Historical Area Research Articles

SPATIAL CONFLICTS OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER IN THE CITY OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK

Existing spatial conflicts related to the historical environment of the city of Ivano-Frankivsk are analyzed. Examples of the emergence of conflict-forming factors of spatial conflicts related to the impact on the historical and architectural environment of our city are given. An analysis of the appearance of this kind of spatial conflicts, which have the greatest impact on the historical center of the city, where the historical environment of our city is most concentrated, was conducted. 
 Conducting an analysis of the given examples of spatial conflicts that arose on the territory of our city, related to the historical environment, gives grounds for drawing conclusions about the low professional ethics of architects, designers, managers who make decisions without thinking about the preservation of architectural monuments, are not far-sighted in terms of preserving the historical past. Manifestations of inconsistency between architectural and urban planning and historical and architectural legislation. After all, with further actions, we can lose the historical memory associated with many buildings or places, and in the future such places can be displayed only on commemorative plaques, and in the best case, or completely forgotten. 
 It is necessary to continue the work on conducting a total inventory of the architectural monuments of our city with subsequent subsequent certification of historical monuments. Conduct work with all owners or tenants on the conclusion of security agreements with memo holders. 
 Unsystematic intervention in the historical environment deprives us of many historical evidences; any construction work can be carried out in the historical area only after the conclusion of archaeologists. Therefore, during the constant monitoring of construction sites in the center of the city, the department for the protection of cultural heritage obliges developers to conclude agreements with archaeological services, or to assist archaeologists in surveying during earthworks, although in most cases they cause active opposition from both developers and builders.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PROTECTING SHIRAZ'S HISTORIC URBAN FABRIC FROM FLOODING

Shiraz, a city known for its rich historical urban fabric, faces increasing challenges posed by climate change and extreme weather events, particularly floods. The rapid urbanization and limited stormwater management infrastructure have exacerbated the vulnerability of the city's historic areas to flooding. Due to the registration of 360 km of Shiraz historical fabric in the national register in 2023, the importance of planning to safeguard this precious heritage has become twice as crucial. This study explores the potential of urban green spaces as a sustainable approach to mitigate flood impacts on Shiraz's historic urban fabric. Through a comprehensive analysis of flood patterns, urban green spaces, and historic buildings, this research aims to identify the most flood-prone areas and assess the effectiveness of existing green spaces in minimizing flood risks. The study also evaluates the role of vegetation and permeable surfaces in stormwater management to reduce floodwater runoff and its impact on historical structures. The findings reveal that strategically designed and maintained urban green spaces can act as natural flood buffers, helping to regulate water flow, reduce surface runoff, and minimize flood-induced damage to historic buildings. By integrating green spaces into urban planning, policymakers can enhance the city's resilience to floods and preserve the unique character and heritage of Shiraz's historic urban fabric. This study advocates for incorporating green infrastructure and sustainable stormwater management practices as integral to urban planning strategies. By embracing nature-based solutions, Shiraz can safeguard its historical treasures and foster a more sustainable and resilient urban environment for current and future generations. This research aimed to assess the implications of reducing urban green spaces, particularly in the green belt surrounding Shiraz's historic urban fabric and Snag-e-Siah neighborhood, on the vulnerability of historical sites to flood damage and potential demolition. With the utilization of urban green spaces, flood damage to Shiraz's built heritage was investigated in this study using both quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously. The study results showed that the reduction of urban green infrastructure significantly increased the damage caused by floods in the historical area of Shiraz.

Social Impact Assessment of Reconstruction Projects in the Historical Districts Case Study: Bein-Al-Haramain, Shiraz

ABSTRACT Historical urban fabrics have many valuable attributes, but they are often subject to reconstruction plans, especially when they suffer from economic and social problems. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a process of evaluating the positive and negative effects of large-scale projects on different aspects of society. The Bein-al-Haramain project, which was implemented in the historical district of Shiraz in 1995, is a suitable case for this study because of its magnitude and its location in a deteriorated historical area. The project affected Mansourieh Neighbourhood, a historic area that dates back to the pre-Safavid period. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the impacts of this project on the lives of the local residents from their own perspectives. This aim is pursued by using the participatory approach of SIA in the paper. The research employs content analysis as the method, semi-structured interviews as the data collection technique, and qualitative survey as the research strategy. According to the authors’ analysis, the Bein-al-Haramain reconstruction project had mostly negative impacts on the lives of the people living in the Mansourieh Neighbourhood. The main source of the negative effects was the disruption of the connections between Mansourieh Neighbourhood and its Bazaar and the rest of the city.

