Balinese Hindu Research Articles

Ethics of War and Ritual: The Bhagavad-Gita and Mahabharata as Test Cases

ABSTRACT This article uses paradigms developed in the ethics of war debate, primarily jus in bello (just actions in war), and academic theories developed for the study of religion: the dialectic of the sacred and profane, and ritual studies – primarily sacrifice, festivals, and rites of passage – to analyze the Bhagavad-Gita and the sections of the Mahabharata that tell the story of the Kurukshetra War. 1 The article focuses attention on the fact that along with Krishna preaching Hindu dharma (religious socio-ethical duties) in the Bhagavad-Gita, a militarist ethic is forcefully put forth within Kshatriya dharma. The objective is to bring out salient points on human behavior expressed by combatants in war through their religious ethics and religious rituals. While some commentary is offered on the meaning of the teachings presented in these texts, the main goal is examining human behavior not textual meaning. The article builds on studies that show religious ritual as a powerful force in inculcating ethics and behavior in the pursuit of war. The article comments on religion and war in general in order to advance the understanding of human religious expression and behavior in regard to war.

Local Tradition and Harmony among Religious Adherents: the Dominant Culture of Hindu-Muslim Relation in Jembrana Bali

This study discusses the harmony of Hindu-Muslim’s local traditions in Jembrana, western Bali. This anthropology study employs Bruner's dominant cultural theory approach to see the practice of harmony in local communities. This study focuses on several local Hindu-Muslim traditions in Jembrana, which reflect harmony among religious communities, namely the tradition of ngejot, makepung, male, and rebana (tambourine). The ethnographic study confirms the importance of respect for the dominant culture carried out by the Muslim minority when implementing their religious traditions. Although the tradition of male and rebana, for instance, are Islamic traditions, Balinese Muslims adapted to Balinese customs as the dominant culture. They understood their positions to maintain and respect the dominant Balinese culture performed by the majority of Hindus in Jembrana. Balinese Hindus tried to show an excellent response to the Muslims by involving them in the local Balinese tradition even with the adaptation of their rituals. It is a wealth of local tradition that shows religious harmony portrait in Indonesia.

Implementasi Budaya Bali Dan Konsep Tri Hita Karana Di Harris Hotel, Seminyak-Bali

The purpose of this study was to determine how the application of Balinese culture and the Tri HIta Karana (THK) concept at Harris Hotel Seminyak, one of the hotels in Bali. This study used a qualitative method. Informants were determined using the Purposive Sampling technique. The informant in this study was Harris Hotel Seminyak management. The types of data in this study are primary and secondary data. Data were obtained through interviews, observations and study documents. The implementation of Balinese culture in Harris Hotel Seminyak can be seen from the Balinese traditional clothes worn by Harris staffs conductiong Balinese traditional fashion competition, Balinese decoration making competition, making penjor, displaying paintings of the hindu religious activities and Balinese people’s daily activities, as well as serving Balinese traditional dishes. The implementation of the THK concept can also be seen from the Parhyangan concept, which is giving the freedom of worship, providing some worship places, arranging offerings or canang sari in padmasana and in each section of the department, installing pelangkiran in every room, doing religious activities or odalan in Padmasana and do tirtayatra or spiritual trip to several temples in Bali and Java. The implementation of the THK concept is seen from the concept of pawongan, namely holding Sima Krama Dharma Santhi / hospitality and A day to share activities. The implementation of the THK concept can be seen from the concept of palemahan that commemorates Tumpek Uduh (a special day for plants and trees), Tumpek Kandang (a special day of animals) and Mecaru (Bhuta Yadnya) with various levels, and cleaning the beach and the area of Seminyak village. Keywords: Balinese Culture, THK, Harris Hotel Seminyak

The Meaning of Pura Agung Surya Bhuvana (PASB) in the Religious Lives in Jayapura in The Global Era

