the peoples of the North, Sibe-ria, and the Far East, the elements of the ritual are still tangible which makes it possible to reconstruct the male ritual. The ritual was aimed at weather change, and at influencing the existing state of affairs. The geography of the buzzer distribution in North America and Eurasia has been studied. It can be assumed that it came to the New World from Eurasia, shortly before the disappearance of Beringia. The agreement of details and specifics of its use suggest its connection with the ritual. Subsequently, the ritual spread together with tribes and cultures, and to date, all that has remained from the millennial ritual is just a noise toy in children’s hands.

Contact-Induced Layering and Diffusion in Yuè Chinese Varieties—The *-iun/iut and *-un/ut Merger Reconsidered

This study re-investigates the merger of *-iun/iut and *-un/ut in 46 Yuè Chinese varieties, which lacks explanatory treatment, from the variant derivative patterns of *-iun/iut > [yn]/[yt] and *-un/ut > [yn]/[yt]. The historical-comparative method was employed as the frame to analyze spatial (geographic) variation obtained from QGIS. The data showed that the merger of the reflexes of *-iun/iut and *-un/ut does not prevail in the majority of Yuè varieties, while mergers of *-iun/iut with *-in/it and *-iun/iut with *-on/ot or *-ion/iot are dominant. The spatial patterns of *-iun/iut and *-un/ut suggest different diffusion patterns and background factors.

US-Canada Relations in the 1950s - 1980s: Consensus or Disagreement?

The purpose of the article is to finalize the impact of the relationship between the USA and Canada on the Canadian foreign policy in 1957-1984. The author focuses the reader’s attention on analysis of trends in the relations between USA and Canada, as well as the identification of the patterns of their further development. Based on the use of an appropriate historical sources and scientific literature, the article gives an idea of the characteristic features of the relationship between the USA and Canada during the premierships of John Diefenbaker, Lester Pearson, Pierre Trudeau. When writing an article, the author uses a comparative historical method, as well as an interdisciplinary approach. The first allows us to compare the development of the relations between USA and Canada in 1957-1984. The latter shows the influence of the relationship between USA and Canada on the activities of political parties in Canada. The scientific contribution of the author of the article is that for the first time in Russian historiography, he considers not just the general directions of Canada’s foreign policy, but analyzes the key of them - the relationship between USA and Canada, its evolution and dynamics. The author comes to the conclusion that the periodization of the relationship between USA and Canada reflected the complexity of their development, and the anti-americanism of Diefenbaker and Trudeau had no deep foundation. Firstly, it was the result of Diefenbaker’s personal grievances against Kennedy. Secondly, Trudeau demonstrated that Canada’s foreign policy has an independent character. However, this did not mean his departure from the relationship between USA and Canada as a major.

Women’s Theme in the Works by V. S. Solovyov

The article is devoted to the consideration of the views of the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov on the nature of a woman and her place in society. The purpose of the study is to reveal Solovyov’s position in relation to a woman, her essence, relationship with a man, family and society, as well as to demonstrate the attitude of the Russian philosopher to the women’s movement. The relevance of the study is due to the low level of knowledge of the positions of Russian philosophers in general and Solovyov in particular in resolving issues raised by the women’s feminist movement. Hermeneutic, comparative and comparative historical methods were used for analyzing philosophical works, literary and journalistic works of the philosopher. The author of the article shows that Solovyov’s reflections on the Divine Sophia, Eternal Femininity, the image of the Beautiful Lady does not prevent the philosopher from unequivocally rejecting the idea of female emancipation, education, paid professions. The female ideal created by the philosopher is a vivid example of a feminine image, represented by a man and reflecting masculine ideas about the nature of a woman. A specific woman as a bearer of the Divine Sophia is called by Solovyov the keeper of a religious secret, but at the same time she is deindividualized, depersonalized. Speaking of a woman as a mediator between the earthly world and the heavenly world, the philosopher emphasizes the secondary nature of her nature, functional complementarity in relation to a man.The author comes to the conclusion that V. Solovyov did not accept the idea of a woman’s independence and her desire for liberation from male control. The article shows that Solovyov is inclined to a negative assessment of a real woman, speaks negatively about the feminist movement and those ladies who actively defend their rights.

The servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 1890s – 1920s.