Stakeholder Synergies for Enhancing Community-based Tourism Development

The rise of community-based tourism has ushered in a new era of home-staying. The paper intends to demonstrate a viable model of synergistic efforts of local community-led tourism, as well as to analyze its functions in culturally significant historic sites. The necessary data were collected in the touristic environment of the historical Panauti area. Open-ended questionnaires with homestay owners and people's representative respondents were employed for the study. This essay focuses on socio-historical perspectives, settings and conditions of modernization, and the success of homestays through collaborative function. The descriptive model was employed for the analysis. Collective features of homestay are recognized as fostering factors for intimate relationship among local people, and local government is also thought to produce sustainable resource use, social relationships, cooperation, and empowerment.

Developing indicators for sustainable urban regeneration in historic urban areas: Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation model comprising indicators spanning four dimensions: social, economic, environmental, and governance. Extensive indicators were gathered from the literature and subsequently subjected to a rigorous screening, validation, and finalization process by a panel of 25 international experts through a Delphi survey. The relative weights assigned to each indicator were determined utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings reveal that the social dimension carries the greatest significance in achieving sustainable urban renewal (SUR), closely followed by the environmental dimension. In terms of assessment categories, the highest priority and weight (0.1186) were attributed to "building and land use," while "economic viability" (weight=0.1049), "policymaking" (weight=0.0982), "community involvement" (weight=0.0882), and "housing provision" (weight=0.850) were also identified as significant areas. The paper emphasizes that these proposed indicators can serve as valuable tools to inform the review and enhancement of urban planning guidelines and policies at the local, state, and national levels, fostering sustainable urban regeneration.

Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation in Indian Heritage Management Policies

ABSTRACT This research paper explores the significance of historic urban landscapes (HUL) in the context of Indian heritage management policies. It investigates the challenges faced in preserving and managing historic urban areas and provides recommendations to enhance the integration of HUL approaches within the existing policy framework. The study draws upon a comprehensive review of scholarly articles, reports, and policy documents related to heritage management in India. The findings emphasise the need for a holistic and inclusive approach that recognises the multifaceted nature of urban heritage and fosters sustainable development while preserving historical significance. The paper offers practical recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to incorporate HUL principles into Indian heritage management policies effectively.

Mapping Living Heritage in Kingston and Arthur’s Vale Historic Area, Norfolk Island: Routes, Customary Practices and Emotions

ABSTRACT In heritage management plans, maps have long been used to draw boundaries around regions and plot natural and cultural sites, trails and routes. Attention to participatory mapping and counter-mapping has increased alongside trends towards bottom-up approaches to heritage that recognise local communities as experts in their own heritage. This article reflects on participatory mapping activities undertaken on Norfolk Island, home to the UNESCO World Heritage listed Kingston and Arthur’s Vale Historic Area. Since the production of the first management plan in 1980, heritage management of Kingston has overwhelmingly privileged the preservation and interpretation of its convict heritage, with historically little attention paid to the island’s past Polynesian settlement and the ongoing Pitcairn settlement since 1856. The article presents findings from collaborative mapping exercises centred on routes, customary practices, and emotions undertaken with Pitcairn Settler descendants and others with long and deep connections to Norfolk Island. In particular, we focus on participants’ commentaries on Kingston’s heritage management. Our analysis highlights the importance of protecting heritage in ways that account for everyday and contemporary experiences, emotional resonances, and unbounded uses of this living heritage site.

