High-intensity Intermittent Training Research Articles

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO INTERVALADO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DOS JOGADORES DE FUTEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction High-intensity interval training contributes expressively to physical training and has been gradually applied to the soccer field. This sport has received more attention in colleges and universities in the country. However, studies are needed on the most appropriate training methods to improve the players’ ability among college students, increasing the competitive level among athletes. Objective Investigate the influence of high-intensity intermittent training on soccer players’ sports performance. Methods 30 student soccer players were selected at a university for six weeks, and four training sessions were held per week. The experimental group performed intermittent high-intensity training for training; the control group used the traditional aerobic resistance training method. For the experiment, indicator information was collected for integration and analysis before the start of activities and at the end of the six weeks. Results High-intensity intermittent training can improve the fitness index and FMS index of players and also can keep the fluctuation level in players’ performance higher; the range of performance improvement is considerably larger than the traditional aerobic training method. Conclusion High-intensity intermittent training can improve players’ fitness and agility, reduce sports injuries, improve physical reserve, and promote the progress of soccer players’ sports achievements. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

ANÁLISE DO EFEITO DO TREINAMENTO INTERMITENTE DE ALTA INTENSIDADE PARA JOVENS ATLETAS

ABSTRACT Introduction The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have pointed out that currently, the basic indicators of young students’ physical health have completely declined. This circumstance has made adolescent physical health and improving the quality of young athletes a key issue in physical education targeting adolescents. Objective Investigate the effect of high-intensity intermittent training on young athletes. Methods 24 adolescents performed 10 intermittent high-intensity training for one month, and all athletes’ pre and post-training indexes were collected and compared. Results The physical examination results of male and female athletes improved to some extent (athletes’ blood pressure fluctuated during the 10 training sessions, increasing slightly, and heart rate variability increased considerably (P < 0.05). Conclusion High-intensity intermittent training has a good effect on health promotion in young athletes, and can effectively improve their physical function and competitive performance. Physical education teachers and student-athletes should conduct relevant training. In addition, this training method also fits the current learning life situation of high school students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

IMPACTOS DO TREINAMENTO INTERMITENTE DE ALTA INTENSIDADE SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DOS ESTUDANTES DE AERÓBICA

ABSTRACT Introduction: The performance of aerobics students during competition is closely related to the level of complexity of their movements. The requirement of muscular strength associated with sensorial precision to reach maximum athletic performance demands more specialized training, and the intermittent high-intensity training technique can supply these demands. Objective: Study the impacts of intermittent high-intensity training on the performance of aerobics students in the execution of their movements. Methods: Forty-eight aerobics students were selected and equally divided into two groups. The experimental group was given high-intensity intermittent training using the experimental control, while the control group was given no relevant intervention. The intervention lasted nine weeks, respecting the normal course of these students’ practice classes. Movement quality was assessed before and after the experiment by the systematic balance test Results: The degree of movement completion of the experimental group was close to 2 points, rising to 2.5 points at the end of the movement, and the difficulty level was changed from 1.5 to 2 points. When to the control group, it initiated in 2 points, and after the intervention, it was significantly less to the experimental group. The difficulty level remained at 1.5 points, collected before and after the experiment. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training can improve the performance of aerobics students, acting favorably on the level of complexity of the movements of their sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DO CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DOS JOGADORES DE BASQUETE COM DIFERENTES INTENSIDADES DE TREINAMENTO

