Histopathological Alternations Research Articles

Histopathological Study Of Prostate Cancer According To Gleason Score

The aim of this study was to histopathological alternation prostate cancer according Gleason systems . The total number of study samples was (60 ) that taken from men who suffered prostate cancer .patients diagnosed by a specialist doctor. Blood samples taken from all groups for estimation of levels of PSA. Second type of samples was biopsy and paraffin block that taken from PC patients for detection of histopathological alternations depending Gleason score. The result obtained from histopathology method that the prostate cancer in early stage poorly differentiated gland to loss gland formation in advanced early stage.

Modulatory effects of quercetin on histological changes, biochemical and oxidative stress of rat placenta induced by inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor

The inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor (COV) has been shown to have adverse effects on the placenta and fetal development. The modulatory effects of quercetin (QUE) as a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant properties are promising for the protection of placental structure. This study aimed to investigate the modulatory role of QUE in mitigating histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and biochemical alteration in the placenta of COV-exposed pregnant rats. Forty-eight pregnant rats were divided into eight groups (days 15 and 20) as follows: 1–2) Control groups, 3–4) COV groups, 5–6) COV+QUE groups, and 7–8) QUE-treated groups (50 mg/kg). The inhalation method was used to expose pregnant rats to COV, and QUE was administered orally. On the 15th and 20th days of gestation, placental tissue was analyzed using PAS and H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. The expression of the caspase-3 gene and oxidative stress biomarkers including TAC, CAT, MDA, GPx, and SOD were investigated in the placental tissue. The COV significantly decreased the weight, diameter, and thickness of the placenta as well as the thickness of the junctional zone and labyrinth and the number of trophoblast giant cells in 15- and 20-day-old placentas (P<0.05). Also, COV significantly increased placental expression of caspase-3 and the oxidative stress biomarkers (P<0.05). The administration of QUE along with exposure to COV reduced morphometric and histological alteration, oxidative stress, and caspase-3 expression (P<0.05). Our findings indicated that QUE in COV-exposed pregnant rats can prevent placental histopathological alternations by increasing the activity of the antioxidant system.

Impact of scutellarin on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage in Sprague Dawley male rats

Cyclophosphamide is one of the most invasive chemotherapeutic drugs, which is commonly used despite its adverse effects and toxicities. Scutellarin is an herbal flavonoid with multiple pharmacological activities and clinical applications. The goal of the current study was to investigate whether scutellarin protected the gonads of male rats exposed to a single dose of cyclophosphamide. In the experiment, 21 male Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups (n=7/group). Control group; received normal saline for 12 days by mouth; Induction group; received normal saline for 12 days by mouth and a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 6; and Scutellarin group; received intragastric scutellarin (100mg/kg) for 12 days and a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 6. At the end of treatment, the samples were collected, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated, sperm parameters, serum testosterone, testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured, and histopathological alternation was evaluated. The results showed that GSI, sperm parameters, testosterone, and GPx levels were notably declined, while the level of MDA was significantly higher in the induction group compared to the control group. Interestingly, these measures markedly improved in scutellarin treated group. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed a substantial change in the testicular tissue structure and a decrease in Jonson’s score in the induction group, although scutellarin co-treatment considerably attenuated and even reversed these changes. In conclusion, the outcomes demonstrated that scutellarin may act as a protective agent that alleviates rats’ testicular toxicity caused by cyclophosphamide therapy. Further, the proposed process may be attributed to its potent antioxidant properties.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Nicotinamide Versus Lead-Motivated Hepatotoxicity in Rats via Correcting Effect on Nuclear Factor-kβ Pathway and Glutathione Metabolism.