Tundra fire increases the likelihood of methane hotspot formation in the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, USA

Rapid warming in Arctic tundra may lead to drier soils in summer and greater lightning ignition rates, likely culminating in enhanced wildfire risk. Increased wildfire frequency and intensity leads to greater conversion of permafrost carbon to greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we quantify the effect of recent tundra fires on the creation of methane (CH4) emission hotspots, a fingerprint of the permafrost carbon feedback. We utilized high-resolution (∼25 m2 pixels) and broad coverage (1780 km2) airborne imaging spectroscopy and maps of historical wildfire-burned areas to determine whether CH4 hotspots were more likely in areas burned within the last 50 years in the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, USA. Our observations provide a unique observational constraint on CH4 dynamics, allowing us to map CH4 hotspots in relation to individual burn events, burn scar perimeters, and proximity to water. We find that CH4 hotspots are roughly 29% more likely on average in tundra that burned within the last 50 years compared to unburned areas and that this effect is nearly tripled along burn scar perimeters that are delineated by surface water features. Our results indicate that the changes following tundra fire favor the complex environmental conditions needed to generate CH4 emission hotspots. We conclude that enhanced CH4 emissions following tundra fire represent a positive feedback that will accelerate climate warming, tundra fire occurrence, and future permafrost carbon loss to the atmosphere.

Sonic environment mapping in Tunjungan road Surabaya with soundwalk method

The soundscape analysis, based on the soundwalk method, was carried out at Tunjungan Street, which is one of the historical areas and a place of traffic. A soundwalk is one method that is used to get the impression of a soundscape. The parameters used in the assessment are acoustic parameters and semantic parameters. Acoustic parameters consist of loudness level, dynamic, and IACC. Semantic parameters are subjective judgments using 16 question items that were given by the researcher to the respondent in the questionnaire. The collection of data was done by the respondent in Tunjungan Street, which was divided into five sections or five points, and each point was measured at three times: morning, daytime, and nighttime. From the results of the study, several conclusions were drawn, namely that the morning has the largest loudness level 81 dBA. The highest dynamic span about 15 dBA and the lowest IACC value is 0.51. When daytime, it has larger loudness level and dynamic value, while at the nighttime it has the largest loudness level and IACC values in particular area only. This finding suggests that there are some part that offers comfort acoustically.

PROBLEMS OF REVITALIZATION OF FACILITIES OF THE SUBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT AND MODERN BUILDING IN THE HISTORICAL PART OF SMALL TOWNS

The revitalization of objects of the subject-spatial environment and the construction of modern buildings in the historical environment of settlements is a complex task that causes numerous discussions. This process is often accompanied by sharp accusations, in which the main argument sounds quite convincing: new buildings and structures disturb the authentic atmosphere of the old buildings.
 Cities that are on the list of historical ones, according to the Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Cultural Heritage», require a special approach to their preservation and spatial development. The legislation regulates the construction of such cities in the historical environment through the so-called historical areas, historical and architectural reserves, the allocation of protected areas, complex protection zones, and development regulation zones.
 The introduction of security restrictions contributes to the preservation of the historical architectural and urban structure of such cities, but at the same time restrains new construction and restoration and reconstruction of abandoned buildings and structures. Thus, due to these restrictions, after many years of disinterested attitude of developers and lenders to architectural monuments, their condition has greatly deteriorated. Many buildings need not just cosmetic repairs, but serious restoration work. Revitalization projects of objects in the historical part of cities must be carried out on the basis of security documentation, which clearly regulates the approaches and principles of building reproduction. Such projects should also be implemented on the basis of an integrated approach to the reproduction of buildings, which will make it possible to ensure the maximum preservation of their valuable historical environment and compliance with monument protection requirements.
 Since the planning structure and construction of old quarters were created in accordance with the requirements of previous socio-economic eras, they are practically not amenable to adaptation to new functions. Therefore, today the task is to carry out their reconstruction with the maximum preservation of historically valuable buildings and at the same time harmoniously fit new structural elements into their subject-spatial environment. Here, it is important to ensure that when a new building is introduced into the historical environment, the modern architectural form becomes part of the formed architectural ensemble, and does not look like a foreign element. It is necessary to treat the historically valuable buildings with great responsibility, which must be preserved and maintained in good condition in every possible way, at the same time not to refuse the construction of new buildings in the historical environment, which should correspond in appearance and technology to the present, and not mechanically copy the historical past, devaluing it.

