Historical Analogies Research Articles

Analysis of tactical actions of women's football teams participating in the UEFA Champions League

The processes observed in women's football, in particular in the conduct of the UEFA Champions League among women's teams, require the development and improvement of methods of organizing training and competitive activities. Solving this problem at the current stage of football development is possible only through the intensification and individualization of the educational and training process, as well as by researching the indicators of competitive activity of the leading teams. An example of this is the UEFA Champions League games, where teams demonstrate extremely high indicators that characterize competitive activity and determine the current trends in the development of women's football in the world. The purpose of the work is to determine the characteristics of the tactical actions of the leading women's football teams in matches of the UEFA Champions League. Materials and methods of research. Analysis and generalization of literary sources, theoretical interpretation and explanation, method of historical analogies, pedagogical observation, elements of mathematical statistics. The results of the research. The analysis of competitive performance indicators established that the high pressing has become an integral part of the game of the leading women’s teams in UEFA Champions League matches. The French clubs lead the rating by the indicator of pressing intensity, their indicator was within 9.3 passes (Lion) to 9.9 passes (PSG) that was established. The lowest indicators of the intensity of pressing in the German team Bayern – 22.7 passes. The obtained results of the analysis of the average number of passes from the flank per game, as well as the percentage of their efficiency, indicate their low efficiency, since this indicator is in the range from 12% (Rusenhord) to 29.2% (Barcelona), which affects the effectiveness of attacks afterafter high transfers from the flank. The obtained results of the study indicate that in order to carry out effective attacks by the leading women’s teams of the UEFA Champions League, it is necessary to carry out an average of 10.3 attacks on the opponent’s goal. The highest indicators of the number of attempts to carry out effective attacks were established by the Barcelona team (5.5 attacks) and the Chelsea team (5.6 attacks). Conclusions. A high pressing is becoming more effective due to the tendency to increase the number of short passes from the goalkeeper that was established by the results of a study of the competitive performance of the leading women’s teams in UEFA Champions League matches. This increases the level of defense and the intensity of the pressing when the opponents look for opportunities to build an attack. The high passes from the wing are less effective than sharp passes from the bottom, this is due to the high level of preparation of central defenders and goalkeepers that was established by the comparative analysis of the execution of wing passes by the leading teams participating in the UEFA Champions League. The development trends of the modern football game are characterized by high defensive lines, which influenced quick counterattacks from low pressing, which became less used - only certain teams usually prefer a low defensive block.

Dependences and ways to eliminate them: a past that resonates with the present

The invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine has showed, on the one hand, the high cohesion and patriotism of Ukrainian society and their perception of independence as a higher value; on the other hand - the inability to preserve it with the resources of the national economy alone, and therefore - a high external dependence on the decisions of global leaders on the provision of aid and the use of the industrial base of the West to ensure the defense and security of Ukraine. Updated by S. Mariotti, the issue of "global protectionism" needs to be considered via the prism of the contextual economic conditions for the implementation of such a policy (wars, post-war recovery, crises). The purpose of the article is to investigate, based on the experience of the pioneer of industrial revolution and the adept of free market - Great Britain, the historical facts regarding the elites’ reaction to new challenges and threats of the beginning of the 20th century, and policy measures to encourage and protect national producers and their consequences, as well as to visualize various recent examples of protectionism, and draw conclusions for Ukraine. Historical parallels between the situation at the beginning of the 20th century and the events of recent years give grounds for assuming that the answer to the question "How to speed up the recovery of Ukraine's economy during the period of severe war test?" should not be sought in modern policy measures of developed countries (where a powerful industrial potential has been created by the joint efforts of government and business over many years and the governments’ activities are focused on managing the crises to preserve and strengthen this potential), but rather in retrospective mechanisms that ensured the expansion of the existing and creation of new industries to strengthen the economic efficiency and national security. The author shows that the state financial incentives and protectionist tariffs, introduced in Great Britain in the national interest in response to new challenges and threats, were effective for more than 40 years, which helped this country develop key industries, reduce dependence on imported strategic goods, and prepare for new challenges. It is substantiated that the stimulating and protective mechanisms of India's policy, which have been launched recently to reduce dependence on the supply of strategic goods from China, are a reflection of the measures implemented by Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century to reduce dependence on supplies of important goods from Germany. Similar mechanisms are being introduced by the United States in accordance with the interests of national security. The author demonstrates that Ukraine has lower protective tariffs not only compared to Asian countries that are developing and protecting their own industry, but also to the EU. It is substantiated that when forming a strategy for economic independence and post-war recovery, Ukraine should take into account both the historical experience of Great Britain and the modern practices of introducing policy mechanisms to encourage and protect own industries for defense and security purposes.