The aim of this research was to be able to understand the meaning of the Pura Agung Surya Bhuvana (PASB) for the harmony of religious life in Jayapura in the global era. Lately, people’s lives in Jayapura had been highlighted by frequent turmoil. The research problems were (1) why did non-Hindus in Jayapura often visit the Pura Agung Surya Bhuvana? (2) How did they understand the Agung Surya Bhuvana temple in this global era? This research used a qualitative method. The data source of this research was the life of a multicultural society in the Agung Surya Bhavana temple in the global era. The selected informants included the chairperson of Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia Jayapura, chairperson of Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia Papua, stakeholders, pengempon, penyungsung, and temple visitors both Hindus and non-Hindus who often come to visit the temple. All data collected through observation techniques, interviews, FGDs, and documentary studies that were analyzed descriptively interpretatively using religious theory, symbol theory, and structural-functional theory. The results show that (1) Non-Hindus in Jayapura often visit the Agung Surya Bhuvana temple because Hindus at the temple are very kind, friendly welcoming them, often involved in religious activities at the temple, for sightseeing, for meetings between residents. (2) The people in Jayapura in this global era interpret Agung Surya Bhuvana temple as a place of worship, a meeting place for religious followers, a place of art, a place to strengthen multicultural life (multiculturalism), and as a vehicle to strengthen national integration.

E-Upakara, Bebantenan Learning Information System with Tree Diagram Model

Researches on the implementation of information technology in Balinese culture and Hindu religion are still relatively rare, because Balinese culture is often perceived as “old fashioned” compared to information technology as something modern. In Hinduism, Yadnya ceremony is a religious ceremony when Hindus expressed gratitude to God, to fellow humans, to the resi, (priest/teacher), to the ancestors, and to Bhuta Kala. The implementation of Yadnya is usually accompanied with bebantenan (offerings) or upakara. Nowadays there are many Hindus, especially the younger generation who do not understand about bebantenan and Yadnya ceremony themselves. This is because information about bebantenan and Yadnya ceremony is relatively difficult to obtain. This paper proposes a multimedia based E-Upakara system or Bebantenan Information System that is a part of E-UpacaraYadnya System. Tree data structure is used to model the informations about data contained in bebantenan, and to illustrare the relations between bebantenan and Yadnya. The system can provide information related to the Yadnya ceremony such as the time the ceremony is held, the ceremony procedures, the bebantenan used during the ceremony, procedures of making bebantenan, videos, and pictures of banten.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Dalam Budaya Tarung Presean Di Lombok Barat (Perspektif Agama Hindu)

<p><em>Tarung Presean Culture in Batu Kumbung Village, Lingsar Subdistrict, West Lombok Regency, there are several components that can be examined in the presentation of results including: (a) Tarung Presean Culture is carried out by the Hindu Balinese who have long lived on the island of Lombok along with the Muslim Sasak tribe with a variety of social statuses but one goal is to ask for the gift of rain in order to obtain fertility and commemorate the services of the ancestors and as a form of thanks to the spirits of their ancestors who have fought to achieve independence and unite the archipelago. The culture of Tarung Presean in Batu Kumbung Village, Lingsar District, goes through several stages, namely; (1) preparations include making arenas, providing tools for Tarung Presean, and appointing referees (Pekembar), (2) Introduction marked by the beating of Sasak gamelan instruments accompanied by Sasak version of Pancasila songs, (3) the peak of the Ceremony designating an audience to be Pepadu and Tarung Presean begins after Pepadu is determined and ready to fight, (4) closing ceremony, a pair of Pepadu who have competed with each other / hugged each other and the committee gives gifts to fighters and gives closing words to the audience and fighters / Pepadu about the meaning contained in Tarung Presean. (b) In studying the values of Hindu religious education contained in the culture of Tarung Presean in the Batu Kumbung village of Lingsar sub-district, West Lombok Regency, using the Hindu Religious Concept which refers to the holy books, namely: Vedic Scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Manawa Dharmasastra, and Sarascamuccaya. (c) In Tarung Presean in Lingsar Temple, Lingsar Subdistrict, West Lombok Regency, there are aesthetic aspects, logic aspects, and ethical aspects as well as very deep meaning, including; (1) Tarung Presean as Actualization of Self-Control, (2) Tarung Presean as a form of Sportmanship and Patriotism, and (3) Tarung Presean Application from Tri Hita Karana.</em></p>

AKSARA WREASTRA DAN WIJAKSARA DALAM AKSARA BALI (STUDI STRUKTUR DAN MAKNA DALAM AGAMA HINDU)