ABSTRACT Introduction: In competitive basketball sports, athletes must repeatedly perform movements of maximum intensity quickly, followed by rest. A training mode called high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the same characteristics. Objective: Explore basketball players’ energy supply characteristics and training changes under different exercise intensities. Methods: The effects of different recovery methods in the intermittent period on exercise capacity and aerobic metabolic energy supply of young male basketball players during high-intensity intermittent interval training (HIIT) were presented. Results: Increased aerobic energy production during HIIT was closely related to the acceleration of kinetics. However, although the time to exhaustion, a parameter characterizing exercise capacity, increased by 3.5% and 4.6%, respectively, in the HIITa group compared to HIITs and HIITp, there was no significant difference. After analyzing each group for the 30s, a gradual increase in strength was noticed. Conclusion: The use of HIIT as training is an important way to improve the physical performance of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE NA RESISTêNCIA DOS JOGADORES DE BASQUETEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aerobic endurance training of sports athletes has become the focus of research in institutions and related units. One of the recent proposals is high-intensity interval training to develop athletic aerobic endurance. Objective: Study the effect of high-intensity interval training on aerobic endurance in basketball players. Methods: Fifteen athletes from a university were randomly selected and divided into a high-intensity interval training group, a moderate-intensity continuous training group, and a low-intensity continuous training group, with the control of external influence factors. The indicators analyzed were the average aerobic endurance index of maximal oxygen consumption, average anaerobic capacity, and average maximal power output. The data were obtained before and after the experiment. They were compared and discussed using statistical analysis. Results: The average maximal oxygen consumption in the three training groups increased significantly, and the effect was most evident under the high-intensity intermittent training conditions. This training method could increase the maximal exercise time of the normal groups by up to two times. Conclusion: Intermittent high-intensity training can effectively improve the aerobic endurance of basketball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

APLICAÇÃO DO TREINAMENTO FUNCIONAL SOBRE A APTIDÃO FÍSICA NO BASQUETEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball is a predominant competitive sport among the masses. Its practice requires scoring as many points as possible within a specific time limit, manifesting a short-duration, high-intensity intermittent training session. To meet the sport's requirements, the athlete must have ample directional control, rapid changes in speed, and good jumping ability. Objective: Verify the effects of functional training on basketball players aiming to improve explosive power, stability, and agility. Methods: 18 college basketball players were randomly selected as volunteers for the investigation. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Only to the experimental one was functional physical training added during routine training. The trial lasted for eight weeks. All participants were tested for agility, strength, speed, endurance, power, and cartilage repair before and after the experiment. Finally, a comprehensive statistical data analysis was performed. Results: There were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in push-ups, 3200-meter run, physical acuity detection, 17 sidelines, and running items, and touch height (P<0.05). In the experimental group, there was no significant difference in high school grades (P>0.05). There was significant statistical significance in the supine project, the 3200-meter athletics project, the 17 sideline projects, and the touchdown project (P<0.05). Conclusion: The physical fitness of the experimental group improved significantly after functional physical training. After routine physical training, the control group athletes had significantly positive absolute strength and endurance results. Overall, functional fitness training is superior to conventional fitness training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

EXERCÍCIO INTERMITENTE DE ALTA INTENSIDADE ASSOCIADO AOS FÁRMACOS EM PACIENTES COM DIABETES TIPO 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Some studies point out that high-intensity intermittent training exercises combined with drugs may improve the endurance of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the information concerning blood glucose control still needs to be better evidenced. Objective: Explore further the effect of intermittent high-intensity exercise combined with drugs on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Through a control experiment, 100 patients were selected from volunteers, and divided equally into two groups for this experiment. A protocol with high-intensity intermittent exercise for intervention associated with drug treatment was added to the experimental group, while the control received standard drug treatment. Results: The results of each index in the experimental group were: TC pre 4.80±1.00, post 4.56±0.78; TG pre 1.77±1.15, post 1.49±1.16; LDL pre 2.94±0.83, post 2.51±0.73. The experimental results proved that all indices in the experimental group were improved, but the changes in the control group were not evidenced. Conclusion: Intermittent high-intensity exercise combined with drugs positively affected blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Effect of 4 Weeks Preconditioning with High Intensity Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training on Brain Levels of TNF-Α and TLR4 in Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: Inflammation in the brain is known as neuroinflammation and increases TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) secretion and activates the TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) pathway. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks preconditioning with high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) and moderate intensity training (MICT) on TNF-α and TLR4 levels in male Wistar rats.
 Methods: The current research was an experimental study.18 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: high intensity intermittent training (6 heads), continuous moderate intensity training (6 heads) and the control group (6 heads). HIIT program included 6 stages of 2-minute activity with intensity of 85-90% VO2max and 5 stages of active rest for 2 minutes and MICT program with intensity of 65% VO2max with the same duration as HIIT for 4 weeks and 5 days per week was implemented. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were dissected and cortical tissues and layers of mice were extracted for TNF-α and TLR-4 using western blotting. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA test at a significance level of 0.05 With the help of SPSS version 16 software.
 Results: The results of the present study showed that TNF-α and TLR4 in the cortex and stratum cerebral areas after 4 weeks of high-intensity and moderate-intensity intermittent aerobic exercise did not change significantly compared to the control group (p≥0.05).
 Conclusion: According to these findings, it can be stated that exercise with high or moderate intensity cannot be an effective factor in increasing inflammatory markers in the brain.