Peculiarities of the mutual influence of Italian and Chinese musical theater tradition in historical development

Statement of the problem. Modern opera performance art in China is closely related to the national theater tradition, which has a thousand-year history. Despite the fact that Italian (and generally European) musical and dramatic art has been known in China for more than a few century, the public did not perceive it for a long time due to significant differences in many aspects: from stage dramaturgy, vocal roles to behavioral norms in the theater institutions. This study draws historical parallels between Italian opera and national Chinese music-theatre art and examines attempts to adapt Italian vocal art to Chinese. Objectives, methods, novelty of the research. In this investigation, we tried to find common and distinctive features in Italian and Chinese musical theater by comparison, as well as to identify the factors that influence the perception of the theater work by the Chinese public. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the path taken to adapt Italian vocal art to the Chinese language, the national musical theater and its audience is analyzed, and the role of tradition in this process. The main research method is comparative, with the help of which the common and distinctive features of Chinese and Italian musical theater are revealed; methods of historical musicology and cultural studies were also used. Research results. The development of Italian and Chinese musical theater in certain historical periods took place in parallel, so they have a number of similar typological features. Both Chinese and Italian theaters synthesize different types of art: singing, ballet, visual series (decoration, costumes), dramatic action. At the same time, they are fundamentally different manifestations of theatrical art. In Chinese opera, the visual component is of great importance – costumes, make-up, decor, etc., and the content and plot vicissitudes are deliberately simplified so that the audience is not distracted, but can enjoy the spectacle. The difference of Chinese opera is circus art: the actors had to have acrobatic and fighting skills and impress the audience with them. In Italian opera at the stage of its formation, the visual series was given great importance, but due to the fact that the authors of the first opera models (Florentines) considered as a model the Greek drama with its idea of moral improvement through catharsis, its dramaturgy is radically different from that of the Chinese theater; therefore, tragedies and dramas were not perceived by the Chinese audience who went to the theater to be entertained and enjoy the skill of the actors. For quite a long period after the penetration of European culture, the Chinese public did not perceive works of Western art, treated them as exotic and often did not understand their essence, aesthetics and value in general. The main obstacle was usually the language, but also the content of the theatrical works of European playwrights, translated into Chinese, did not find a response in the audience, despite the rather significant commonality in plots, themes, and issues. The public did not understand complex ideas that were accompanied by dramatic events or had a tragic ending. Conclusion. Italian and Chinese opera have many common features, but differ in their basis, and the Chinese audience did not perceive Western art for so long because of the fundamental difference in the approach to the visual and content aspects. The originality of Chinese theater drama consists in maximum visualization, which distinguishes it from European drama, in which the content is the basis of the work. The formation of modern opera performing art in China took place in the middle of the 20th century, and this process has a distinctive feature: modern national opera in European traditions was created in order to interest the Chinese public, to draw their attention to the new art. The first example of such an opera (yangban xi) – “The White-Haired Girl “(1945), created by the team of authors of the Academy of Fine Arts named after Lu Xin, became popular among the Chinese, which confirmed the correctness of the creative approach that combined European forms and Chinese performance traditions. In addition, the work was adapted for plastic (ballet), screen and traditional theater (xìqǔ) arts. The appearance of such productions contributed to the fact that the public gradually got used to European opera, and today Chinese opera art is widely represented on the national and world stages. In the years since the appearance of the first Western-style national opera, Chinese singers have mastered various classical vocal styles: Italian bel canto, traditional Chinese singing, Chinese bel canto, and now represent their own national vocal school on world stages.

