Historical Monuments Research Articles

Regeneration of the Citadel of Agadir Oufella

The Citadel of Agadir has for over six centuries been a symbol of Agadir’s importance as a trading port, as a nexus between many caravan routes and the Atlantic. Designated a Moroccan historic monument in 1932, the site was devastated by an earthquake in 1960. In 2020, sixty years after that disaster, work began on its restoration. The project included the reconstruction of historic elements such as the fortress or the medina and the creation of a visitor itinerary. The local community was moreover involved at every stage of the process. The project also included innovative earthquake-proof building techniques reviving vernacular systems and the use of local materials, stimulating the economy of the region and preserving its heritage.

Static analysis of masonry polygonal domes with membrane forces

Masonry polygonal domes are parts of several historic monuments and masonry buildings. The analysis of polygonal domes with a static approach is here presented, considering the structure made of vault cells and ribs. The vaults are portions of a cylindrical surface with single curvature in the meridian direction, and translation of the generatrix curve in the direction of the cylinder axis. The system is divided into rigid elements with interfaces. The first part of the work regards the geometry of the rigid elements, in particular the angles that characterize the shape of these. Then the equilibrium equations applied to every element are presented, with a procedure to calculate the membrane response for the self-weight in a non-redundant system, under symmetry conditions. The sum of the solution for the vaults is combined with effects of the weight of ribs and radial walls. The use of the equilibrium solution for pointed domes, domes with a lantern and oculus or additional load to the dome self-weight is shown. A limit analysis static approach is formulated calculating the maximum load relative to the equilibrium of the rigid elements considering the interfaces tensile strength and limited cohesion and friction for the shear resistance.

Open-Source Software for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Tiling for Novelty Architecture

Novelty architecture buildings can be tiled with conventional rectangular solar photovoltaic (PV) modules with both close-packed cells or partially transparent modules, vastly increasing renewable energy, reducing carbon emissions, and allowing for positive energy buildings. To enable this potential, in this study, for the first time, two open-source programs were developed and integrated to provide a foundation for designing and coating real-life novelty architecture buildings and objects with solar PV modules. First, a tiling algorithm was proposed and integrated into Blender that can generate solar PV modules on the face of any 3D model, and an augmented Python version of SAM was developed to simulate the performance of the resultant irregularly shaped PV systems. The integrated open-source software was used to analyze the energy performance of seven different novelty BIPVs located across the globe. The buildings’ energy performance was compared to conventional ground-based PV systems, and the results showed that the conventional arrays generate more energy per unit power than the BIPVs. The analysis reveals that the more complex the building model geometry, the less energy the building generates; however, the novelty BIPV power and energy densities far surpass conventional ground-based PV. The real estate savings observed were substantial, reaching 170% in one case where the BIPV reached 750 m in height. The BIPVs’ energy production is optimized by orienting the building via rotation and only needs to be carried out a single time for replication anywhere globally. The results show that the energy yield of the BIPV increases as the building becomes more detailed while the total power and energy decrease, indicating the need for the careful balancing of priorities in building design. Finally, the energy simulations demonstrate the potential for net-positive energy buildings and contribute to net-zero-emission cities. The findings indicate that BIPVs are not only appropriate for conventional residential houses and commercial buildings, but also for historical building replicas or monuments in the future. Further studies are needed to investigate the structural, electrical, and socio-economic aspects of novelty-architecture BIPVs.

Churches with Historical Monument Status in the Republic of Moldova: Between State Ownership and Ecclesiastical Property

The article examines the difficulties faced by religious communities under the Metropolis of Moldova (Russian Patriarchate) in their process of joining the Metropolis of Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate), within the context of Law no. 125/2007. The main obstacle is related to property rights over historical ecclesiastical buildings. An example is the 2003 case where the property rights of the community in Camencea were registered under the name of the Metropolis of Moldova. In 2002, the government in Chișinău adopted Decision no. 740 to prevent the legalization of the Metropolis of Bessarabia’s places of worship. The decision was challenged in the Constitutional Court, which suspended the examination of the constitutionality of the normative act.