Effect of High-intensity Intermittent Swimming Training on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-αand Liver Enzymes in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Male Rats

Introduction: Accumulation of fat in the liver tissue is known as the most important cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with a decrease in the protein of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIST) on PPAR-α and liver enzymes in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rats.
 Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. 40 Spraguedauli male rats (age: 6 to 8 weeks and weight: 230 ± 20 grams) were selected and divided into two equal groups, healthy and high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD group was subjected to gavage for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. Rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), control- disease (n=9) and disease -swimming (n=9). The training groups performed HIST for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). In the end, liver PPAR-α was measured by western blot analysis; and ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum level were measured by photometric method. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Significant level (P≥0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using SPSS16 software.
 Results: HIST controlled the weight gain caused by HFD and there was a significant decrease in serum ALT and AST in the healthy-swimming and sick-swimming groups compared to the control-patient group and a significant decrease in serum GGT in the healthy-swimming group compared to the control-patient (P≤0.001) and patient-swimming (P≤0.044) were observed. A significant increase in hepatic PPAR-α was observed in healthy-swimming patients compared to the control-patients (P≤0.002).
 Conclusion: HIST can control body weight and reduce liver enzymes. However, more research is needed to obtain definitive results.

Caffeine improves swimming speed, decreases the rate of perceived exertion and lactate concentration during a high intensity intermittent aerobic training session for male swimmers

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of caffeine on mean speed, rate of perceived effort and lactate concentration of swimmers who underwent traditional, high-intensity intermittent aerobic training sessions. In this double-blind study, capsules containing either caffeine (6 mg kg −1 ) or placebo, were administered randomly over 2 sessions to ten male swimmers (18.2 ± 1.7 years). One hour after ingestion, the male swimmers swam ten iterations of 400 meters at heavy domain intensity, each one separated by 60 seconds of passive rest. The swimmers’ ratio perceived exertion and blood lactate levels were tested before the beginning of the test, and after the fifth and tenth iteration. The swimmers’ mean speed was higher in caffeine treatment than placebo ( P < 0.001). Additionally, exertion levels were lower after the fifth iteration in caffeine group compared to placebo ( P < 0.001). The level of lactate was lower after the fifth and tenth iteration with caffeine ingestion compared to placebo ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, the caffeine increased the speed and decreased the perceptual and lactacidemic responses during a traditional, high-intensity intermittent aerobic training session. L’objectif de cette étude a été d’enquêter sur les effets aigus de la caféine sur la vitesse moyenne, sur le taux d’effort perçu et sur la concentration en lactate de nageurs réalisant des sessions d’entraînement aérobie intermittente traditionnelle de haute intensité. Dans cette étude en double aveugle, des capsules contenant de la caféine (6 mg kg −1 ) ou un placebo ont été administrées de manière aléatoire au cours de 2 sessions à 10 nageurs de sexe masculin (18,2 ± 1,7 ans). Une heure après l’ingestion, les nageurs ont nagé 10 efforts de 400 mètres en intensité élevée, chacun séparé par 60 secondes de repos passif. Le rapport des nageurs avec l’effort perçu et les niveaux de lactate sanguin ont été testés avant le début du test et après le cinquième et le dixième effort. La vitesse moyenne des nageurs a été supérieure dans le groupe ayant ingéré de la caféine que dans le placebo ( p < 0,001). En outre, les niveaux d’effort ont été inférieurs après le cinquième effort dans le groupe de la caféine en comparaison avec le placebo ( p < 0,001). Le niveau de lactate a été inférieur après le cinquième et le dixième effort avec l’ingestion de caféine en comparaison avec le placebo ( p < 0,001). En conclusion, la caféine a augmenté la vitesse et a diminué les réponses perceptuelles et de lactacidémie durant une session d’entraînement en aérobie intermittente de haute intensité traditionnelle en natation.

