Histopathological Studies Research Articles

Pathological and Fungal Isolation study of dog skin disease in Iraq Governorates

Dogs are susceptible to several types of infectious diseases can be worrisome for their owner because some of them are fatal if not treated soon enough. Fungal infection can be contracted through different parts of body furthermore many of them are zoonotic infection among human and dogs the signs of any disease typical depend on location of infection either local or system infection. Local infection usually involves skin surface that look like wound the objective of this study was to briefly about the most common pathogenic fungal infection in dogs by describing information about the causative agent, clinical signs and grossly appearance with histopathological change skin examination current study were done on 200 dogs collected in Iraq governorates (Baghdad, Erbil, Anbar, Sulaymaniyah) during a period 6 months (January – June) 2023. 200 examined dogs with different age, breed and sex ( k9, ornamental and stray dogs ) were observed fungal isolation and pathological examination with clinical signs by using diagnostic tools for skin biopsies (biopsy punch) from suspected infected skin dogs. Results showed pathogenic fungi after collected on fungal culture for detection pathogenic fungal (Dermatophyte Test Agar) D.T.M Agar Base. Fungal isolation constitutes the following pathogenic fungi (100 infected samples from 200 suspected samples). 60% Aspergillus niger, 30% Trichophyton Verrucosum, 10% Alternaria spp. Clinical signs and grossly lesion showed complete skin ulcer, allopecia, odema, abscessation while microscopic appearance revealed skin ulcer, hyperkeratosis, folliculitis, necrosis, apoptosis, pyogranuloma and granulation tissue with septate hyphae in skin dermis and epidermis which infected with Aspergillus niger.

Low-grade Papillary Nasopharyngeal Adenocarcinoma: A Clinicopathologic Series of 35 Cases.

Low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma (LGNPPA) is a rare neoplasm originating from the surface mucosal epithelium in the nasopharynx. To clarify its clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features, we retrospectively enrolled 35 patients diagnosed with LGNPPA between May 2016 and March 2024. Our cohort consisted of 14 male and 21 female patients aged 11 to 71 years (median: 37y). The most common symptoms were rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Most tumors originated from the roof of the nasopharynx and were clinically staged as T1N0M0. None of the patients had a history of thyroid tumors. Microscopically, most of the LGNPPA were composed of irregular papillary structures covered with single-layer columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Eighteen cases (18/35, 51.4%) showed squamous epithelium coverage, and 9 cases (9/35, 25.7%) showed the characteristic transformation of squamous epithelium into neoplasm. Squamous differentiation and a significant spindle cell component were noted in 9 cases (9/35, 25.7%) and 26 cases (26/35, 74.3%), respectively. All cases were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1 protein, CK7, EMA, and Galectin-3 but negative for thyroglobulin, PAX8, and Napsin A. Ki-67 labeling was low and ranged from 2% to 5%. The Epstein-Barr virus or human papilloma virus infection and BRAF V600E mutation were not detected in any of the cases. All patients underwent endoscopic surgical resection, and 4 patients received radiotherapy followed by endoscopic surgery. Complete follow-up data were available for 33 patients. All patients had no recurrent or metastatic disease in the last follow-up (3 to 88mo). A definitive diagnosis depends on histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies. The optimal treatment for patients with LGNPPA is total excision. Given the extremely indolent biological behavior of LGNPPA, it may be more appropriate to classify it as a primary papillary epithelial tumor rather than an adenocarcinoma of the nasopharynx.

Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Free-Ranging Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in the Montgrí Massif Natural Park, Catalonia, Northeastern Spain.