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN GUJARAT- A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY

The paper discussed the prospects and challenges of tourism development in Gujarat. It has found that state is blessed with natural landscapes and historical monuments. Gujarat has rich history and have numerous places of attractions. It has popular tourist places like Dakor, Girnar, Palitana, Dwarka, and Ambaji. It is home of many pilgrimages sites. The state is home to many Buddhist monuments. It is renowned for its breath-taking views, serene surroundings, and warm hospitality. Tourist arrivals was declined in state for corona pandemic effects, but post-corona recovery are noticeable. The state has more opportunities in spiritual/wellness tourism, beach and water-based tourism, religious tourism, cuisine tourism, eco-tourism, rural tourism, heritage tourism, adventure and recreational tourism. There are many challenges before the tourism industry. Therefore, Government should implement tourism policies for development of tourist sites and comfortability of the tourists.

Applying a Planetary Health approach in the European urban context: Lessons from Preparing Traditional Lasagna

Abstract Lasagna is a quintessential Italian dish, renowned worldwide. The most traditional version is “alla Bolognese”, which requires a complex preparation process involving careful attention to mixing ingredients and layering to achieve the final delicious result. The images depicting the preparation steps of this typical Italian dish will be used to inspire participants to creatively reflect on how to implement a transdisciplinary approach to address a planetary health issue, such as heatwaves, in a European urban context. The presentation will be structured as follows: 1. Identification of current problems; 2. Stakeholder analysis; 3. Possible solutions; 4. Barriers and limitations. The first phase will focus on selecting quality ingredients, analogous to analyzing the urban map of the city, the presence of green areas, identifying vulnerable residents, mapping transportation, etc. The second phase will identify all relevant stakeholders to be involved in creating transdisciplinary solutions for the city, paralleling the proper mixing of lasagna ingredients. The third phase will propose various solutions to be applied, taking into account the inputs and viewpoints of the involved stakeholders, showcasing best practices already adopted, and comparing them to different variations of lasagna alla Bolognese. The final phase will present barriers and limitations to implementing such an approach in a European urban context (e.g., costs, historical monuments, lack of stakeholder collaboration), drawing parallels to challenges in preparing lasagna, such as ingredient unavailability, oven issues, or overcooking. Through this original modality, participants will learn about the process of implementing a planetary health approach to one of the major climate change issues affecting the European landscape.

Framing feminist protest: a content analysis of the glitter revolution

ABSTRACT Feminist groups in Mexico City started a mobilization in August 2019 that would later be called the Glitter Revolution. The protest was a reaction to the alleged rape of a 17-year-old girl by four policemen. The protest earned the name after one of the protestors showered Mexico City’s chief of police with pink glitter while he was trying to address activists and reporters. A second protest turned violent, and one of Mexico’s best-known landmarks was defaced by protesters who covered it in graffiti with signs reading “Mexico feminicide,” and “rapists.” This paper engages with literature on the protest paradigm and feminist theories to conduct a qualitative content analysis of news coverage of the two protests. This research shows how: 1) news stories by mainstream media adhere to the protest paradigm deploying a marginalizing framing device to cover the feminist protests; 2) heavy reliance on official sources and information is still prevalent in mainstream news, reinforcing official narratives and discourses; 3) the emergence of new frames that assign more value to historical monuments than to women’s access to justice; 4) and alternative news provided different frames such as feminist movement/activism and gender violence to contextualize the protests.

AZƏRBAYCAN ƏDƏBİYYATINDA ŞUŞANIN TARİXİ ABİDƏLƏRİ

The article emphasizes the reflection in Azerbaijani literature of the charming corner of Azerbaijan, Shusha, the history of its creation, historical monuments, descriptions of its incomparable beauty, as well as facts of attacks on it by occupiers in different years, etc. The author reviewed works of various genres related to the topic and substantiated his point of view by giving examples from the works.

Translation as a restoration: Turkish translations of the Venice Charter

ABSTRACT The Venice Charter, translated into at least 28 different languages, has been a significant reference at both national and international levels in the historic preservation field. It was born as a multilingual text written in English, French, Italian and Russian as the final declaration of an international congress; the original form of the Charter owes its presence to the practice of translation. Cevat Erder, the translator of the Venice Charter into Turkish, proposed that ‘the Venice Charter should be preserved as an historic monument’. Accordingly, this study interrogates both the monumentality of the Charter and its method of conservation through analyses of the Turkish translations of the Venice Charter. Two practices, translation and restoration, are explored together to inquire into the challenges of transmitting authenticity. The role of translator and restorer in the afterlife of monuments is inquired by examining the creative agency of translation practice regarding conservation of the literary text.