Efectos del entrenamiento intermitente de alta intensidad sobre el perfil lipídico y la glucosa en sangre en estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso/obesidad

Introduction: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) involves developing exercises in short periods of time with high intensity, followed by periods of rest between the series of exercises performed, and is considered an important tool to combat obesity. Therefore, the present work aimed to identify the effects of high-intensity intermittent training on the lipid profile in overweight and obese university students. Materials and methods: quasi-experimental study, consisting of a sample of 30 students, who were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 students, thus leaving a control group (continuous training): 15 and an experimental group (intermittent exercise of high intensity: 15. Moreover, there were carried out Laboratory tests before and after training to find the lipid profile. Also, the realization of 20 training sessions, which were distributed three times a week, with an average duration of 50 minutes. Additionally, the performed of statistical tests with a level of statistical significance of p &lt;0.05. Results: there is a statistically significant relationship in the HDL value of the control and experimental group. The Glucose values show statistically significant relationships in the experimental group (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Intermittent high-intensity training and continuous moderate-intensity work generate a decrease in LDL and Triglycerides variables and an increase in HDL. However, they are not statistically significant after 20 training sessions. However, high-intensity intermittent training results in glucose-lowering in overweight and obese people.

Effects of MICT/HIIT on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats with high-fat diet and its mechanisms

Objective: To investigate the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats with high fat diet, and to explore the mechanisms. Methods: 5-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet quiet group (C), high-fat diet quiet group (F), high-fat MICT group (M) and high-fat HIIT group (H), with 8 rats in each group, and the fat content of the high-fat dietary feed was 45%. The M and H groups were given 12 weeks of treadmill running with an incline of 25°. The M group was given continuous exercise with 70%VO2max intensity, and the H group was given intermittent exercise with 5 min 40%~45%VO2max and 4 min 95%~99%VO2max intensity successively. After the intervention, the contents of free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in serum were detected. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of AMPK, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) and carnitine palmitoyl transterase 1 (CPT-1) in myocardium and soleus. Results: Compared with C group, the body weight, Lee's index, the contents of LDL, TG and FFA in serum were increased, the content of HDL was decreased (P＜0.05), the protein expressions of AMPK and CPT-1 in myocardium and soleus were increased, the protein expression of MCD was decreased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructure was damaged in group F. Compared with F group, the body weight and Lee's index were decreased, the contents of LDL and FFA in serum were decreased (P＜0.01), the protein expressions of AMPK, MCD and CPT-1 in myocardium were increased, and the protein expressions of AMPK and MCD in soleus were increased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructural damage was attenuated in M and H groups. Compared with M group, the content of HDL in serum was increased (P＜0.01), the protein expressions of AMPK and MCD in myocardium were increased, and the ultrastructural damage was mild, the protein expression of AMPK in soleus was decreased, the protein expression of MCD in soleus was increased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructural damage was severe in group H. Conclusion: MICT and HIIT have different effects on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in high-fat diet rats by intervening the protein expression of AMPK, MCD and CPT-1.

The Acute Effects of a Single Dose of Molecular Hydrogen Supplements on Responses to Ergogenic Adjustments during High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Humans.

This research examined the effects of single-dose molecular hydrogen (H2) supplements on acid-base status and local muscle deoxygenation during rest, high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) performance, and recovery. Ten healthy, trained subjects in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design received H2-rich calcium powder (HCP) (1500 mg, containing 2.544 μg of H2) or H2-depleted placebo (1500 mg) supplements 1 h pre-exercise. They performed six bouts of 7 s all-out pedaling (HIIT) at 7.5% of body weight separated by 40 s pedaling intervals, followed by a recovery period. Blood gases’ pH, PCO2, and HCO3− concentrations were measured at rest. Muscle deoxygenation (deoxy[Hb + Mb]) and tissue O2 saturation (StO2) were determined via time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy in the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles from rest to recovery. At rest, the HCP group had significantly higher PCO2 and HCO3− concentrations and a slight tendency toward acidosis. During exercise, the first HIIT bout’s peak power was significantly higher in HCP (839 ± 112 W) vs. Placebo (816 ± 108 W, p = 0.001), and HCP had a notable effect on significantly increased deoxy[Hb + Mb] concentration during HIIT exercise, despite no differences in heart rate response. The HCP group showed significantly greater O2 extraction in VL and microvascular (Hb) volume in RF during HIIT exercise. The HIIT exercise provided significantly improved blood flow and muscle reoxygenation rates in both the RF and VL during passive recovery compared to rest in all groups. The HCP supplement might exert ergogenic effects on high-intensity exercise and prove advantageous for improving anaerobic HIIT exercise performance.