Contagious ecthyma is a common, worldwide, and highly transmissible viral zoonotic skin disease caused by the orf virus (ORFV). It mainly affects farmed small ruminants, but it has also been described in a broad range of wild and domestic mammals, with Caprinae species most susceptible. Between November 2019 and January 2020, adults, juveniles, yearlings, and kids from an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) population established in the Montgrí Massif Natural Park (Catalonia, northeastern Spain) were observed with clinical signs and lesions compatible with ORFV infection. The carcass of an adult male with severe disease enabled sample collection for histopathology and molecular studies, confirming ORFV DNA in the skin lesions. Sequence analyses indicated that the ORFV strain detected had high homology (>98%) with strains previously obtained from other European wild ruminant species. The outbreak peaked in December 2019, with an estimated prevalence of 68.97% (95% confidence interval, 53.35-84.59). From February 2020 forward, no individuals with lesions were observed. The yearly counts for population monitoring corroborated the apparently negligible ORFV impact on the ibex population of the Montgrí Natural Park. There are no previous reports of contagious ecthyma in a free-ranging Iberian ibex population.

Preparation, physicochemical characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluations of asiatic acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles formulated with natural waxes for nose-to-brain delivery

Asiatic acid (AA) has neuroprotective potential for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Natural waxes with various ratios of Tween 80 and Span 80 or soybean lecithin were formulated to obtain AA-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (AA-SLN) to improve direct nose to brain transport. Optimal AA-SLN had particle size below 200 nm with uniform size distribution and zeta potential of nearly -30 mV indicating a low risk of particle aggregation. Formulation with rice bran wax, Tween 80, and soybean lecithin (AA-RwS100) showed the highest entrapment efficiency and yield of >98 % while in vitro AA release of AA-SLN was linearly up to 48 h For ex vivo permeation, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and histopathological studies on porcine olfactory mucosa (OM) and respiratory mucosa (RM), AA-SLN showed significantly higher permeation across OM than RM (p < 0.05) up to 6 h and AA-RwS100 also showed the highest amount of drug permeated as confirmed by CLSM results. Although AA-SLN showed non-significantly lower permeation than AA solution (AA-SOL) (p > 0.05), no epithelial and mucosal structure damages were observed in OM treated with AA-RwS100 and RM treated with all AA-SLNs indicating safety for nasal administration while AA-SOL showed significant damage to both OM and RM. In addition, in vivo brain distribution study by fluorescence imaging using Rhodamine (R6g) showed higher brain distribution after intranasal administration of R6g-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (R6g-SLN) than R6g solution (R6g-SOL) and intravenous administration of R6g-SLN, and R6g-RwS100 also showed the highest brain accumulation at 8 h post administration.

A rare case report of hurthle cell adenoma mimicking malignancy

Thyroid lesions are the most common endocrine diseases, occurring in usually all age groups, though accurate diagnosis still remains a challenge, as due to oncocytic potentials of Thyroid cells leads to like indeterminate or suspicious diagnosis. Long standing benign Thyroid lesion shows atypical presentation suspicious to malignancy. Now a days with the help of WHO classification and available advanced diagnostic measures helping to confirm the diagnosis, avoiding overdiagnosis and wrong treatment. Hence this study review the importance of Histopathological study with coordination with immunohistochemistry (IHC) study, where suspicious thyroid malignant lesion finally diagnosed as benign Hurthle cell/ Oncocytic adenoma in Nodular Goitre.: 72 year old female presented huge neck swelling since one year, was reviewed in our departments of Pathology and ENT. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) features are suspicious of Malignancy, further Histopathological features were studied with co ordance of IHC study. FNAC features, which were suspicious of Malignancy were further studied with Histopathological and IHC studies diagnosed as Hurthle cell/ Oncocytic adenoma in Nodular Goitre. Histopathology remains the cornerstone for the diagnosis of thyroid oncocytic lesions and also in distinguishing between adenoma and carcinoma.