Reconstruction of the South Ural Stage of the Punitive Campaign of Tamerlane's Troops Against the Golden Horde in 1391

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is due to Russia's belonging to the world of Eurasian civilizations, whose role has been belittled against the background of historical events in Europe. Meanwhile, large-scale processes took place in the Southern Urals in the XIV century, about which there is too little information not only in the educational literature, but also in specialized publications. These include the campaign of the Timurid troops against the Golden Horde in 1391 and its culmination – the Battle of Kondurcha. It was these events that laid the prerequisites for the final collapse of the Jochi Ulus, which in turn accelerated the process of liberating Russian lands from the Horde dependence. The key part of this military campaign is directly connected with the Southern Urals, but the main events of this stage of the campaign (first of all, a major vanguard battle in the west of Orenburg region) still remain unexplored.The purpose: to reconstruct the South Ural stage of the punitive campaign of Tamerlane's troops against the Golden Horde in 1391.Objectives: to make a periodization of the campaign; to determine the affiliation of the hydronyms "Samur" and "Iik" to determine the key points of the campaign; to calculate the average possible speed of movement of Tamerlane's army to identify the possible length of the route of his troops; to find out the approximate localization of the vanguard battle of the opposing sides; to calculate the approximate size of Tamerlane's army.Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, the analysis of topographic elements of the terrain, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, historical analogies and other methods.Results. It was established that the main events of the investigated campaign took place on the territory of the modern Orenburg region, and not Bashkortostan, as indicated in a number of studies. A periodization of the campaign has been compiled, within which two stages of the South Ural stage of this military campaign have been identified. Thanks to the determination of the average speed of movement of troops, it was possible to interpret such hydronyms as "Samur" and "Iik" and establish the approximate location of a major vanguard battle of the opposing armies. With the help of a set of methods, the approximate number of Tamerlane's army was determined.Conclusion. The total length of the South Ural route of the punitive campaign of the Timurid troops in 1391 to the Golden Horde is 700 km, overcome in 21 days. This means that the average speed of movement of troops did not exceed 33 km, which fully fits into the calculations we have given and corresponds to the real capabilities of medieval armies. The presented route is confirmed by archaeological sources, including a unique metal helmet found in the Orenburg region, in the paradise of the Kargalki river. The largest vanguard battle of the considered military campaign took place in the west of Orenburg, on the border of modern Asekeyevsky, Grachevsky, Matveevsky and Krasnogvardeysky districts. The number of troops involved in the campaign is in the range of 50-80 thousand.

A Celebration of Kepler’s Third Law: Harmony, Power Laws, and Keplerian Orbits

Kepler’s greatest achievements are contained in his three laws, which today reappear constantly at the cutting edge of modern astrophysics. The modified third law has been the major workhorse of astronomy and astrophysics in determining the mass of objects throughout the universe. Kepler never revealed why he chose the integers, 2 and 3, to test using Tycho’s data. Because of his attachment to Pythagorean ideas and his knowledge of musical theory, I suggest he was guided by the musical interval known as the perfect fifth, for which the ratio of frequencies is 3/2. The perfect fifth is the most consonant of all intervals except the octave, and, as such, is the basis of all the tuning of stringed instruments. If Kepler had recognized the significance of the perfect fifth in analyzing Tycho’s data, it suggests a very pleasing historical parallelism between music and astronomy. In discovering the third law, Kepler also chanced upon the world's first known power law, which is now found in many forms throughout the earth and heavens. In discovering that the Galilean moons of Jupiter also obeyed the third law, Kepler encountered the phenomenon of scale independence, which is responsible for the ubiquity of power laws across the universe. The third law also played a crucial role in Newton’s discovery of the inverse square law of gravity in 1666. Not only did it provide Newton with a crucial mathematical step, but the third law also had the authority of Tyco’s observations. Christopher Wren and Edmund Halley relied similarly upon the third law for their apparent independent discoveries of the inverse square law.