The subject of the study is information about the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 90s of the XIX century - the 20s of the XX century, contained in various archival sources: Muslim metric books in the Old Tatar language, the First general census of the Russian Empire in 1897, documents (charter, protocols of the founders, lists of members and inventory of property Mohammedan religious communities, an agreement on the use of a Mohammedan liturgical building, minutes of general meetings, lists of parishioners, etc.) of Mohammedan religious communities for the 20s (Ishtama yurts, Komarov yurts, Medyan yurts, Mirim Yurts, Sabanak yurts, Sauskansky yurts, Suklem yurts, Escalba yurts). The purpose of the research is to study the composition of the Islamic clergy by introducing little-studied sources into scientific circulation. When studying the composition of the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 1890s - 1920s, such scientific methods as historiographical analysis, comparative historical method, and source analysis were used. The novelty of the research is seen in the involvement of poorly studied sources in Russian and Tatar languages and in the systematization of disparate materials about Muslim clerics according to the chronological principle. An analysis of archival documents on the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 1890s - 1920s showed that priests previously approved in the spiritual rank continued to serve in the Mohammedan religious communities organized in the early 1920s. Moreover, in the early years of Soviet power (up to 1925), new persons were appointed to various positions – imam, imam-khatib, mugallim, mullah, muezzin. It has been established that in the Soviet period, continuity in the service of a religious cult by blood relationship continues to be traced. Some ministers of the cult did not cease to indicate their ethnic origin, namely Bukhara. The author has revealed variability in the spelling of personal names of priests, which is associated with the formation of linguistic norms concerning the spelling of anthroponyms of the Tatar population: fused, separate, semi-alphabetic (hyphenated).

The disarmament of anarchists in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region in the spring of 1918 (based on the materials of the Orel and Voronezh provinces).

The article examines the confrontation of the armed anarchist detachments of the "Black Guard" with the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1918. The causes and features of the emergence of anarchist detachments, the position of anarchists in the political arena of the country in 1917 - early 1918 are illustrated. The author gives an assessment of some early Soviet studies on "anarchist uprisings" in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region. After the February and October revolutions of 1917, anarchism in Russia embarked on a new path of development, which was characterized by attempts to unite and create a single combat force to protect the "revolutionary gains" from the interventionists and White Guard forces. The object of the study is the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Chernozem region during the establishment of Soviet power. The subject of the study is the armed actions of anarchists against the authorities in Orel and Voronezh in March-April 1918. The methodological basis is the consideration of historical phenomena and their interrelations in the context of the studied time (the principle of historicism). A comparative historical method was used to establish the similarities and distinctive features of the armed actions of anarchists in Orel and Voronezh. The article attempts to comprehensively study the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Black Earth region. The author analyzes only a small fragment of this topic. The spring of 1918 was a period of the defeat of anarchist detachments and organizations throughout Russia, these processes took place on the territory of the Central Chernozem region. Based on the works of his predecessors and memoir sources, the features of the defeat of the anarchist detachments in Orel and Voronezh are analyzed. During the analysis, it was possible to demonstrate that the anarchists were only part of the rebel forces, consisting of detachments arriving from the Ukrainian front, dissatisfied with the supply. Some Soviet authors often saw in these speeches a "Socialist-Revolutionary" conspiracy" or assigned the anarchists a leading role, making them the main instigators of uprisings. Which, according to the author, is an erroneous position.

The Old Believers of Burytia in the 1920s and 1950s: Transformations of the Way of Life

The subject of the research in the article is the problem of transformational modification of various aspects of the life of the Old Believers of Buryatia in the 1920s and 1950s. The object of the study is the Old Believer population of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (since 1958 – the Buryat ASSR). Based on the purpose of a comparative analysis of the transformations of the Old Believers' lifestyle in the 1920s and 1950s, this article examines such aspects of the topic as: characterization of examples of both negative and positive processes for preserving identity (atheistic campaign, introduction of communist ideology, cultural modernization) in designated time periods, as well as the attitude of generations of the 1920s and 1950s to these processes, which allows us to show the evolution of various social practices. The historical-genetic method used to consider a social group at different time intervals is necessary to demonstrate changes in the lifestyle of Old Believers in the 1920s and 1950s. The comparative historical method was needed when comparing the contribution of the Soviet government and internal movements among the Old Believers in the process of the decline of religious identity. Atheistic propaganda, as well as the communist ideology introduced among the Old Believers, were the main channels for the group's incorporation into the unified Soviet society that had been under construction since the 1920s. By the 1950s, based on the stable potential of the cultural identity of the Old Believers (even with the decline of the religious one), these tools gradually adapted in the form of a set of formal instructions and recommendations, which in turn led to the transformation of the way of life of the Old Believers in the context of mutual adaptation to reality (socially approved behavior). The novelty of the study lies in the fact that personal memories of Old Believers of the 1920s and 1950s (from the village of Nadezhino, Tarbagatai district of Buryatia) are introduced into scientific circulation, allowing to compare the real attitude of people to the processes taking place with the official market position of the designated period.

The role and importance of parliamentary associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the formation of a system of managed interregional integration in 2000-2005.