Study of placenta histopathology in low birth weight deliveries: A prospective cross-sectional study at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital

Background: Placenta is the most important organ that represents the status of the mother and fetus. Its examination on gross and microscopy can reveal varied pregnancy-related diseases, decreasing future adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the placenta histopathologically among low birth weight pregnancies. Materials and methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted in the Department of Pathology over one year. The placenta of low birth weight (weight &lt; 2.5 kg) term pregnancies were histopathologically examined. The maternal demographics, co-morbidity, gravida, and hemoglobin levels were recorded. Descriptive statistics, and student t-test or Chi-square test were used for two-group analysis. Results: Thirty-two consecutive patients enrolled in each group. A significant proportion of the patients in the study group were anemic (9.2 vs. 11.5 gm/dl; p=0.03). Pregnancy-induced hypertension rate was significantly higher in the study group (31% vs. 9%; p = 0.042). Gross observations in low birth weight pregnancies were sub-chorionic fibrin deposition (75%), calcification (37%) and infarction (31%). On microscopy, chorionic vessel thrombosis was significantly higher in the study group (56% vs. 6%; p= 0.003). Furthermore, chorioamnionitis (34%) and placental floor infarction (12%) were also observed in a significantly higher number of placentas in the study group. Conclusions: Anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension are important associated factors for low birth weight pregnancies. Pathological examinations reveal higher fibrin deposition, infarction, calcification, sub-chronic vessel thrombosis, and chorioamnionitis in low birth weight placenta.

Malakoplakia, a rare inflammatory condition presenting as a colon polyp

Abstract Introduction/Objective Malakoplakia is a rare histiocytic disease caused by defects in phagocytic or degradative functions of histiocytes in response to gram negative coliforms (E. coli or Proteus) that results in chronic inflammatory state, followed by intracellular deposition of iron and calcium (known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies). It’s more common in immunocompromised patients and the mean age at diagnosis is fifth decade. It occurs in all organs, common in GU tract, particularly bladder, but also seen in gastrointestinal tract (most commonly colon, followed by stomach and duodenum), central nervous system and female genital tract. In gastrointestinal tract, it can present as a polyp with diffuse mucosal involvement, submucosal thickening, and even may cause mass. Methods/Case Report A 60 -year-old male smoker presented to our hospital with history of colon polyps; colonoscopy revealed a 6 mm sessile polyp at the hepatic flexure. A biopsy was performed which showed numerous epithelioid histiocytes with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, abundant Michaelis-Gutmann bodies and increased lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical stains showed diffuse positivity for CD68; and PAS stain was positive for histiocytic cytoplasmic granules. Based on this data, the diagnosis of Malakoplakia was confirmed. Malakoplakia is treated with antibiotics that concentrate in macrophages (quinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), antibiotics directed against E. coli, surgery and possibly discontinuation of immunosuppressive drug therapy. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Malakoplakia, in this case, was presented clinically as a sessile colon polyp and histologically showed numerous epithelioid histiocytes with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, with Immunohistochemical stains (CD68; and PAS stain) the correct diagnosis was made. Other presentations of Malakoplakia include diffuse mucosal involvement, submucosal thickening, or mass. Histologically, it may rarely be mistaken as signet ring carcinoma. These variable presentations in GU tract or colon can be interpreted as malignancy with consequent unnecessary interventions. Hence, awareness of Malakoplakia with careful histopathologic examination and the use of immunohistochemical studies are advisable in that cases. Conclusion We would like to emphasize that Malakoplakia can be clinically and histologically misdiagnosed as a malignant condition; therefore histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies are needed to correctly diagnose this entity.

Pirfenidone mitigates demyelination and electrophysiological alterations in multiple sclerosis: Targeting NF-κB, sirt1, and neurotrophic genes.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting thecentral nervous system associated with progressive neurodegeneration. Pirfenidone (Pir) is a well-known antifibrotic agent; however, Pir's function in MS is little explored. We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of Pir in MS and its possible underlying mechanisms. Forty male Swiss mice were divided equally into control, cuprizone (CPZ), Pir, and CPZ + Pir groups. Assessment of motor function was conducted using neurobehavioral tests, EMG, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Mice's brains were extracted to measure oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and the expression of neurotrophic genes. The corpus callosum and the sciatic nerve were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The CPZ group was associated with significant reductions in muscle power, frequency of contraction, sciatic NCV, SOD, IL-10, SIRT1, NGF, and neuregulin-1. Significant increases in MDA, TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-17, TGF-β, and NF-κB were also detected. Multiple areas of partially demyelinated nerve fibers in the corpus callosum, the loss of oligodendrocyte nuclei, and increased microglia and astrocytes were also observed. The sciatic nerve revealed partial demyelination with significantly reduced myelin basic protein (MBP) expression. Pir significantly restored motor function, demyelination, and neurodegenerative changes induced by CPZ. Besides the antifibrotic action of Pir, we concluded that it improves motor function in MS by alleviating the demyelinating process and neurodegeneration. Its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic properties could be contributing factors. These effects could be mediated by modulating the NF-κB, SIRT1, NGF, and neuregulin-1 pathways. Pir is a promising agent for treating MS.