<p>Humans as socio-cultural creatures can never be separated from the use of symbols, including symbols related to linguistics, which are used as sacred symbols in Hinduism in Bali, namely scripts, both Wreastra and Wijaksara Scripts. Hindus in Bali, for the most part, consider that the Wreastra script is only an ordinary script, which has no philosophical meaning, making researchers interested in studying the philosophical meaning in the Wreastra Script that is accompanied by the study of Wijaksara Script.</p><p>Starting from this background, there are several research problem formulations, namely what is the meaning of the Wreastra and the Wijaksara Scripts in Hinduism. To answer these problems, the researcher use structural theories, semiotic theories, and theories of meaning. This type of research is qualitative research, with a philosophical-symbolic approach.</p><p>The results of this study are the Wreastra and Wijaksara scripts have a meaning as worship to the God with all its manifestations adjusted to the script used. The application of the Wreastra and Wijaksara scripts in religious ritual activities in Bali as part of socio-religious activities can be seen from its use in the Rerajahang Kajang, Ulap-Ulap and Pecaruan rites.</p><p>The conclusion that can be drawn is that the Wreastra and Wijaksara scripts have a high philosophical meaning of God, so that in writing and its use is not arbitrary, always starting with prayer of worship to the God.</p>

Upacara Ngaturang Cicipan di Pura Jamintura Desa Banyu Urip (Perspektif Pendidikan Agama Hindu)

This paper contains the implementation of Hindu Religious Education in the implementation of the Ngaturang Cicipan Ceremony in Rincung, Banyu Urip Village, Gerung Subdistrict, West Lombok Regency. This ceremony was formerly initiated by the Subak Association and Rincung residents who work as farmers, but now it has been participated by all Rincung residents and Balinese Hindu’s people. Hindu Balinese who live in Banyu Urip Village was held a ceremony once a year at Purnama Sasih Kasa, when all residents who are farmers have finished carrying out the harvest as a form of thanks to God, the abundant harvest and the blessing of the God Indra to be blessed with Rain so that the fertility of their paddy fields is maintained. The approach in this paper is descriptive qualitative. The data was collected through observation and interviews. The collected data is compile based on the original reality forming a description in accordance with the object being observed. Based on the data collected, it can be stated that there is an implementation of Hindu religious education values ​​in the implementation of the Ngaturang Cicipan ceremony that has been carried out by the Subak Association in Rincung, Banyu Urip village, Gerung District, West Lombok Regency.

State and Society: Indigenous Practices in Ritual and Religious Activities of Bali Hinduism in Bali-Indonesia

Due to the increased tourism development in Bali, there have been significant changes in Balinese views in the practices of their ritual and religious lives. Previously populated almost exclusively by Hindu Balinese, Bali has evolved to be a multicultural society resulting from the increased migration of people, ethnicities and ideas. In the past, any ritual and religious activities in accordance with the humanistic religious management had been carried out in the traditional kingdoms. However, the downfall of those traditional kingdoms has affected the emergence of significant issues in relation to who will be in charge in the ritual and religious activities that demand much financial outlay. This has brought about important issues in relation to the decrease in the Balinese who adhere to Hinduism, since most of them have no time to arrange these kinds of activities as most work in the tourist sector that demands effectiveness and efficiency. There are many questions to be discussed in this paper, namely, Firstly: What is the role of the state and society in the management of the ritual and religious activities in Bali? Secondly: What kinds of alternative solutions can solve the problems? And, Thirdly: How can these issues faced by the Balinese, be managed, since the Balinese do not only consist of followers of the Hindu religion but also other religions such as Islam, Christianity (Protestant and Catholic), Buddhism and Confucianism as well as the local beliefs that have been recognized by the state in the Reform period since 1998? Through answering these questions, it is expected to have a better understanding of the role of the state and society in the context of indigenous practices in Ritual and Religious Activities of Bali Hinduism in Indonesia.