Archaeological sites and historical monuments as refuges for threatened species: a call for integrated conservation management

Archaeological sites and historical monuments as refuges for threatened species: a call for integrated conservation management

The Applicability of Improvement Gap Analysis to Understand Pre‐ and Post‐Covid‐19 Foreign Tourists’ Satisfaction at a Heritage Destination

Tourist satisfaction is one of the most important factors for a destination's perpetual survival. The stakeholders seek to understand how to enhance tourist satisfaction. Prior research highlighted various methods to measure tourist satisfaction, but the use of Improvement Gap Analysis (IGA) has been found more effective in positioning the key destination satisfaction attributes in a grid form. The aim of this study is to analyze the attributes that influence the overall satisfaction of foreign tourists visiting Varanasi, which is a leading tourist destination in India. This study used IGA to distinguish and position 21 destination satisfaction attributes. Further, the statistically significant difference between average expected satisfaction and average current satisfaction is examined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results provide a deeper understanding of the current satisfaction status of a heritage destination, but also provide scope for possible improvements by introducing new attributes. Furthermore, the study identifies critical areas of improvement for the following attributes: “maintenance of historical structures and monuments,” “convenient local transportation,” “sight‐seeing prices in terms of tourist satisfaction” in the context. The attributes used in the study to examine satisfaction of heritage destination can be used in similar contexts and adds knowledge to the existing body of tourism marketing literature.

THE CHURCH HIERARCHY REACTION TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BASED ON HISTORICAL SOURCES)

Based on the historical literary monuments about the capture of Kazan and the letters of Metropolitan Macarius, the paper analyses the role of the Orthodox Church during the conquest of Kazan. The Church hierarchy, represented by Metropolitan Macarius, expressed support for the military campaign of Tsar Ivan. The Church blessed the Tsar and the army for the battle, prayed for victory, positioning itself as a moral authority. The article shows that the analysis of sources does not provide any reasons for assertions about the significant influence of Church representatives on Tsar Ivan in terms of his foreign policy decisions, in particular on the issue of the campaign against Kazan. The Church participation was expressed (in the political aspect) in the formulation of the religious and ideological justification of the Kazan campaign, which was perceived as the defense of the Orthodox faith from the Muslims.

Venice at 60: Article 5 and the acceptable limits of use

The Venice Charter is central to modern conservation, and foundational for ICOMOS specifically; yet its contemporary relevance is debatable. These and other issues were discussed by ICOMOS in Budapest 20 years ago, in a conference marking the Charter’s 40th anniversary. However, questions remain as to its ongoing significance. As Bogusław Szmygin asked in 2004, does the Charter remain the ‘Decalogue' of the conservation discipline, or has it itself become a ‘Historical Monument’?The Venice Charter as a product of high modernity, with its belief in a definitive break with the past and an overcoming of tradition. The paper assesses the Charter’s ongoing relevance in relation to one pressing issue in contemporary conservation, the limits to the acceptable use of – and change to – historic buildings (Art. 5), and using an example of recent change to an English parish church. The paper argues that the acknowledged need for the interpretation of the Charter requires a hermeneutically literate approach which acknowledges the limits of a scientific/technical reading of any historic monument – the Charter included – and the importance of a dynamic understanding of the living tradition that is conservation. It concludes that the Charter remains a central text for the conservation discipline, which itself is a tradition in good health, and for that very reason its status will continue to be fiercely debated.

From “Living in History” to “Ghost Town”: Hasankeyf’s Lost Social Values

ABSTRACT In 2020, the Ilısu Dam partially flooded the historic town of Hasankeyf in southeast Türkiye. To mitigate the impact of flooding, the government launched a program to relocate the town’s residents, along with some historic monuments and archaeological remains, to a new town situated on the opposite shore. Hasankeyf’s heritage embodied strong social values for its residents and had a central presence in their daily, spiritual, and recreational lives. The mitigation efforts, however, failed to recognize these values, and the townspeople played no role in the decision-making processes. This article examines the adverse impacts of the Ilısu Dam project on Hasankeyf’s social values by bringing to the fore local relocation experiences and discussing the sociocultural and economic outcomes that have emerged in the post-relocation context. As the case of Hasankeyf illustrates, mitigation efforts that overlook local concerns might result in heritage destruction for dam-affected populations.