Modeling fires based on the results of correlation analysis

In order to monitor and study in more detail the causes and probability of the occurrence and spread of fires in the east of Ukraine in the combat zone, mathematical modeling of the factors influencing the occurrence of fires based on linear regression was performed in this study. The initial assessment of a priori information presented in a discrete form is a time—consuming process. A large dataset with a time interval requires application of ready—made methods and solutions. By applying statistical analysis techniques and historical analogies, it becomes possible to visually and graphically evaluate the initial data. This evaluation serves as the foundation for classifying factors, which enables their division into samples for subsequent analysis and modeling.The expediency of application of correlation analysis is demonstrated by its ability to establish and illustrate the connections between fires and hostilities across different time intervals. To examine the connection between fires and the factors contributing to their occurrence, the widely used method of linear regression was applied, which is common in solving problems of ecological monitoring of the Earth.Consequently, a program code was developed to provide the implementation of the linear regression algorithm. Since a large data set requires ready—made mathematical tools with a visualization function, therefore, the Python programming language was chosen as a tool for mathematical modeling of fires in eastern Ukraine caused by ongoing active hostilities. To facilitate simulation, random variables are partitioned with a distribution ratio of 40% for testing models and 60% for training models. The visual materials in this study encompass the initial data for subsequent analysis, the outcomes of data set partitioning, and their corresponding models. The tabular data comprises quantitative assessments of test and training models, serving as a basis for decision—making regarding the degree to which prediction results align with the study's objectives. These quantitative evaluations of prediction outcomes highlight the necessity of a comprehensive initial set of factors influencing fire initiation, along with their qualitative and quantitative classification. The implementation of the mathematical algorithm confirms the ease of application of regression methods.However, when employing regression analysis to model fires without prior knowledge, it highlights the importance of conducting supplementary analysis through other established methods and synthesizing additional data. This can be achieved by utilizing interval estimates with the aid of fuzzy logic.

The Economic Public Interest in a World of Oligopoly*

The Australian economy has performed well compared with comparable countries over the last three decades only if we average the excellent performance in the 1990s and the poor performance over the past decade. Real wages over the past decade have stagnated—to an extent without historical parallel. We cannot understand the economy's underperformance without recognising the increasing claims of economic rents on national income. Correction of weaknesses requires coordination of many policy instruments including measures to reduce the prevalence of rents (competition policy and regulation of oligopoly where competition is not feasible or inefficient) and changes in taxation arrangements to shift the burden of business taxation from firms in competitive activities to firms relying heavily on economic rents.

Historical Analogies

Abstract Historical analogies are amongst the most important tools in applied history. On the one hand, they are applauded as decision-making tools, on the other hand they are criticised by the historical discipline. In the discipline of applied history, historical analogies remain deconceptualised. This article defines and classifies the various forms of historical analogy. Classification is based on people and events, on how history is learned and on the depth of the lessons learned from historical analogies. The functions of historical analogies in policymaking and decision-making are discussed and clarified by means of historical examples. The article then reflects on the limitations of historical analogies and, to conclude, suggests ways to encourage the correct use of historical analogies.

Framing the present through the past: Ukrainian diaspora in France, Holodomor memory and the 2014 critical juncture

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a rarely addressed aspect of the link between diaspora and memory construction: the use of historical analogies, i.e. the way in which the memory of a past event (the 1933 famine in Ukraine, known as the Holodomor) is used by diasporic entrepreneurs to frame current violent events (the Russian–Ukrainian conflict). Based on fieldwork conducted among the Ukrainian diaspora in France, I show that the critical juncture of 2014 was a key moment in the reinterpretation of the present through the past (and vice versa), and identify three core-framing mechanisms that construct the historical analogy: parallelism, causality and implication. This framing activity contributed to the reconstruction of the imagined Ukrainian community and its radical separation from the Russian one. More generally, the article highlights the need to understand memory and nation-building as transnational processes that are not necessarily tied to the personal histories of diasporic entrepreneurs.