Penjor in Hindu Communities: A symbolic phrases of relations between human to human, to environment, and to God

The purpose of this article was to observe the development of the social meaning derived from penjor (bamboo decorated with flowers as an expression of thanks to God) for the Balinese Hindus. In the beginning, the meaning of penjor serves as a symbol of Mount Agung, and it developed as a human wisdom symbol. This research was conducted in Badung and Tabanan Regency, Bali using a qualitative method. The time scope of this research was not only on the Galungan and Kuningan holy days, where the penjor most commonly used in society. It also used on the other holy days, including when people hold the caru (offerings to the holy sacrifice) ceremony, in the temple, or any other ceremonial place and it is also displayed at competition events. The methods used were hermeneutics and verstehen. These methods served as a tool for the researcher to use to interpret both the phenomena and sentences involved. The results of this research show that the penjor has various meanings. It does not only serve as a symbol of Mount Agung and human wisdom; and it also symbolizes gratefulness because of God’s generosity and human happiness and cheerfulness. Penjor is a Tri Hita Karana (harmonious relationship between humans, humans with the environment, and humans with God) symbol.

The Passway of Women Entrepreneurship: Starting from Social Capital with Open Innovation, through to Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Performance

Customs and culture should create women’s independence to actualize themselves in an era of emerging social progress in order to lead to the domination of women in the development of creative businesses. This research examines the role of social capital and whether it becomes a supporting or hindering factor in developing the creative industry of women entrepreneurs by examining the role of information sharing and innovations. Employing purposive sampling, questionnaires were distributed to 200 women entrepreneurs, and data were analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling(PLS–SEM)software with SmartPLS Version 3.0. Social capital has a positive influence on the business performance of women entrepreneurs in Bali, Indonesia. Thus, the beliefs and norms that exist in the social capital of the Balinese Hindu concept can filter the information obtained from various information in business, which will ultimately be utilized by women entrepreneurs to create various innovations to meet the market demand. However, opportunities for women entrepreneurs are very limited to capital due to lack of guarantees to get capital, and a lack of entrepreneurship skills in the technological era, market access, bureaucracy, and legalization. Further, managerial skills, access to information technology, as well as the perspective that the men must be superior in Balinese culture and customs, make business for women entrepreneurs limited.

Establishing Social Reharmonization between the Balinese Hindu Diaspora and Sasak Moslem in Post-Conflict in Mataram

This research aims to study the revitalization of quotidian ties as a medium of establishing social reharmonization between the Balinese Hindu diaspora and Sasak Moslem in Mataram city. This revitalization was carried out post-conflict between the two ethnic groups in a number of areas. This phenomenon is related to the representation of local wisdom as posessing noble values instilled by the ancestors of the two ethnic groups toward realizing mutualistic communication and interaction. This study was designed using an interpretative-descriptive approach in order to conduct an in-depth analysis of the research focus. This study found innovations relating to the implementation of quotidian ties, specifically through the revitalization of individual and collective consciousness based on quotidian ties, the strengthening of multicultural ties between the two ethnic communities, the valorization of local wisdom involving the participation of different ethnic groups, and the contestation of cultural capital in the implementation of adat and religious practices. Recommendations of this study are to build cultural awareness through attitudes that mutually recognize and accept differences.Keywords: revitalization, quotidian ties, Balinese Hindu, Sasak Moslem, social reharmonization

Ontology-based Approach for Klungkung Royal Family

Kawitan genealogies form to strengthen family relations by staying in line with their ties. Today, there are many Balinese Hindu searches their heritance. This due to no explicit documentation about the family tree and the Balinese Hindu relies on people memories. To overcome this problem, we develop the ontology of the Family Tree Naritan Kawarya Narem Dalem Benculuk Tegeh Kori with Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining Search Method can overcome problems related to marriage lineage. By using the structured data in the form of an ontology, the computer agents and human will be able to find information related to their genealogy easily, so that there are no more people who are confused with their heritance. The ontology evaluation was conducted on the Nararya Dalem Benculuk Tegeh Kori's family tree. The initial result gave positive feedback toward further development of this ontology.
 Keywords : Ontology, Family Tree, Methontology