The article is devoted to the study of the place and role of parliamentary associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the formation of a unified system of interregional integration at the initial stage of the federal reform in 2000-2005. The object of the study is the parliamentary associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the subject is the process of including parliamentary associations in the emerging system of interregional integration and cooperation. The following aspects of the problem are considered: the formation of state policy regarding interregional cooperation of the subjects of the Federation and the participation of parliamentary associations in this process; the organization of interaction between the Federation Council, presidential plenipotentiaries in federal districts and parliamentary associations; the conditions and main directions of activity of interparliamentary associations in the context of the redistribution of powers on subjects of joint jurisdiction of the center and regions. General scientific and special historical research methods were used as the methodological basis of the work: methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic, problem-analytical and historical-comparative methods, as well as the method of structural and functional analysis. The author concludes that the potential of parliamentary associations operating in Russia since the early 1990s has been used to form a system of managed interregional integration. They were included in the joint legislative process on the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the center and the subjects of the Federation by establishing cooperation with the Federation Council and exercising general control over their activities by the presidential Plenipotentiary representative in the federal districts. The study showed that in response to the centralizing policy of the federal center, the parliamentary associations operating in 2000-2005, in order to promptly respond to the requests of the federal center, centralize their organizational foundations and transfer the main levers of management of associations to the heads of legislative authorities of the regions. It is noted that under the conditions of legislative restrictions, the activities of associations are mainly concentrated around issues that are jointly managed by the center and the regions. At the same time, their ability to influence the legislative process is significantly reduced, as well as to defend the consolidated position of the legislative bodies of state power of the subjects of the Federation before the federal authorities.

Preservation of the traditional culture of the Cossacks in the scientific and creative priorities of the Department of Folk Singing and Ethnomusicology of the Saratov State Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov

The article is devoted to the 55-year activity of the Department of Folk Singing and Ethnomusicology of the Saratov State Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov. The focus is on one of the directions in the scientific and creative priorities of the department – the study and preservation of the traditional song heritage in the culture of the Cossacks. The author gives an excursion into the history of the study of musical folklore and the creation of a new specialty "head of a folk choir" at an academic university. The article highlights the role of prominent figures-folklorists associated with the study of the Cossack song tradition and the formation of the science of ethnomusicology at the Saratov State Conservatory – A.M. Listopadov, L.L. Christiansen, A.S. Yareshko. The article summarizes some results of the research, publishing, concert, creative and educational work of teachers and students of the Department of folklore research of the Cossack regions of Russia. The author also refers to the archive of audio recordings and theses with song notations in order to identify the earliest recordings of folklore expeditions to the Cossack regions of the Saratov Volga region, analyzing the musical, poetic and performing style of song folklore. When writing this article, the following art criticism methods were used – comparative historical (comparative) and musical-analytical research methods. Despite the fact that the Cossack song tradition has not been revealed in the territory of the modern Saratov Volga region in the form of a formed musical and ethnographic phenomenon, there are persistent stable indigenous signs characteristic of the Cossack song culture in local manifestations: both a set of song genres and characteristic musical-poetic and vocal-performing features of the Don Cossacks singing style: specific features of folk speech, diphthongs, word breaks, "entrances"-glissandings from below to the main sound, a special phonetic structure of vocal speech. Similar genre, musical style and performance features of the song folklore of the Cossack tradition in the recordings of the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century are found locally as residual phenomena. Later archival records in this region demonstrate the all-Russian late urban tradition. There are many reasons for this: both the influence of mass pop culture and the result of the lack of social ties between generations of different ages, continuity within the family, within singing groups and the "blurring" of the indigenous population by immigrants from different regions.

The role of women in Chinese society and culture

The author analyzes various aspects of the role of women in the society and culture of China of the late XX-early XXI centuries, a special place is occupied by the analysis of family relations, education and artistic creativity of women. The subject of the study is women, the transformation of their status in society and culture, in particular, in the modern pictorial art of China. It is emphasized that at the end of the XX century there is a reassessment of values, the motivation of young people in the family sphere changes, the traditional importance of the family is lost due to state regulation of family relations. Comparative historical and iconographic research methods based on culturological, philosophical and art-historical scientific materials were used. The relevance of the topic is due to the increased interest in Chinese culture and the changing attitude towards women in society and culture. The novelty of the study is an attempt to trace the impact of modernization on the status of Chinese women, taking into account the availability of higher education, gender imbalance in society and culture. It is concluded that obtaining higher education, career development, personal freedom, participation in business, in the socio-political and cultural life of society, becomes a priority for a woman, putting marriage and family values at risk. It is revealed that the negative influence of mass culture leads to the decline of morals, psychological disorders, social infantilism. In contemporary art, Chinese female artists use unconventional artistic techniques to express their "I" in painting, but innovative methods of self-expression are less recognized than those of male artists, as well as defending their point of view and philosophy. The intertwining of cultural heritage and modern values have shaped the path of development of Chinese women's art.