LITERARY FRANCOPHONIA AND THE BORDER PHENOMENON: EVOLUTION OF VIEWPOINTS

The article is devoted to one of the relevant problems of understanding francophonie - the consideration of this phenomenon as a special literary field, where several texts in different languages (one of which is French) coexist. Francophone literature outside of France emerged as an independent phenomenon in the middle of the 20th century (with the exception of the province of Quebec and the historical francophone areas, such as - Switzerland, Belgium) and the study of these literatures has its own history. The purpose of the study is to consider several approaches to interpreting the problems of French-language literatures that are formed at the intersection of cultures. The article gives a brief overview of the concepts and theories used in the context of literary francophonie: the traditional “center-periphery” dichotomy, the concept of cultural miscegenation, post-colonial discourse and the theory of creolization. The research describes such markers of the borderland as the representation of a mestizo identity by French-speaking authors, the poetics of postmodernism, and the hybridity of the language code. The conclusion is made about the inextricable connection of French-language literary texts that exist on the border of two worldviews - “one’s own” and “alien”, simultaneously with the local and world literary heritage, as well as the relationship between the postmodern concept and postcolonial studies.

Unveiling the potential of space syntax approach for revitalizing historic urban areas: A case study of Yushan Historic District, China

Historic urban areas are a crucial component of urban heritage, embodying the collective memory of urban development and possessing distinctive urban textures and cultural attributes. However, the growing impact of globalization on the urban environment poses challenges to historic urban areas, including diminishing social recognition, aging infrastructure, loss of vitality, and cultural erosion. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel approach to revitalizing historic urban areas by employing space syntax methodology. The study focuses on Yushan Historic District in China as a case study and uses spatial models within space syntax to describe, analyze, and interpret its urban morphology. The objective is to enhance urban vitality while preserving the heritage fabric of historic urban areas. Additionally, it aims to contribute to the advancement of space syntax research, specifically in the context of urban renewal and revitalization of historic districts. The findings reveal the spatial factors that contribute to the generation of vitality within the district, identify areas requiring intervention, and provide strategies for revitalizing historic urban areas. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing a space syntax approach in urban revitalization, providing valuable guidance for effectively conserving urban heritage within the context of urban renewal.

Typo-Morphological Approaches for Maintaining the Sustainability of Local Traditional Culture: A Case Study of the Damazhan and Xiaomazhan Historical Area in Guangzhou

This paper studies the spatial forms and cultural sustainability of the Damazhan and Xiaomazhan historical area, the only area that reflects the development of the assembled-clan hall culture in Guangzhou. In the face of modernization and reconstruction, traditional culture plays an increasingly crucial role in modern cities, determining the expression of architectural uniqueness and continuous development that adapts to social needs. Therefore, preserving cultural characteristics is more relevant than ever. This study combines historical literature research with typo-morphological analysis to establish analytical strategies that link cultural sustainability with spatial evolution from the perspective of sustainable development. The analytical framework consists of three parts: First of all, through historical literature research, a thorough analysis is conducted on the cultural and social influencing factors from the Dynasties of Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and the Republic of China to the reform and opening up period. Secondly, feature elements of the location are extracted, and a typo-morphological approach is used to analyze the sustained changes in spatial forms. Finally, the relationship between changes in block form and building types and the inheritance and development of traditional culture are demonstrated. The analytical results indicate that the continuity of cultural characteristics is embodied in the continuity of the block and architectural spatial characteristics, while cultural transformation and man-made social factors affect the changes in spatial forms. This paper combines the perspective of cultural sustainability analysis with the traditional typo-morphological approaches of urban spatial analysis, supplementing the existing typo-morphological methodology. In addition, guiding the development of urban morphology from the perspective of cultural sustainability is of prominent practical significance.

Evaluation of Renovation Projects of Urban Villages and Historic Buildings in Shenzhen

With the continuous improvement of the urbanization level, urban construction and scale expansion, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the urban social economy, promote the rational and effective use of the urban land, improve the urban environment quality and urban facilities, urban areas must carry out the planned transformation. Aiming at Shenzhen, this paper discusses the principles of reconstruction, analyzes existing problems, and puts forward suggestions from the two directions of reconstruction of urban villages and historical buildings. The reconstruction of urban villages mainly follows the principle of the comprehensive renovation. The main problems are high rent, poor environment and high demolition costs. We suggest optimizing the structure of public space, unified government planning and guidance, more professional policies, market-oriented construction, and encouraging rural collective economic organizations to transform themselves. The reconstruction of historical buildings mainly follows the protection planning policies of historic areas. The existing problems include large-scale demolition and construction, lack of features and imperfect commercialization of historic districts. We suggest that the protection of ancient buildings should be strengthened, the architectural styles should be diversified, and other functions should be introduced in addition to the original residential functions.