Histopathological study of scaly plaque over palm and sole in patients attending a tertiary care Hospital in Kathmandu

Background: Dermatoses of palms and soles are frequently encountered as palms and soles have non-hairy skin. Scaling skin could be a symptom of many medical conditions including psoriasis, eczema, contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, actinic keratosis, lichen planus, tinea, etc. Psoriasis must be differentiated from its non-psoriatic lesions. Histopathological examination often serves as a confirmative part of the diagnosis. Materials and methods: This was a hospital-based retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital. A total of 139 cases of scaly plaque skin lesions of the palm and sole from January 2020 to December 2022 were included in the study. The histopathological diagnosis was correlated with the clinical diagnosis. Results: Among 139 persons presenting with scaly lesions, the median age was 36 years with an age range from 15 years to 80 years. A female preponderance (59%) was observed. The odds of Psoriasis were 2.5 times higher (OR CI: 1.21 to 5.17) among those aged 36 years and above (P value 0.011). There was a significant association between age categories and histological diagnosis of scaly lesions. The agreement was significant between the clinical and histological diagnosis for psoriatic (63.0%) and non-psoriatic lesions (76.3%) with a Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.38 (SE: 0.084), P value &lt; 0.0001. Conclusions: Both psoriatic and non-psoriatic lesions can present as scaly plaque skin lesions, hence the knowledge of these clinical mimickers is important for the proper diagnosis. The histopathological examination will give the confirmatory diagnosis.

Association of p53 expression in various molecular subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma NOS

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of mortality for women after heart disease. Consequently, stopping it is difficult at all times. Metastasis frequently occurs to distant organs such the liver, lung, and brain.All specimens from lumpectomies, simple and modified radical mastectomies, and trucut biopsies identified as Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Not Otherwise Specified at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of the Pathology Department at tertiary care centre, were included in the study. Immunohistochemical markers were utilised and haematoxylin and eosin sections were examined.Association of p53 expression in various molecular subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma NOS. All lumpectomy specimens simple and modified radical mastectomy, trucut biopsies specimens diagnosed as invasive carcinoma breast not otherwise specified, submitted to the Department of Pathology, AJIMS, Mangalore for histopathological study are included in this study.Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 20.0.The continuous variables were presented as mean±SD. Categorical variables were presented in frequency and percentage. Categorical variables were analysed using Chi square test. A p value&amp;#60;0.05 was considered statistically significant.This study is on the expression of p53 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast type NOS and correlating it with different histological grades, tumour sizes, and molecular subtypes. This study showed expression of p53 is independent of molecular subtype.

Gastrointestinal toxicity following sub-acute exposure of erythrosine in rats: biochemical, oxidative stress, DNA damage and histopathological studies.