Fuels reduction can directly improve spotted owl foraging habitat in the Sierra Nevada

Wildfire has been an important force in shaping biological diversity in forests of western North America. Patterns of reburning helped to maintain heterogenous landscapes with low tree densities that naturally limited the extent of severe stand-replacing fires. However, anthropogenic impacts over the past two centuries have dramatically altered fire activity and its ecological function, creating conditions that promote large and intense fires with no historical analog. Fuels reduction treatments represent proven methods to mitigate extreme fire events, but there is controversy over their potential effects to sensitive wildlife species. The California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is a forest species that evolved under a frequent-fire regime. Controversy over how spotted owls may be impacted by fuels reduction is one of numerous contributing factors that has limited the pace and scale of implementation. To examine the relationships between spotted owls and fuels reduction treatments, we studied breeding season nocturnal foraging habitat selection related to fuel structural metrics of 159 GPS-tagged California spotted owls across the Sierra Nevada bioregion. Spotted owls selected for higher canopy base height, lower ladder fuel density, and lower canopy bulk density, which represent synergies between fuels reduction treatments and owl space use. Spotted owls also selected for higher surface fuels and higher canopy layer counts, representing potential trade-offs between fuels reduction goals and spotted owl space use. We overlaid the probability of space use by foraging spotted owls with relative stand density index (SDI), a measure of forest resilience, to classify Sierra Nevada landscapes into four groups: low management priority (low owl use/high forest resilience), fuels reduction priority (low owl use/low forest resilience), potential conflict zones (high owl use/low forest resilience), and habitat retention priority (high owl use/high forest resilience). Fuels reduction priority (34.4%) was the largest category, suggesting that potential impacts of fuels reduction on spotted owl foraging habitat may be less widespread in the Sierra Nevada than previously believed. Our results suggest that fuels reduction treatments, especially those focused on mutually beneficial goals such as increasing canopy base height, reducing ladder fuels, and reducing canopy bulk density may directly improve spotted owl foraging habitat while also mitigating the effects of large and severe wildfires on forest species and forest ecosystems.

İmparatorluk Ve Baskın Fetret Dönemleri

This paper deals with the crisis of the domination of the political “West” with the rest of the world, at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Using the tradition of Ancient Rome, this paper will label the mentioned period as interregnum. Period when the unipolar world shifts towards a multipolar world, in which there is a need of new coexistence as a product of dialog against confrontation. The aim is to draw a historical parallel in order to determine the genesis of previous and current phenomena during the period of interregnum. Determination of the existence of cycles of interregnum in different civilizations and the exit strategy from such periods, with a special emphasis on modern phenomena in the era of globalization. This is a time of multiple crises and uncertainties which mark the end of the world as we know it, and the original need to go back to normalcy in an entirely new context of human existence. The paper, while analyzing the challenges of Western civilization, will also observe if the West, as a civilization, will have the courage for making bold and new decisions, or will it let another civilization do this; the paper deals with the view of West on the West itself. It was necessary to decipher the structural crisis of what we call the West, in order to respond to the dilemma of whether we are living in the end of the 5 centuries domination of the West over the entire humanity.

Max Weber and Harriet Martineau in physical education: Nuances of historical parallelism and gender bias in the sociological method

Physical education has been constituted in a complex scenario, and despite this epistemological debate, we can find the existence of a “sociology of sport,” a relatively recent field of study dominated by names such as Karl Marx, Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, while the name of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist, is absent of research in the “sociology of sport.” This article aims to explore two possible phenomena to explain this failure: Historical parallelism and gender bias. This research applies the bibliographic method with a descriptive approach, based on the works of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, including supporting theoretical references. As the main result, Weber considered sociology as a science that seeks to interpretively understand social action and explain it causally in its course and effects. According to Weber, scientists must be skilled in separating judgments of reality (what is) and judgments of value (what ought to be) in scientific analysis, to pursue genuine knowledge, and he organized his sociological analysis method based on two main tools: (1) Ideal types and (2) types of social action. Temporarily before Weber, Martineau (1802 – 1876) pointed to aspects related to the observation process, and provided examples related to the different classifications of what Weber referred to as “social action.” She emphasized the need to engage with the people and groups from which one seeks to gather information, and two elements stand out: (1) The recommendation to study things, using people’s discourse as if it was a commentary on them and (2) the occasional need to distance oneself a little to have a more accurate view of the phenomenon. Martineau provided relevant indications regarding the recording of facts, previously to Weber. In conclusion, it is expected that researchers from different areas, including physical education, who employ research methods from the social sciences, field diary observations, and interviews, can appropriate what was previously produced before Max Weber, in this case, by Harriet Martineau.