Directing Reused Industrial Heritage to Public Taste: The Case of 1933 Old Millfun, Shanghai

Industrial heritage carries the task of not only preserving and inheriting historical culture, but also solving the homogenization of the historical area. The culture cannot be passed on without public participation; people are not only creators but also transmitters of culture. Thus, it will be an important issue to direct industrial culture to public taste. This study is conducted with regard to 1933 Old Millfun, Shanghai, focusing on the visitor’s cultural experience, and exploring the public’s assessment of cultural expression in combination with the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method. Through establishing an industrial culture quality evaluation system, the results suggest that the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method is effective in clarifying the public needs for industrial culture from the tastes of most visitors, and is able to propose a clear development direction for the assessment subject. The research demonstrates a methodology for evaluating the compatibility between heritage culture and public acceptance, weakening the conflict between building designers and users in the future.

Analysis of Rare Earth Elements in Pteridophytes from the Historical Mining Area, Southwestern Japan

Recent studies have shown that various fern species can accumulate REEs in the soil and may be utilized as indicator plants. Athyrium yokoscense, commonly called hebino negoza in Japan, is a pteridophyte that is used as an indicator of metal-contaminated soils in Japan. Mining and mineral processing increase the potential of mine minerals to oxidize and change their chemical form. A study on the biogeochemical behavior of REEs in the mine area needs to be conducted due to the significant use of REEs as an essential material for various applications in the world. The REE content in sediment and pteridophytes under different mining areas was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The concentration of REEs contained in Athyrium yokoscense was analyzed and then compared to sediment to determine the ability of the plant to absorb and accumulate rare earth elements in the mine area. Sediment and plant samples were collected from three mining areas: Ikuno mine, Akenobe mine, and Tada mine. Athyrium yokoscense plants were collected and digested with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric acid (HNO3) at a ratio of 2:5. Sediment samples were taken and digested by the alkali fusion method using lithium tetraborate and then processed using the conventional column method. The present study determined that the concentration of REEs varies in every location, and light REEs tend to be more abundant in sediments than heavy REEs. The amount that can be transferred to ferns also varies. Athyrium yokoscense in the ex-mining area accumulates proportionately more LREEs than HREEs, specifically in the Athyrium yokoscense leaves. The characteristic of the element significantly contributes to the accumulation of REEs in pteridophytes.

One Health Approach to Leptospirosis: Dogs as Environmental Sentinels for Identification and Monitoring of Human Risk Areas in Southern Brazil.

Leptospirosis has been a neglected, widespread and reemerging zoonotic disease of global importance. The One Health holistic approach combining human, animal and environmental health has been important for control and prevention of zoonotic disease. An urban municipality in Southern Brazil with a high prevalence of leptospirosis was selected by convenience, with asymptomatic human and canine individuals serologically tested using MAT against 30 Leptospira spp. serovars. Epidemiological questionnaires were assessed along with the historical national database, with associated risk factors to dog and human seropositivity analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The spatial distribution of retrospective human leptospirosis cases was analyzed using a Kernel map and overlapped dog seropositivity and historical flooding areas, demonstrating that domestic and asymptomatic dogs may be important environmental sentinels for leptospirosis in such urban areas, even in the absence of human seropositivity and low canine seropositivity. Associated risk factors for leptospirosis in dogs and humans according to multiple regression included healthy dogs (p = 0.02, odds ratio-OR = 0.17, confidence interval of 95%CI 0.03-0.71) with indoor access (p = 0.059, OR = 5.12, 95%CI 1.10-37.7) and human males (p = 0.042, OR = 2.44, 95%CI 1.08-6.11) with presenting calf pain (p = 0.005, OR = 3.14, 95%CI 1.46-7. 14), jaundice (p < 0.001, OR = 4.61, 95%CI 2.11-10.10) and renal failure (p = 0.008, OR = 4.49, 95%CI 1.49-13.76). The greater the rain precipitation (above 3 mm of average annual precipitation), the higher the number of leptospirosis cases in humans. In conclusion, dog active serosurvey and rain precipitation should be systematically reported and plotted altogether as a basis for the early detection and monitoring of human risk areas. Such findings may serve as a basis for public health policies in Brazil and other endemic countries worldwide.