Lead (Pb) poisoning is one of the pivotal environmental issues and prompts liver dysfunction by elevating oxidative stress and inflammation. Nicotinamide (NA) deficiency enhances sensitivity to Pb toxicity. So, we investigated the effect of nicotinamide (NA) on the rat's liver histopathological and biochemical profiles in a rat model of Pb toxicity. Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups (nine rats at each): normal (N), lead toxicity (Pbt), and NA-treated N and Pbt groups. Treated groups took NA (180 mg/L in drinking water for one month). Pb intoxication was motivated in rats by acquiring 50 mg/L lead acetate in drinking water. Oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde), antioxidant markers (total glutathione, reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio, ferric ion reducing power, catalase, and paraoxonase-1), and inflammatory markers (hepatic nuclear factor-kβ expression, interleukin 1β level, and myeloperoxidase activity) in sera and liver homogenates were determined. In addition, the biochemical parameters of the liver function were measured. Finally, the liver of rats was evaluated by histopathological observation. NA corrected lead-persuaded biochemical and histopathological changes in the rat's liver. In addition, treatment decreased Pb, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in the sera and liver homogenates of N and Pbt groups. In addition, it elevated antioxidant markers (p < 0.001). NA prevented Pb-induced liver histopathological alternations and reduced liver dysfunction by reducing Pb, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Moreover, raising GSH/GSSG and diminishing the hepatic NF-kβ pathway are cardinal mechanisms of the treatment against Pb-motivated hepatotoxicity in rats.

Comparative Attenuating Impact of Camel Milk and Insulin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats.

In this study, albino Wistar rats that have developed diabetes as a result of the drug streptozotocin (STZ) were treated with camel milk and insulin. For this, 36 rats were divided into six different (n = 6) groups: control, control + camel milk, diabetic control, insulin, camel milk, and combined camel milk + insulin. A 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of STZ was used to induce diabetes. Rats with blood glucose levels exceeding 250 mg/dL after the induction of diabetes were taken into consideration for the study. The diabetic rats were treated with camel milk (50 mL/rat/day), insulin (6 units kg-1 b·wt/day), or their combination daily for 30 days. Throughout the course of the study, the rats' glucose levels and body weight were checked. In the diabetic control rats, a reduction in body weight and hyperglycemic condition was seen. Improvements in glycemic levels and weight gain were seen in the camel milk, insulin, and combined treatment groups compared to the diabetic control group; however, the combined treated group did not show the same degree of improvement as the alone treated group. Hematological changes in the diabetic control group included reductions in lymphocytes, platelets, total leukocyte count (TLC), and red blood cell (RBC) indices (mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), packed cell volume (PCV), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)). Each group that got insulin and camel milk separately and combined showed improvement in these changes. The liver, kidney, and pancreas in the diabetic control group had worsened morphological alterations. These histopathological alternations were significantly improved in the treatment groups. Hence, this study demonstrates the antidiabetic effects of camel milk in comparison to insulin. These findings highlight the potential of camel milk as an alternative therapy for diabetes, although further research is warranted to fully understand its mechanisms of action and long-term effects.

Dietary Effects of Nano Curcumin on Growth Performances, Body Composition, Blood Parameters and Histopathological Alternation in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Challenged with Aspergillus flavus

This research examined the role of nano curcumin (NC) on growth performances, body composition, and blood parameters of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) challenged with Aspergillus flavus. Fish (5.0 g ± 0.30) were randomly distributed in four equal groups (20 fish per pond in triplicates) and fed various concentrations of NC fortified with 0 (Control), 40 mg/kg (NC1), 50 mg/kg (NC2), and 60 mg/kg diet (NC3) of nano curcumin. After eight weeks of the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with A. flavus for 15 days, and the cumulative mortality was recorded. Fish fed with different concentrations of NC improved significantly (p &lt; 0.05) the growth performances, feed utilization, and survival rate. There was no significant (p &gt; 0.05) difference between NC2 and NC3 treatments. However, NC3 exhibited higher performances. Fish feed supplemented with NC decreased the mortality rate when challenged with A. flavus. Hence, dietary supplementation of NC enhanced the growth and health status of Oreochromis sp. and protected it from A. flavus infection. This study suggests the optimum inclusion level of NC is a 50–60 mg/kg diet.