Erythrosine, a synthetic food dye, has been controversial due to its potential health risks. This study examines the effect of erythrosine on activity of antioxidative enzymes, oxidative stress indices, DNA damage through comet assay, and histopathological changes on stomach, intestine, and colon over a period of 28 days in rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). The first is the control group and then one each for three doses of erythrosine based on acceptable daily intake (¼ ADI, ½ ADI, and ADI, 0.1 mg/kg body weight). The results revealed that with increasing dosages the activity of catalase decreased in stomach and intestine but in colon, the catalase activity increased. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activity decreased in dose-dependent manner in all three tissues. While, in stomach and intestine, the acetylcholinesterase activity showed increment in ¼ ADI dose group and then declined in ½ ADI and ADI dose-administered rats. The oxidative stress indicators showed elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity suggesting heightened free radical activity and potential oxidative damage. The comet test was used to evaluate DNA damage, revealing substantial damage in the erythrosine administered groups. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory infiltration and other degenerative changes in gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the dye's adverse effects. The research underscores the need for a comprehensive reevaluation of the safety and toxicity of food dyes like erythrosine, especially considering the inconsistencies in existing studies regarding the dye's safety.

Development of N-alkylated benzimidazole based cubosome hydrogel for topical treatment of burns.

The current study focuses on assessing the activity of the N-alkylated benzimidazole based cubosomal hydrogel (cubogel) for the topical treatment of burn wounds. The study involves the synthesis of six benzimidazole derivatives (1-6) and their characterization by FT-IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The further study involves the design and formation of nanoparticles known as cubosomes loaded with selected 1-benzyl-1-benzimidazole (API 6) and the development of a cubogel for the topical treatment of burn wounds. Cubosomes were prepared by the homogenization method, using glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as a lipid polymer and poloxamer 407 (P407) as a surfactant. Cubosomes undergo in vitro characterizations (measurement of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency, drug release in phosphate buffer saline of pH 6.8, and surface morphology by utilizing TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Formulation D3 (2.5% of GMO, 1% of P407, and 2.5% of PVA) emerged as the optimized formulation, displaying a minimum particle size (PS) of 129.9 ± 1 nm, entrapment efficiency (%EE) of 96.67 ± 0.89%, and a drug release of 86 ± 2.7% at 24 h. Carbopol 940 hydrogel was prepared and incorporated with the optimized formulation to prepare cubogel. This optimized cubogel provided 92.56 ± 0.014% in vitro drug release within 24 h. An in vivo histopathological study was conducted on an animal model (rabbit) to assess the efficacy of cubogel in wound healing and wound contraction. Then cubogel was compared with the commercially available creams Clotrimazole® and Polyfax®. The wound treated with newly developed cubogel has maximum wound contraction (96.70%) as compared to the standard creams. The findings revealed that the newly formulated cubogel was highly effective in treating burns, showing superior performance to commercial products without inducing side effects. Additionally, benzimidazole derivative loaded cubogel caused a sustained release for treating burn wounds without any bacterial infections. The current results further suggested phase 0 clinical trials.

Phosphorus Restriction Prevents Rapamycin-Induced Kidney Damage in Rats.

There are conflicting reports about the effect or rapamycin on the kidneys. Rapamycin is known to promote phosphaturia that may be associated to renal injury. Detailed histopathological studies were performed on the kidneys of rats with normal (control) and reduced (Nx) renal mass that were treated with rapamycin (1.3 mg/kg for 22 days) or placebo. The effect of rapamycin was also evaluated in control and Nx rats fed different amounts of phosphorus: 0.6% P (NP), 1.2% P (HP), and 0.2% P (LP). Quantitative scores of kidney lesions were obtained for interstitial nephritis (IN), tubular damage (TD), and nephrocalcinosis (NC). When compared with placebo, rapamycin administration to Nx rats resulted in significant increases in IN (4.17 ± 0.74 vs. 1.51 ± 0.53%) and TD (14.45 ± 1.51 vs. 8.61 ± 1.83%). Rapamycin also increased NC both in control (0.86 ± 0.23 vs. 0.14 ± 0.06%) and Nx (0.86 ± 0.32 vs. 0.15 ± 0.14%) rats. In control rats receiving rapamycin, feeding HP aggravated IN (3.25 ± 0.48%), TD (22.47 ± 4.56%), and NC (3.66 ± 0.75%), while feeding LP prevented development of any renal lesions. In Nx rats treated with rapamycin, HP intake also increased IN (8.95 ± 1.94%), TD (26.86 ± 3.95%), and NC (2.77 ± 0.60%), whereas feeding LP reduced all lesions to lower levels than in rats fed NP. Rapamycin treatment increased fractional excretion of P (FEP), and an excellent correlation between scores for renal lesions and FEP was found. Rapamycin has deleterious effects on kidney pathology causing lesions that are located mainly at tubular and tubulointerstitial level. Rapamycin-induced kidney damage is more evident in rats that already have decreased renal function and seems to be related to the phosphaturic effect of the drug. Dietary P restriction prevents kidney damage in rats treated with rapamycin.