A Socio-spatial Evaluation on Housing Preferences in Historical Area: The Case of Kilitbahir Settlement

The evaluation of housing study in the historical areas brings to important issues such as the tendencies of the users in housing preferences and purchasing emerge. Determining housing preferences in historical areas is important to ensure socio-spatial sustainability and the protection-usage balance in these areas, which have a unique settlement pattern. The aim of the study is to determine which factors shape the housing preferences of the users in these areas. Also, it is aimed to evaluate whether registered and traditional residences are a reason for preference by individuals. Kilitbahir located within the boundaries of Çanakkale Gallipoli Historical Site has been determined as the case area. In this study, in which descriptive survey model was used, the main and sub-factors were analyzed to determine the housing preferences in the historical area. Evaluation was made in four groups: the main factors affecting the housing preferences, the sub-factors determining the housing preferences, the analysis of the propositions for the housing market and the analysis of the housing preferences according to the user profiles. As a result of the evaluations, the participants in Kilitbahir give more importance to the structural, visual and economic criteria when purchasing housing than the criteria related to social, historical and tourism issues. Moreover, depending on the level of education and age, there is an awareness of registered and traditional houses in the area.

Does large area burned mean a bad fire year? Comparing contemporary wildfire years to historical fire regimes informs the restoration task in fire-dependent forests

Wildfires and fire seasons are commonly rated largely on the simple metric of area burned (more hectares: bad). A seemingly paradoxical narrative frames large fire seasons as a symptom of a forest health problem (too much fire), while simultaneously stating that fire-dependent forests lack sufficient fire to maintain system resilience (too little fire). One key to resolving this paradox is placing contemporary fire years in the context of historical fire regimes, considering not only total fire area but also burn severity distributions. Historical regimes can also inform forest restoration efforts by illuminating the pace and scale at which fires historically maintained (i.e., ‘treated’) fire-resilient landscapes. Here we ask, for a broad extent of the inland Pacific Northwest (eastern Oregon and Washington, USA), a region predominated by drier forest types and recently experiencing record-breaking fire years: 1) How much annual fire area would have been needed to support historical fire regimes?; and 2) How do contemporary fire years (1985–2020) compare to historical fire amounts and severities?To meet historical fire frequencies for each forest type, annual area burned would have averaged at least 224,000–291,000 ha per year regionally prior to the 20th century (notwithstanding interannual variability) – presumably arising from both indigenous-cultural and lightning-ignited fires. Drier forests would account for 82–88% of annual burn area. In contrast, despite the seemingly fiery contemporary era, contemporary fire years average just ∼49,100 ha·yr−1 (∼17–22% of historical), with only one year approximating historical area burned. Contemporary years average well under historical rates for virtually all severity classes across dry and moist (but not cold) forests. Annualized fire deficits relative to historical rates are especially conspicuous for low-severity area in dry forests (on average missing 127,000–161,000 ha·yr−1 regionally) and moderate-severity area in both dry (missing 34,000–44,000 ha·yr−1) and moist (missing 9000–12,000 ha·yr−1) forests. Ten-year moving averages in burn area are increasing in recent years, but remain below historical levels. Trends are similar across states and major land ownerships.With current forest restoration efforts occurring at a fraction of historical fire rates, our findings highlight that successful restoration and maintenance will require a) increasing active treatment rates, and b) incorporating managed wildfire to attain substantially more treated area. As such, beneficial fire years may be those not with less, but rather more, area burned – with characteristic severity and patch distributions, minimal clearly-negative impacts (e.g. loss of life and property), and contribution to restoration/maintenance objectives.

A future landscaping conduct directive: to preserve green and historical patrimony areas or to adjust it to the humans and traffic needs?

A future landscaping conduct directive: to preserve green and historical patrimony areas or to adjust it to the humans and traffic needs?