Effect of high alkalinity on shrimp gills: Histopathological alternations and cell specific responses

High alkalinity stress was considered as a major risk factor for aquatic animals surviving in saline-alkaline water. However, few information exists on the effects of alkalinity stress in crustacean species. As the dominant role of gills in osmotic and ionic regulation, the present study firstly evaluated the effect of alkalinity stress in Exopalaemon carinicauda to determine changes in gill microstructure, and then explore the heterogeneity response of gill cells in alkalinity adaptation by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Hemolymph osmolality and pH were increased remarkably, and gills showed pillar cells with more symmetrical arrangement and longer lateral flanges and nephrocytes with larger vacuoles in high alkalinity. ScRNA-seq results showed that alkalinity stress reduced the proportion of pillar cells and increased the proportion of nephrocytes significantly. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ion transport, especially acid-base regulation, such as V(H+)-ATPases and carbonic anhydrases, were down-regulated in pillar cells and up-regulated in nephrocytes. Furthermore, pseudotime analysis showed that some nephrocytes transformed to perform ion transport function in alkalinity adaption. Notedly, the positive signals of carbonic anhydrase were obviously observed in the nephrocytes after alkalinity stress. These results indicated that the alkalinity stress inhibited the ion transport function of pillar cells, but induced the active role of nephrocytes in alkalinity adaptation. Collectively, our results provided the new insight into the cellular and molecular mechanism behind the adverse effects of saline-alkaline water and the saline-alkaline adaption mechanism in crustaceans.

Hypoxic microenvironment as a crucial factor triggering events leading to rupture of intracranial aneurysm

Subarachnoid hemorrhage being the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (IA) as a major cause has quite poor prognosis, despite the modern technical advances. Thereby, the mechanisms underlying the rupture of lesions should be clarified. Recently, we and others have clarified the formation of vasa vasorum in IA lesions presumably for inflammatory cells to infiltrate in lesions as the potential histopathological alternation leading to rupture. In the present study, we clarified the origin of vasa vasorum as arteries located at the brain surface using 3D-immunohistochemistry with tissue transparency. Using Hypoxyprobe, we then found the presence of hypoxic microenvironment mainly at the adventitia of intracranial arteries where IA is formed. In addition, the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from cultured macrophages in such a hypoxic condition was identified. Furthermore, we found the accumulation of VEGF both in rupture-prone IA lesions induced in a rat model and human unruptured IA lesions. Finally, the VEGF-dependent induction of neovessels from arteries on brain surface was confirmed. The findings from the present study have revealed the potential role of hypoxic microenvironment and hypoxia-induced VEGF production as a machinery triggering rupture of IAs via providing root for inflammatory cells in lesions to exacerbate inflammation.

Nephroprotective potential of Spondias mombin against aluminum chloride induced-renal injury in female albino rats

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is a toxic to human and animals, and it’s widely distributed in the environment. Spondias mombin is a herbal medicine used as a therapy for several ailment, renal diseases inclusive. This study evaluated the protective potential of spondias monbin against aluminum chloride induced-nephrotoxicity in female albino rat. Fifteen (15) adult female rats were divided into three (3) groups of five rats each. Group I served as negative control and received distilled water and feed. Group II served as positive control and received AlCl3, and group III received aluminum chloride (100mg/kg body weight) and Spondias mombin (100mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. All treatment was given orally and lasted for a period of fourteen days. The result revealed that AlCl3 significantly (p&lt;0.05) increases urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and reduced renal superoxide dismutase and catalase activity as compared to the control group. The histopathological result showed marked detectable histopathological alternations in the renal tissues including degenerated glomeruli showing wide urinary space, vacuolar degeneration of tubules, and necrosis of cells. However, serum urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced in the Spondias mombin + AlCl3 administered rats. While, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in Spondias mombin + AlCl3 administered rats compared with the control. In addition, no abnormal histological changes were observed in the Spondias mombin + AlCl3 administered rats compared with the AlCl3. The results indicate that Spondias mombin possess nephroprotective potential against AlCl3 induced renal injury via restoring oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Efficacy of physalis peruviana on restoring histopathological alternations against lead induced toxicity in albino rats