Ocular effects of synthetic cannabinoids: a case-control study.

To evaluate the ocular effects of "Bonzai", a synthetic cannabinoid (SC), in seropositive and seronegative users. Sixty eyes of 60 consecutive male patients with a history of "Bonzai" use and 30 eyes of 30 age-matched male healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Patients with past "Bonzai" use were grouped as seropositive (n:30) and seronegative (n:30) according to urine toxicology tests. All groups were compared for blood pressures, intraocular pressure, foveal and parafoveal retinal thicknesses, subfoveal and parafoveal choroidal thicknesses, measurements of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), subfoveal total choroidal, luminal and stromal areas, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). No differences were noted in blood pressures between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean intraocular pressure was significantly lower in the seropositive group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). Foveal and retinal thicknesses, RNFL, and GCC measurements did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Subfoveal and parafoveal choroidal thicknesses and areas were lower in the seropositive group than in the other groups (p < 0.001, for all). CVI increased in both groups with "Bonzai" use compared to the control group (p < 0.001, for all). This study indicates that intraocular pressure may decrease, and choroidal changes may be observed in SC users. Further clinical studies with a larger sample size, especially using purified SC for therapeutic purposes, are needed to confirm the present findings, and further histopathologic studies are required to clarify the changes in the choroid despite SC seronegativity. NCT06235346.

Relieving postherpetic neuralgia pain via gabapentin-loaded bigels as an auspicious topical drug delivery system.

Over the past decades, a substantial portion of the population worldwide has been infected with varicella zoster and most cases developed shingles. Unfortunately, shingles is usually accompanied by postherpetic neuralgia, which may persist for months to years after the resolution of the viral infection. Gabapentin is an orallygamma-aminobutyric acid analogue approved by the Food and Drug Administration to manage shingles postherpetic neuralgia. However, gabapentin shows nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with variable absorption and bioavailability along with its short half-life and long side effects that may include dizziness and somnolence, which calls for an appropriate topical dosage form. Bigels are unique semisolid dosage forms with boosted penetrability and satisfactory hydrophilic texture. The current work pointed to formulating gabapentin-loaded bigels for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, where the analysis and optimization of design were performed via Design-Expert®. The selected bigel (F5), incorporating 400mg Span 60, 1000mg Tween 80, and 1000mg Transcutol, displayed spherical nanosized particles with acceptable viscosity and spreadability. Subsequent topical application of the selected bigel on the skin of Wistar rats, F5, demonstrated a boosted accumulation of gabapentin in the skin similar to PLO gel but superior to the drug solution. Furthermore, a histopathological study demonstrated the biosafety of the selected bigel when applied topically. Accordingly, gabapentin-loaded bigel would be considered a potentially topical dosage form for the delivery of gabapentin for the management of postherpetic neuralgia.