A Ranking Analysis of Geological and Engineering Factors of Historical Monuments’ Stability Response: A Case Study of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine

The historical monuments of the National Preserve “Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” play an important role in the context of preserving the UNESCO World Heritage. The scientific understanding of the buildings and structures safety management the priority of conducting repair and restoration works, the organization of their technical condition monitoring, and changes in the components of the geological environment in their locations is crucial. The purpose of this study is to identify potentially hazardous areas on the territory of the Lavra for the operation of structures by conducting a point-based integral assessment of the stability potential of the natural and technogenic system with the integration of geospatial methods and to rank the structures using the analytical hierarchy process. According to the modeling results by 17 stability factors and using ArcGIS, 37% (8.7 ha) of the Lavra territory is located in the zone of moderate hazard, 23% (5.4 ha) in the zone of potential hazard, where the manifestation and conditions of more than five dangerous engineering and geological processes intersect, and 40% (9.4 ha) in the zone of relative safety. In each zone, 10 representative structures were selected for ranking according to the stability of natural and technogenic operating conditions and their current technical condition, which is determined by nine criteria. The analysis using two methods identified the areas most at risk from seasonal fluctuations and possible military impacts and allowed us to scientifically substantiate the priority of repair and restoration work and the possibility of properly planning management measures for the selected structures, as well as to offer recommendations for improving the monitoring of the geological environment of the Lavra.

PROSPECTS OF EFFECTIVE USE OF TOURISM POTENTIAL AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

This article discusses the prospects for the effective use of tourism potential and its opportunities in Uzbekistan. With its rich cultural heritage, historical monuments, and diverse natural landscapes, Uzbekistan has the potential to become one of the leading tourist destinations in Central Asia. The paper highlights the current state of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan, identifies challenges, and presents strategies for maximizing its potential. Key factors include infrastructural development, digital transformation, the promotion of eco-tourism, and investment opportunities. The study concludes that with the right policies and initiatives, Uzbekistan can significantly boost its tourism sector, contributing to sustainable economic growth.

Data collecting for conservation project of Aurelian Walls of Rome – sector G20-21

Abstract Rome is one of the most sustainable cities. Aurelian Walls is part of the city, still used to this day even though it has changed functions. This important monument marks the territorial boundary and also served as a defensive wall from the third century until the fall of Western Rome. According to (Lanciani, 1892), the length of the entire circuit reached 18.837 m, or a bit more than 19 km surrounding the city of Rome and is divided into several sectors (Richmond, 2013). Each sector contains several square shape towers in every 100 Roman feet. Some of these sectors have been modified, damaged or destroyed. Including G sector, tower number 20-21, in where the research conducted. The aim of this study is to understand the principles of conservation in this monument that provides insight into conservation techniques and an overview of the sustainable maintenance of historic structures. Investigating the history and chronology of the construction with literature relating to the historical building, monument and site, is a method used coupled with direct observation and measurements. The results of direct observations are then redrawn and compiled in an observation document. This document provides an overview of the damage and architectural dimensions of the monument. This data becomes a reference for what steps need to be taken at the next stage. Conservation projects require critical evaluation before intervention is carried out.