<h2>Summary</h2><h3>Background</h3> Lead is a highly persistent element threatening humanity. <h3>Objective</h3> The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of <i>Physalis Peruviana</i> fruit extract (P.P) in restoring the histological deformation of liver and kidney in lead-poisoned rats. <h3>Methodology</h3> Experimental study was conducted on seventy-two male albino rats. The study was implemented in two phases, 1^st phase (induction period). Second phase concerned with treatment using different concentrations of <i>Physalis Peruviana</i> fruit extract. Rats classified into control, control positive (without treatment), group III (200μg/g), IV (300 μg/g), V (500 μg/g), and VI (300 μg/g P.P for 56 day throughout the two phase). <h3>Results</h3> Histopathological examination showed hepatocytes appeared typically polygonal with distinct cell margin and renal tubules appeared highly injured and degeneration occurred in groups III, IV, and V after 8 weeks in a dose-dependent manner, while group VI treated with 300 P.P parallel with intoxication phase revealed minimal morphological changes except in few areas around the central vein after 4 weeks and exhibited a marked degree of recovery in kidney tubules compared to control positive group. Otherwise, after 8 weeks, hepatocyte and kidney tissues showed more or less typical architecture, as compared to the control group. However, a slight deterioration indicated the protective role of PP consumption. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The consumption of <i>Physalis Peruana</i> fruit in daily life restores almost all abnormalities that occurred within the tissues of the liver and kidneys as a result of lead poisoning and helps to improve the typical structure and thus improve the quality of human health.

Impact of atrazine and nitrate on liver and kidney of egyptian toad Sclerophrys regularis: bioindicator alarming on ecosystem

Atrazine and nitrate have been shown to act as potent oxidative stressors in amphibians either alone or in combination under stable laboratory conditions, causing histopathological alternations in liver and kidney structures at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments groups were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine-nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and their combination respectively. Sever distortion in liver and kidney tissues were shown related to the different treatments. The most hepatic lesions were observed depletion in glycogen content, degeneration of hepatocytes, hemorrhage, necrosis, vasodilatation, congestion in blood vessels, cloudy swelling in the hepatocytes and aggregation of melanomacrophage cells in between the hepatocytes that increased in combination treatment group. In kidney, the most lesions were represented in degeneration of renal tubules, fibrosis, hemorrhage, leucocytes infiltration, thickness in the wall of the renal capsule, atrophy of glomerulus, deformation of Bowman’s epithelium. These negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.

Glutamine Is a Superior Protector Against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats via Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Chelating Properties.

Lead acetate-motivated oxidative stress can affect all organ systems, particularly the liver. Glutamine (Gln) has both antioxidant and chelating properties. Therefore, we investigated for the first time the effect of Gln on the biochemical and histopathological alternations in a rat model of lead toxicity. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups (eight rats in each): untreated normal, lead poisoning, and two similar groups receiving Gln (0.1% in drinking water for 4weeks). To induce lead poisoning, rats received 50mg/L lead acetate in drinking water for 4weeks. Oxidative stress indices (total glutathione, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, advanced protein oxidation products, malondialdehyde, and ferric ion reducing power) and inflammatory markers (hepatic nuclear factor-kβ expression, interleukin 1β level, and myeloperoxidase activity) were measured. Furthermore, biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and globulins) were measured. Histopathological examination evaluated lead-induced liver damage. The treatment compensated lead-induced biochemical and histopathological alternations in rat liver. Furthermore, it decreased lead acetate level, the NF-kβ gene expression, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Moreover, the treatment elevated total glutathione and reduced glutathione in the sera and liver homogenates of treated groups (p < 0.001). Glutamine could protect the liver against lead intoxication via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chelating properties. In addition, its downregulating effect on the hepatic NF-kβ signaling pathway confirms its hepatoprotective activity.