Metaphysics of Epoch Synchronisations and Music

The purpose of this work is to trace the natural character of those historical metaphysical similarities that are laid down by the repetition of social changes from century to century and evoke the corresponding artistic and stylistic analogies based on the religious and cultural tendencies of nations. The methodological basis is the intonation approach of B. Asafiev’s school in Ukraine, comparative and hermeneutic prolongations of intonation in the works of D. Androsova, T. Verkina, O. Kozarenko, I. Kotliarevskyi, I. Liashenko, Liu Bintsyan, O. Markova, O. Muravska, O. Sokolova, with the use of scientific and research methods: art historical and analytical, descriptive and historical, cultural and regionalist, religious studies. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the originality of the correlation of the layers of culture and art according to the logic of their epochal style and thought coincidence, including art historical parallels of ideological and state-building institutions, behavioural and ethical norms of the revolutionary strata of China and Italy in the 1840s and 1850s, the prevalence of stringed plucked instruments as a sign of Renaissance thinking in Europe and China, the capture of Rococo influences on the Cossack culture of Ukraine with a focus on woman’s creative participation. Conclusions. The discovery of Renaissance cultural features in the nations of the East obliges us to recognise analogies with Europe, which is recorded in the parallel of the life-behavioural and cultural-artistic actions of the Italian Risorgimento ("Renaissance of Italy" as the realisation of a romantic utopia) and the Chinese Taipingyang (the construction of the "Heavenly City" utopia as the Renaissance of the greatness of ancient China). The article also introduces the assertion of the original Renaissance "two worlds" in the biconfessional Jagiellonian Poland, in which the component of Cossack Ukraine demonstrated a tangent to the majestic achievements of prosaloon aristocratic instrumentalism in the life of kobzars-bandura players and song-madrigal female creative expression.
 Key words: metaphysics of history, renaissance, culture, musical culture, epochal style of thinking, musical style.

Retrospective analogies and current events in Ukraine as the origins of law-making

In connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, an urgent problem is the search for the necessary changes in the legal sphere to ensure international peace and security both in international institutions and in the national legislation of individual states. This primarily concerns Ukraine as a state suffering from aggression. Therefore, it is appropriate to refer to historical analogies regarding the creation of organizations that were intended to oppose the outbreak of full-scale wars. The purpose of the work is to research on the example of historical analogies the factors of the activities of international organizations of collective security, first of all the League of Nations and the United Nations, which did not allow to prevent large-scale military conflicts – the Second World War and the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as well as ascertaining and proving the need for appropriate reform in the legal sphere in the direction of collective security, which requires persistent multifaceted law-making activity, including in Ukraine, which suffers from aggression. The following historical analogies are considered, related to the events that were the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere: the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years’ War in Europe; the League of Nations is the first international organization created with the aim of achieving peace and security among nations, the impetus for its establishment was the consequences of the First World War; the UN is the legal successor of the League of Nations, formed in 1945 after the Second World War, which took into account the gains and miscalculations of the League of Nations. The founders of the UN are 51 states, including Ukraine. The example of historical analogies showed that international organizations of collective security, primarily the League of Nations and the UN, were unable to fulfill their main task – to prevent large-scale military conflicts – the Second World War and the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The weakness of the League of Nations as a peacekeeping tool was determined to some extent by its Organization’s Charter, the need for the consent of all members of the organization to take measures against the aggressor. It is noted that the UN, although it took into account the achievements and miscalculations of its predecessor – the League of Nations, was unable to ensure international peace to the required extent. This was manifested, in particular, in the activities of the UN Security Council as a body that bears the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The weakness of the Security Council is that each of its permanent members has the right of veto. This was especially shamefully manifested during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. Issues of aggression, acts of genocide, and war crimes are constantly brought up for discussion by the Security Council, but this body cannot make a single decision due to the imposition of a veto by the aggressor country – Russia. It was concluded that after the victory of Ukraine, we can expect a significant improvement in the legal sphere in the direction of changes in the activity, representation and decision-making rules of the reformed collective security organizations. It was emphasized that, despite the state of war, Ukraine should pay attention to the law-making work to create conditions to prevent existing terrible events in the future. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, League of Nations, United Nations, reforming the collective security system, law-making activity.