Penjor Sebagai Simbol Pencitraan Diri Umat Hindu di Kota Mataram

In contemporary development, the penjor is increasingly being used both as a means of religious rituals and as a profane means. This research focuses on 3 questions 1). What is the process of the emergence of penjor in the city of Mataram? 2). What are the types, functions, and meanings of penjor in the city of Mataram? 3). How is penjor a symbol of the self-image of Hindus in the city of Mataram? This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach that emphasizes the interpretation of denotative and connotative meanings by using the theory of symbolic and semiotic interactionism. Data collection techniques by observation, interview, literature study, and documentation. The results of the analysis include: 1) The appearance of penjor in the city of Mataram began with the history of the attack of the Karangasem kingdom to Lombok. The increasingly safe situation of Lombok encourages the transfer of the Karangasem community to Lombok which carries Balinese Hindu traditions, including penjor, 2) Penjor is divided into 2 types namely ceremonial penjor and ornamental penjor. Penjor ceremony is made from bamboo with curved edges, the trunk is decorated with Ambu (young palm leaves) or Busung (young coconut leaves) filled with accessories. Penjor ceremony functioned as a means of religious rituals (god yadnya) and Manusa yadnya. The meaning of penjor symbolizes the mountain and its contents where the gods come from, as a form of expression of gratitude for the gift given by God and the celebration of Galungan. The commodification of penjor in the city of Mataram is still in a standard form but has begun to use a combination of natural and synthetic ingredients. 3) Penjor is a symbol of the self-image of Hindus, showing internal solidarity with other Hindus and externally to present the front stage as a Hindu that refers to the aesthetic and artistic values ​​of religious ritual symbols that contain the values ​​of the Satyam, Siwam, Sundaram.

PENDAMPINGAN USAHA DUPA BAGI KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT DISABILITAS DI DESA BENGKALA, BULELENG, BALI

Bengkala Village in Buleleng Regency has been known as an area that is home to people with a hearing impairment. Their inability to communicate verbally like people in general does not make a group of people with disabilities unable to work. In this community service activity, people with disabilities in Bengkala Village are given training and guidance to produce incense that can be sold to people around and outside the village. Incense as a daily necessity product for the Balinese Hindu community, is a prospective business opportunity to be developed. Understanding the limitations of the people with disabilities, the accompanying method provided is the plasma system. As adopted Law No. 9 of 1995, this assistance was provided with an understanding of the conditions of the community, that's why, the directive approach is applied to community service activities. In its application, a directive approach is applied by adopting a plasma core pattern. Through the plasma method, the community is given technical guidance on production to be able to produce the expected number of products, both quality and quantity, it is about 20 kilograms per day. Key words: Bengkala Village, business, disability, group, insence

Patterns of plant use in religious offerings in Bali (Indonesia)

ABSTRACT Balinese Hinduism has incorporated local animistic traditions and offerings, which play a key role in the religious ceremonies called “five holy ceremonies” or Panca yadnya. Since plants constitute fundamental elements of these offerings, we aimed to contribute to their knowledge. We analyzed plants used during ceremonies by interviewing key informants in four ancient villages of Bali (Bali aga). We identified exclusive and common species associated with different kinds of ceremonies and assessed whether there was any pattern in the selection of plants for the various offerings. We recorded 125 species (112 genera, 49 families), most of which belong to the wild ethnoflora of Bali, but also 36 species that are not native to the Malesian region. The religious relationships among ceremonies, called yadnyas, reveal specific compositions of the offerings, with the plants falling into two main groups: common, which comprises 58 plants shared by all yadnyas, and specific, mostly connected to a single yadnya. This pattern of plant use is similar to the previously detected pattern in the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of aga villages. The use of plants for Panca yadnya can help avoid cultural erosion related to globalization.

Kurban Hewan dalam Upacara Yadnya: Membunuh atau Memuliakan?

One of the worships performed by the Balinese Hindu community can be seen from the Yadnya ceremony. Yadnya itself means a sacrifice made sincerely to be offered to God, namely Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. In the process, Balinese Hindus used to use animals as sacrifices for the Yadnya ceremony. For animal welfare activists, the use of these animals is considered as something inappropriate because it means that animals are only meant to fulfill human needs. In fact, animals have the right to live, just like humans. Even so, there are actually many dimensions that can be seen from the use of animals in this Yadnya ceremony. This article will critically examine the culture of sacrificing animals in Yadnya and how animal welfare sees that culture. This objective will be elaborated through the answers to the questions: What is the rationale of Balinese Hindu community in using animals for Yadnya ceremony?; How are animals used in the Yadnya ceremony? and; How is animal sacrifice in various ceremonies seen by the perspective of animal welfare? The result of this bibliographical research shows that the use of animals as sacrifices in the Yadnya ceremony in Hinduism turned out to have a complex background. This treatment cannot simply be called killing animals because they contain values that are also believed to be able to respect the animal itself.

DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK GAYOR BALI GUNA MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING

ABSTRACT "Gayor Bali" is the result of home industry crafts that produce art items in the form of gayor / decoration located at the entrance which has been more for traditional ceremonial and other religious activities for Hindus in Bali. Gayor as a set of wedding ceremonies and other traditional works that are placed in the angkulangkul / entrance gate of the house that serves to beautify the decoration of the location of the event. Gayor Bali changed with the development of the era, in the past Gayor was made of mushrooms and decorated with gumitir flowers or other flowers, but gradually the material for Gayor used cork material, so that the appearance of angkul-angkul became more elegant. The problem is never knowing for certain whether the business is profitable or not. The purpose of the PKM program is to improve partner retention and skills in bookkeeping and business management techniques, marketing techniques and to improve partner knowledge. The method used in achieving these objectives is training and assistance in making a business accounting system based on simple accounting techniques; The program outputs are Cash Book, Inventory Book, Production Cost Calculation (HPP), Breakeven Calculation (BEP), Marketing Techniques, and articles that are ready to be published in scientific journals. Keywords: Gayor Bali; Simple Bookkeeping; COGS

THE EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION OF PUJA TRI SANDHYA FROM INDONESIAN TO ENGLISH

Puja Tri Sandhya is Hindus prayer known in all countries. The original prayer came in Sanskrit language, but every Hindus believer already translate the prayer into their native language. In 1950, Balinese Hindus used Puja Tri Sandhya to get the recognition from the government allowing Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI)—the major reform movement and Hindus organization in Indonesia—to translate Puja Tri Sandhya into Indonesian. This translation aimed to make every Hindus believer in Indonesia knows about the meaning of the mantras. Besides Indonesian, Puja Tri Sandhya is also translated into the universal language that 20 percent of the world spoke, English. English is believed to give the best medium to other people who want to learn more about Hindus or simply just curious. As a reminder, in this paper Indonesian will be the source language (SL) and English will be the result of the translation so we shall call it target language (TL). In translation, equivalency will be the point to show if the translation is well translated or not. In their book The Theory and Practice of Translation (1959), Nida and Taber state two kinds of equivalency that the translator can use as their reference they are: formal and dynamic equivalence. Here, Puja Tri Sandhya in Indonesian and English versions will be analyzed using 2 kinds of equivalences by Nida and Taber.

KAJIAN RAGAM PENYULUH INFORMATIF DALAM MENCEGAH ISU NEGATIF BIDANG AGAMA HINDU

Abstrak
 The research aims to explain the tasks and functions of the in-depth informative extension that provides the construction of Hindu people in South Sumatra, knowing how to provide information on the Infomative counseling program in solving problems that often And the success of the informative counseling program in South Sumatra. This type of research uses a descriptive method of qualitative analysis. Data collection techniques are conducted by interview, observation, and collection of skunder data, while the technical data analysis is done by reducing the data display (data presentation), verfication and withdrawal of conclusions. In this study, the authors interviewed 10 informant, 6 non-civil servants, and 4 Hindus in South Sumatra. The results showed that from the informative counselling program, the spiritual Guidance program, the economic program of the general, the National educational Mental program can ward off negative issues that often occur in South Sumatra. There are factors Supporting the implementation of informative outreach program is the support of non-civil servants as well as all the concentrations of Hindus in South Sumatra so that the success of informative extension program runs optimally and is quite good.
 Oleh: 
 Untung Suhardi
 Ketut Deni Wiryanthari
 Yan Mitha Djaksana
 I Made Biasa
 I Made Jaya Negara Suarsa Putra
 
 Jurusan Penerangan Agama 
 Sekolah Tinggi Agama Hindu Dharma Nusantara Jakarta
 Email: untungsuhardi18@gmail.com