Sarcomeres Morphology and Z-Line Arrangement Disarray Induced by Ventricular Premature Contractions through the Rac2/Cofilin Pathway.

The most common ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) originate from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), but the molecular mechanisms of altered cytoskeletons of VPC-induced cardiomyopathy remain unexplored. We created a RVOT bigeminy VPC pig model (n = 6 in each group). Echocardiography was performed. The histopathological alternations in the LV myocardium were analyzed, and next generation sequencing (NGS) and functional enrichment analyses were employed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responsible for the histopathological alternations. Finally, a cell silencing model was used to confirm the key regulatory gene and pathway. VPC pigs had increased LV diameters in the 6-month follow-up period. A histological study showed more actin cytoskeleton disorganization and actin accumulation over intercalated disc, Z-line arrangement disarray, increased β-catenin expression, and cardiomyocyte enlargement in the LV myocardium of the VPC pigs compared to the control pigs. The NGS study showed actin cytoskeleton signaling, RhoGDI signaling, and signaling by Rho Family GTPases and ILK Signaling presented z-scores with same activation states. The expressions of Rac family small GTPase 2 (Rac2), the p-cofilin/cofilin ratio, and the F-actin/G-actin ratio were downregulated in the VPC group compared to the control group. Moreover, the intensity and number of actin filaments per cardiomyocyte were significantly decreased by Rac2 siRNA in the cell silencing model. Therefore, the Rac2/cofilin pathway was found to play a crucial role in the sarcomere morphology and Z-line arrangement disarray induced by RVOT bigeminy VPCs.

Electron Microscopic and Histopathological Study of the Overacting Inferior Oblique Muscle of the Human Eye

ABSTRACTBackground: Inferior oblique muscle overaction is a common disorder that has a correlation with the anatomical changes of the muscle itself. The changes differ according to the grade of the overaction.Objective: To correlate between the histopathological alternations of the inferior oblique muscle and the different degrees of clinical overaction.Patients and methods: Ten biopsies from inferior oblique muscles were taken during the surgery of strabismus after determining the clinical degree of the overaction. One muscle biopsy was taken during enucleation surgery and considered as a control. All biopsies were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes.Results: By light microscopy, grade II and grade III inferior oblique overaction showed many histopathological findings as muscle fibers degeneration, variable size of muscle fibers, nerve bundles hypertrophy and fibro-fatty infiltrations. Grade III inferior oblique overaction showed fibrosis of perimysium and endomysium, mononuclear infiltration and fatty infiltration. By transmission electron microscopy the muscle fibers showed increased mitochondrial number and mitochondrial variability in shape and size, also showed increased vacuoles and fat droplets.Conclusion: Histopathological alternations in the inferior oblique muscle correlate to the clinical grades of the muscle overaction.

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Related Histopathological Changes in Gills, Liver and Muscle of Solea aegyptiaca Fish Inhabiting the Lake Qarun, Egypt.

Pollution of Lake Qarun with heavy metals has become a more serious concern during recent years as it affects the physicochemical characteristics of the water, sediments and biological components and may damage aquatic organisms as well. Lake Qarun receives the agricultural and sewage wastewater loaded with heavy metals through two main drains; El-Batts and El-Wadi. Therefore, an annual increase in the accumulation of pollutants and heavy metals has been detected in all its components (e.g. water, sediment and fish). The present study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation of heavy metals’ contents (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni) in water and the bioaccumulation factor of these heavy metals in Solea aegyptiaca fish samples, collected from Lake Qarun. Thus, information was provided regarding histological changes in gills, liver and muscle organs. This study was carried out along Lake Qarun at four sites (Eastern, Southern, Northern and Western) during the winter and summer seasons, 2019. The results revealed that summer was higher in heavy metal concentration in water than winter. Additionally, the eastern and southern sectors showed increased water concentration of heavy metals. Concerning fish samples, the present study exhibited that, the maximum values of bioaccumulation factor were recorded in the gills and liver, whereas the minimum values were observed in the muscles. The gills of Solea aegyptiaca accumulate higher levels of Zn, pb and Ni, while, Fe, Cu and Cd accumulated mainly in the liver. Results showed obvious histopathological alternations and clear damage in gills, liver and muscles of Solea aegyptiaca collected from the eastern and southern sectors of Lake Qarun.