Using The Holocaust as a Frame of Reference for Understanding the Rwandan Genocide

When a conflict can catch the world's attention, it is essential to understand it correctly. Understanding an event correctly is critical when discussing events like Rwandan Genocide. Even though this only lasted 100 days, it fundamentally changed how several countries participated in the international community. Due to the ephemeral nature in which the genocide happened, a historical analogy like the Holocaust becomes extremely useful to help others understand some very complex background that led up to both conflicts. Even though a surface-level analysis may find few deep connections between the events of The Holocaust in Germany and the Rwandan Genocide, upon more profound research, one thing is apparent- if one is trying to understand Rwanda, then Germany is an apt place to begin. The nature of deep-ceded hatred and planning towards total extermination, while not the first of its kind, was shown to have holistic and systematic approaches to the everyday lives of both Rwandans and Germans that allowed for this hatred to grow in a manner in which those in power thought it was natural to hate those who were being targeted for complete genocide indeed. The Rwandan Genocide was an event that captured the attention of the world, so using an analogy that speaks to more than just the direct days of the conflict allows for the possibility for the world to learn from such tragedies and try to identify signs to stop such tragedies from happening again in the future.

Recommendation of SLM Process Parameters Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Particle Swarm Optimization for High-Temperature Alloys.

Selective laser melting (SLM) of high-temperature alloys involves intricate interdependencies among key process parameters, such as laser power and scanning speed, affecting properties such as density and tensile strength. However, relying solely on experiential knowledge for process parameter design often hampers the precise attainment of target requirements. To address this challenge, we propose an innovative approach that integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted particle swarm optimization (WPSO) to recommend SLM process parameters for high-temperature alloy fabrication. Our proposed AHP-WPSO model consists of three main steps. First, a comprehensive historical database is established, capturing the process parameters and performance metrics of high-temperature alloy SLM parts. Utilizing an AHP framework, we compute the performance similarity between target and historical cases, applying rational thresholds to identify analogous cases. When suitable analogs are elusive, the model seamlessly transitions to the second step. Here, the WPSO model optimizes and recommends process parameters according to target specifications. Lastly, our experimental validation of the GH4169 high-temperature alloy through SLM experiments corroborates the effectiveness of our AHP-WPSO model in making process parameter recommendations. The outcomes underscore the model's high accuracy, attaining a recommendation precision of 99.81% and 96.32% when historical analogs are present and absent, respectively. This innovative approach offers a robust and reliable solution to the challenges posed in SLM process parameter optimization for high-temperature alloy applications.

The emergence of autolography: the ‘magical’ invocation of images from text through AI

In mid-2022, AI systems automatically translating text into evocative original images became an internet sensation. People compared it to magic: invoking an uncannily competent artist–magician. We call it ‘autolography’ from the Greek ‘automatos + logos + graphos’ (self + word + drawing). Following a discourse analysis of online publications comparing autolography to magic, we analyse its enthusiastic reception from some and critique from others. We identify historical parallels and divergences between the reception of contemporary autolography and early photography: the reduction or transformation of creative labour, negotiations over intellectual property, the alleged democratisation of visual cultural production, and the association with the Western magical imagination. Both photography and autolography prompted renegotiations of artistic practices, professional identities and intellectual property laws. However, rather than being a mechanical eye on the world, autolography undermines faith in images by invoking digitally uncanny materialisations of floating signifiers from AI models.