A Morphological Study of HLA-DR-Immunopositive Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Their Implications for Pathogenesis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by white matter demyelinating plaques, which can be classified as active, chronic active, or chronic inactive based on the extent of demyelination, cellularity, and inflammation. Microglia and macrophages play a central role in these processes. This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of HLA-DR-immunopositive cells in these plaques to improve our understanding of the roles of these cells in MS plaques. Methods: This study is a retrospective post-mortem histopathological study. We analyzed 90 plaques from 6 MS cases. Of the plaques studied, 77 were grouped into three categories: 28 active, 34 chronic active, and 15 chronic inactive. Additionally, five vacuolated white matter lesions, two axonal degeneration lesions, and six lesions with mixed histological features were included. Six control cases were also examined to assess HLA-DR-immunopositive cell expression across various age groups. The cells were classified based on their morphology into two types: round cells without processes (macrophages) and cells with varying processes and shapes (ramified microglia). Results: Both macrophages and ramified microglia were present in all lesion types, with a focus on identifying the predominant cell type. Of the 28 active plaques, macrophages were the primary cell type in 25 plaques, while ramified microglia predominated in 3. In the center of 49 chronic plaques, scattered ramified microglia were observed in 46, with three plaques showing a predominance of macrophages. Among the 34 chronic active lesions, ramified microglia were the main cell type in the periphery of 32 plaques, with the remaining two predominantly exhibiting macrophages. Conclusions: The predominance of macrophages in active lesions and the presence of scattered ramified microglia in the center of chronic plaques are consistent with the phagocytic role of macrophages. Meanwhile, the prevalence of ramified microglia at the periphery of chronic active lesions suggests a potential protective function in maintaining lesion stability.

Anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities of novel N-sulfonylphtalimide in an ovalbumin-induced inflammation in Wistar rats.

Phthalimide and N-substituted phthalimide have a special structure that helps them to be pharmaceutically useful and biologically active. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of a synthetic phthalimide-containing derivative in an experimental asthma model. In vitro determination of antioxidant and chelating activity was carried out by spectrophotometric methods. The in vivo antioxidant activity was carried out in Wistar rats sensitized to ovalbumin in the experimental model of asthma. Our results reveal that that the synthesized N-sulfonylphthalimide molecule has a scavenging capacity against the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) and a chelating activity on ferrous ions and revealed its protective capacity against altered markers of oxidative stress in the experimental asthma model. All the previous results were confirmed by the result of the histopathological study of the liver. Moreover, neo-synthesized N-sulfonylphthalimide 2 showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with interesting MIC values. Finally, our study highlights the anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and antibacterial effects of the N-sulfonylphthalimide molecule, which could potentially be a drug of choice in asthmatic pathology, especially during bacterial superinfections in the respiratory tract.

Biotin Supplementation Improved Reproductive Parameters Following Lead Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Lead acetate, a prominent heavy metal, is released into the environment by various industries like paint, ceramics, lead-containing pipes, and plastics. Exposure to lead acetate has adverse effects on numerous organs in the body, with a particular impact on the testes due to its distinctive vascular system. The present study investigated the potential protective effects of biotin on lead acetate-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control (animal feed daily with water); negative control (lead acetate 60 mg/kg); Positive control group( high-dose Biotin (80mg/kg) and the treatment group Lead acetate (60mg/kg)/high-dose Biotin (80mg/kg). After 28 days of administration, blood samples were collected for hormonal assay, and semen from the epididymis for semen profile. Testicular samples were also collected for histopathological studies. Results showed that lead acetate administration significantly decreased the sperm count, motility, viability, and altered histology of the testis (testicular damage, necrosis of seminiferous tubules, and loss of spermatid) compared to the negative control. However, the treatment group showed significantly improved histology of the testis, and increased sperm count, motility, and viability. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that biotin supplementation could provide a promising ameliorative effect against lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity.

Evaluation of Infrared Thermography and Histopathological Study of Pneumonia in pre and Post Slaughtered Calves at Abattoir

Evaluation of Infrared Thermography and Histopathological Study of Pneumonia in pre and Post Slaughtered Calves at Abattoir

Histopathological Study Of Prostate Cancer According To Gleason Score

The aim of this study was to histopathological alternation prostate cancer according Gleason systems . The total number of study samples was (60 ) that taken from men who suffered prostate cancer .patients diagnosed by a specialist doctor. Blood samples taken from all groups for estimation of levels of PSA. Second type of samples was biopsy and paraffin block that taken from PC patients for detection of histopathological alternations depending Gleason score. The result obtained from histopathology method that the prostate cancer in early stage poorly differentiated gland to loss gland formation in advanced early stage.