Modified Black Soldier Fly Larva Fat in Broiler Diet: Effects on Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Parameters, Histomorphological Features and Gut Microbiota.

Simple SummaryBlack soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; BSF) is gaining interest as a functional feed additive, due to the high amount of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides, which provide antimicrobial activities and stimulate gastrointestinal health through inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The present study evaluated the effect of BSF and modified BSF larvae fat in broiler chicken’s diet. Overall results were comparable among the studied diets, suggesting that modified BSF larvae fat showed a positive modulation of fecal microbiota by a positive reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium and Corynebacterium, without affecting intestinal morphology or showing any adverse histopathological alternations.In this study, a total of 200 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to four dietary treatments (5 pens/treatment and 10 birds/pen) for two feeding phases: starter (0–11 days of age) and grower-finisher (11–33 days of age). A basal diet containing soy oil (SO) as added fat was used as control group (C), tested against three experimental diets where the SO was partially substituted by BSF larvae fat (BSF) or one of two types of modified BSF larvae fat (MBSF1 and MBSF2, respectively). The two modified BSF larvae fats had a high and low ratio of monobutyrin to monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acid, respectively. Diet did not influence the growth or slaughter performance, pH, color, or the chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles, gut morphometric indices, or histopathological alterations in all the organs. As far as fecal microbiota are concerned, MBSF1 and MBSF2 diets reduced the presence of Clostridium and Corynebacterium, which can frequently cause infection in poultry. In conclusion, modified BSF larva fat may positively modulate the fecal microbiota of broiler chickens without influencing the growth performance and intestinal morphology or showing any adverse histopathological alternations.

Prevention of Edwardsiellosis in Clarias gariepinus using ginger and its nanoparticles with a reference to histopathological alterations

Edwardsiellosis is a serious septicemic bacterial disease that induces high mortality in fish of economic value such as Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus). Nanotechnology has become a modern indispensable tool for use in preventing and treating of fish diseases. Moreover, nanomaterials have the potential for prevention and treatment of fish diseases. The current study was aimed to evaluate the role of ginger (GN) and its nanoparticles (GNNPs) in Edwardsiellosis prevention in C. gariepinus after in-vitro determination of these natural products. Experimental infection, determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) of Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) and histopathological examinations were performed. GN and GNNPs synthesized by ball milling were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, hydrodynamic particle size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray differentiation analysis (XRD). GNNPs had less negative surface charge and lower particle and hydrodynamic size distribution than bulk ginger. Also, the functional groups on the surface of GN particles were not affected by the milling process. GNNPs had higher antibacterial activity against E. tarda than GN. Experimentally infected C. gariepinus showed skin haemorrhagic ulcerations with a foul odor, loss of skin coloration and fins disintegration. The LD50 was 1.5 × 104 colony forming unit, CFU/ml. GNNPs succeeded in preventing Edwardsiellosis in dietary fed C. gariepinus with no mortality compared to 10% and 70% in group of C. gariepinus fed traditional GN and the positive control group, respectively. Dietary GNNPs induced a non-significant effect on liver functions with a slight increase in serum urea. These enzymes were significantly elevated in the positive control group. Regarding the histopathological findings, the positive control group showed severe histopathological lesions compared to the negative control group. Normal and mild histopathological alternations were observed in the groups fed GNNPs and GN then injected with E. tarda, respectively.

Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuate Tissue Injury and Reduce Inflammation in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis.

Purpose: Acute pancreatitis (AP) which is distinguished by local pancreatic necrosis, followingby systemic organ failure is known as an inflammatory disease. Up to now, there are only a fewtreatment options accessible for patients suffering from AP. In this study, we aimed to examinethe anti-inflammatory capacities of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells(hBM-MSCs) in a detailed AP model experiment. Methods: AP was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal administration of cerulein (100μg/kg/h × 7 doses) at intervals of 1 hour. Then, 2×105 MSCs were infused in the AP mice bytail vein 6 hours after the last cerulein injection. Mice were sacrificed 12 hours following theinjection of hBM-MSC, and blood samples and pancreas tissues were obtained. Results: We first determined the presence of transplanted hBM-MSC in the pancreas of micewith AP, but not the control mice. Our data indicate that administration of hBM-MSCs to micewith AP lead to (i) decreased serum levels of amylase, lipase and myeloperoxidase activities, (ii)downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), and(iii) upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10). Moreover, hBM-MSCadministration results in notably attenuated cerulein-induced histopathological alternationsand edema. Conclusion: we demonstrate that hBM-MSC attenuates AP signs and indicating that hMB-MSCtherapy could be a suitable approach for the treatment of inflammatory disease such as AP.

Acute Exposure to the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidacloprid of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Gonads: A Histopathological Approach

Neonicotinoids are the new class of insecticides that are high target specificity to insects. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid that is the most widely used insecticide in the world. As a result of its widespread use in agriculture, imidacloprid interferes with the aquatic system and threatens the aquatic environment. In this study, an investigation of the histopathological effects of imidacloprid on zebrafish gonads was aimed. Zebrafish were exposed to 9.5 mg/L, 19 mg/L, and 38 mg/L of imidacloprid for 5 days, considering the 96 h LC50 value. After dissecting the gonadal tissues, routine histological techniques were applied, and the tissues were stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), Toluidine Blue (TB), and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E). Sections were examined under a light microscope. While normal gonad histology was observed in the control group, histopathological alternations such as degeneration and union in the seminiferous tubules, hypertrophy in spermatogenic and Leydig cells, and interstitial fibrosis were detected in testicular tissue of the experimental groups. In the ovarian tissues of the experimental groups, structural deterioration in oocytes, autolysis, increase in the number of atretic oocytes, vacuolization in cortical alveoli, thickening and curling in the zona radiata, and opening in the perifollicular layers were detected.

Ameliorative property of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in minimising immunosuppression induced by arsenic in White Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Due to industrialisation heavy metal toxicity is increasing day by day. The current research was performed to reduce the immunosuppressive effects of arsenic (As) by supplementing ginger in basal diet. About 120 White Pekin ducks of 7 days old were randomly allocated into 5 groups having 24 birds in each. Each group contained 3 replicates having 8 birds in each replicate and fed either basal diet as such (control/ T1); T2: 28 ppm As/L of drinking water + basal feed; T3: 28 ppm As/L of drinking water + dried ginger powder @ 100 mg/kg of basal feed; T4: 28 ppm As/L of drinking water + dried ginger powder @ 300 mg/kg of basal feed; T5: 28 ppm As/L of drinking water + dried ginger powder @ 1 g/kg of basal feed for 90 days. The decreased in body weight and FCR in T2 was improved significantly in T4 and T5. Ginger enhanced the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes in spleen tissue of As intoxicated birds. Suppressed immunity due to As toxicity were attenuated by ginger supplementation through enhanced phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, humoral and cell mediated immunity. Similarly, serum corticosterone level was significantly reduced in ginger treated birds than As intoxicated ducks. Besides above facts there were also histopathological alternations of spleen. It was concluded that, As exerts immunosuppressive effects and supplementation of ginger at 1 g/kg diet was effective in enhancing immunity and protecting the ducks from oxidative stress induced by As.