Сохранить, нельзя разрушить: памятники истории и культуры горной Ингушетии

The article examines the architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia from the point of view of their physical preservation and preservation of historical and cultural value. These monu-ments have undergone active restoration in recent years. Patrons are involved in financing these works. It is established that there is concern for preserving historical and cultural value during these works. The reason for this is the inability to determine the original appearance in detail of most dilapidated monuments, as well as the fact that the number of restored or restored tower set-tlements over the past couple of years has exceeded a dozen, and the materials on mandatory ar-chaeological excavations are few indicating irreparable damage that can be caused to historical and cultural monuments. Also, the absence of the need for practical use of restored premises of cultural heritage sites is an indicator of the inexpediency of using such an approach. In world prac-tice, restoration is used in exceptional cases, in particular when there is an ongoing historical cul-tural process. To solve this problem, it is necessary to attract the attention of state bodies, institu-tions, commercial organizations engaged in the preservation of cultural heritage sites, the public to the need to preserve the historical and cultural value of historical and cultural monuments as tower and castle complexes, as well as religious and burial structures concentrated on the territory of modern mountainous Ingushetia, when carrying out work on their preservation, as well as the priority of their conservation over other types of work. It is concluded that a monument of history and culture is valuable insofar as it contains reliable information about human activity in previous eras, and principles for the preservation of architectural (tower and castle) complexes of moun-tainous Ingushetia have been developed, adherence to which will solve the problems identified in this study in matters of conservation work architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia.

LICCHAVI INSCRIPTIONS: A CULTURAL MONUMENT OF KATHMANDU VALLEY

Numbers of Licchavi inscriptions installed by the Licchavi rulers are found to be established around Kathmandu valley. They are profoundly installed since 5th century CE. Inscriptions are the authentic evidence that have made possible to construct a clear apparition of Licchavi age. They are potential from historical, cultural as well as monumental point of view. Inscriptions are concrete attest of several issues concerned to their reign and a strong indicator to mend the structure of an ancient settlements. They are not only source of defining tangible and intangible inheritances of the age but valuable monument associated with several cultural practices. Despite its historical significance, traditional practices related with this monument emerged through local perception have been an essential part of Nepalese culture through the time. In this context, what are the recent eminence of Licchavi inscriptions? How are they perceived by local communities and expressed through? And how far the inscriptions have been affected by traditional activities? are the questions or problems related to these valuable monuments that have been unanswered. To answers these queries have been attempted in this paper. To reveal the facts, primary and secondary sources have been adopted. Survey of inscriptions of the valley, collection of information through interviews and observation of traditional practices were conducted with the collection of photographs. Related literatures as a secondary source were consulted. The collected facts were analyzed to draw conclusion in a descriptive manner. From these facts, it has been revealed that Licchavi inscriptions as a monumental heritage are in crisis with several threats in lack of proper conservation. As per location they stand and the structural theme they comprise, they have been perceived as purposeful object or deities rather than a historical monument by local communities and are expressed by offering of materials with great belief and devotion. The tradition to some extent has been gradually ruining the inheritances and should be taken into consideration soon.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY NETWORK ACCIDENTS AND THE CONDITIONS FOR PRESERVING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Accidents on water supply networks have the most significant negative consequences on the state of the historical and architectural heritage, which was formed over many centuries. The paper analyzes the cause-and-effect relationship between accidents of water-carrying networks and the conditions of architectural heritage preservation using the example of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. The results of determining waterlogging zones and their factors by non-destructive monitoring methods on the territory of the Metropolitan Garden of the Upper Lavra are given. This area combines complex engineering and geological conditions and technogenic mastering, creating conditions for developing dangerous engineering and geological processes and emergency situations. In terms of danger, the garden’s territory belongs to unstable areas for preserving historical monuments of the UNESCO world heritage. The last accident on the water supply networks occurred in October 2022. It caused sinkholes on the surface, rising groundwater levels, significant destruction of an underground structure of historical importance – the Metropolitan Cellar. The research was carried out using the methods of electrotomography and natural electric field. The results of electrotomography were interpreted using two- and three-dimensional models. The existence of an anomalous dome (soils of low resistance), which is observed in the central part of the site, is probably the focus of waterlogging of the soil massif as a result of an accident on the heating network. The analysis of the adapted 3D model based on the results of non-destructive methods of monitoring the geological environment made it possible to indirectly establish the places of unsatisfactory technical condition of engineering networks (cold water supply), where a wetted section with low values of apparent resistance was recorded. Research has confirmed the presence of an inflow of man-made waters (leaks) from main water supply networks in the western part of all profiles as a constant source and factor of waterlogging of the array of soil bases of architectural monuments – Monastyrski walls, Kushnyka tower, etc. Based on the research results, the need to develop compensatory measures to strengthen part of the fortress walls was proposed, and a safe distance for moving networks from historical objects was substantiated to preserve them.