Super Climate Events

New environmental extremes are currently underway and are much greater than those in previous records. These are mostly regional, singular events that are caused by global change/local weather combinations and are larger than the impact of linear temperature increases projected using climate models. These new states cannot easily be assigned probabilities because they often have no historical analogs. Thus, the term super climate extremes is used. Examples are the loss of sea ice and ecosystem reorganization in northern marine Alaska, heatwave extreme in western Canada, and the loss of snow in Greenland. New combined extreme occurrences, which are reported almost daily, lead to a new, higher level of climate change urgency. The loss of sea ice in 2018–2019 was a result of warmer Arctic temperatures and changes in the jet stream. They resulted in a chain of impacts from southerly winds, the northward movement of predatory fish, and the reduction of food security for coastal communities. Record temperatures were measured in southwestern British Columbia following previous drought conditions, a confluence of two storm tracks, and warming through atmospheric subsidence. Greenland’s losses had clear skies and jet stream events. Such new extremes are present indicators of climate change. Their impacts result from the interaction between physical and ecological processes, and they justify the creation of a new climate change category based on super climate extremes.

Key enablers for carbon dioxide removal through the application of biochar to agricultural soils: Evidence from three historical analogues

Applying biochar to agricultural soils has the potential to sequester gigatons of carbon dioxide each year, while also improving agricultural yields and remediating soil pollutants. This, however, will require extremely fast growth of three subsystems: One to provide adequate material inputs (such as feed crops or agricultural byproducts); one to pyrolyze those inputs into biochar; and a third to distribute the product to farmers who spread it on soils. The growth of each of these subsystems faces unique social, political, and economic opportunities. We provide insights on these using three historical analogues: Fertilizer, ethanol fuel, and compost. These suggest several important findings for biochar: 1) Economic benefits for those who provide critical material inputs are important; 2) Generous investment in production facilities will be critical and should come from sources other than just carbon credits; 3) A distributed knowledge and quality control infrastructure will be necessary to support farmers using biochar; and 4) Biochar should be part of a wider transition to carbon-negative farming.

Changes in the legal sphere as a result of large historical Events

The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale historical events on significant changes in the legal field. Today, an event of such a scale is the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many spheres, will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The war in Ukraine has all the signs of an event of aglobal scale. Socio-political events in the turning points of history are at the same timethe source of development in the legal sphere. This trend can be observed at almost all historical stages, and therefore research in this direction is an urgent problem. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of significant events in certain turning points in Modern and Recent history that took place on the European continent, which were the origin of changes in the legal sphere and had a long-term eff ect. Sinceit is currently impossible to predict exactly what changes will occur after the defeat of the Russian Federation, which legal institutions and in what direction they will apply, what consequences such changes will lead to in interstate relations and within the country, the above consideration is limited only to some historical events, which can be considered as an example of the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere of a doctrinal nature. The socio-political events in Europe in the XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years' War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of New history is analyzed. Thirty Years 'War in Europe in the XVII century ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. This treaty was the source of modern international law and had along-term impact on the development of relations between states. Large-scale historical events of the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Europe are undoubtedly associated with France. This is the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, this is also the period of the Napoleonic Wars, finally, this includes the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, at which, after the defeat of Napoleonic France, the winners under the slogan of returning to the continent of peace and tranquility and the desire to restore monarchies redrawn the continental political map of Europe. The lawmaking activity of Napoleon is noted, on whose initiative and under his leadership alarge volume of codification works was carried out. Civil (1804), Commercial (1807), Criminal Procedure (1808) and Criminal (1810) codes were adopted. It is noted that French civil law and the principles implemented by it significantly influenced civil-lawrelations in Europe. In modern history during the 20th century events took place, the result of which were changes aimed at preventing the horrors of the First and Second World Wars in the future. But the creation of the relevant institutions, organizations, legal framework and other factors was not enough to prevent the threat of a new world conflict, to guarantee danger not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world. In the light of the events in Ukraine, based on historical analogies, a conclusion is made about the expectation of significant changes in the legal sphere for future security in the world and in our country. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, origins of law,historical analogies, Peace of Westphalia, French Civil Code.