Comparison of eight weeks of resistance training and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training on the expression of microRNAs associated with adipose tissue angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet

زمینه و هدف: فعالیت‌های ورزشی و چاقی، رگ‌زایی در بافت چربی را تغییر می‌دهند و در نتیجه تغییرات زیادی در فرایندهای متابولیکی ایجاد می‌کنند. هدف از این پژوهش مقایسة تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین مقاومتی و تناوبی هوازی با شدت بالا بر بیان miRNAهای مرتبط با رگ‌زایی و ضدرگ‌زایی بافت چربی در موش‌های صحرایی تغذیه‌شده با رژیم غذایی پرچرب بود.مواد و روش‌ها: در پژوهش بنیادی و تجربی حاضر، 60 سر موش صحرایی نر ویستار شش‌هفته‌ای ( g35/11 ± 40/192 = میانگین وزن بدن) از انستیتو پاستور ایران تهیه شد. حیوانات پس از انتقال به محیط آزمایشگاه و یک هفته آشنایی با محیط جدید، به‌طور تصادفی به شش گروه مساوی تقسیم شدند: 1. غذای عادی (CO)، 2. غذای عادی+ تمرین مقاومتی (NRT)، 3. غذای عادی+ تمرین تناوبی (NHT)، 4. غذای پرچرب (HF)، 5. غذای پرچرب+تمرین مقاومتی (HFRT)، 6. غذای پرچرب+ تمرین تناوبی(HFHT) n= 10) در هر گروه). گروه‌های تمرینی به مدت هشت هفته و هر هفته پنج جلسه قرارداد تمرینی خود را اجرا کردند. تمرین مقاومتی شامل صعود از نردبان یک‌متری با شیب 90 درجه و 46 پله بود؛ در ابتدا وزنة بسته‌شده به دم موش‌ها 30 درصد وزن بدن آن‌ها بود و به‌تدریج به حدود 180 درصد وزن بدن آن‌ها در هفتة پایانی رسید. تمرینات در پنج نوبت چهار تکراری اجرا شد. تمرین تناوبی هوازی با شدت بالا روی نوار گردان با سرعت اولیة ۱۵ متر در دقیقه شروع شد و در هر جلسه، یک تا دو متر در دقیقه، براساس توانایی موش‌ها به سرعت نوار گردان اضافه شد. در هفتة پایانی، تمرین به شش وهلة سه‌دقیقه‌ای دویدن با سرعت ۴۰ متر بر دقیقه با شیب 15 درجه رسید. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر تمرینات مقاومتی و تناوبی هوازی و رژیم غذایی پرچرب (58 درصد کالری به شکل چربی) بر متغیرهای miR-221, miR-222, miR-329 و VEGF، آزمودنی‌ها در هر گروه 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسة تمرینی کشته شدند و نمونه‌برداری از بافت چربی مزنتریک (روده بند) بلافاصله پس از کشتن حیوانات با دقت انجام گرفت. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های t مستقل و آنوای یک و دوراهه در سطح معناداری 05/0 ≥P انجام گرفت.نتایج: نتایج نشان داد در miR-221 ,miR-222 و VEGF در گروه‌های غذای عادی+ تمرین مقاومتی ، غذای عادی+ تمرین تناوبی و غذای پرچرب+ تمرین مقاومتی نسبت به گروه کنترل به‌طور معناداری بیشتر بود (01/0≥P). اما miR-329 فقط در گروه غذای پرچرب به‌طور معناداری بیشتر از گروه غذای عادی+ تمرین تناوبی بود (022/0=P).نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد تمرینات مقاومتی و تناوبی هوازی با شدت بالا از طریق افزایش miR-221, miR-222 و کاهش miR329 به فعال شدن مسیرهایی که سبب افزایش پروتئین VEGF می‌شوند و در نهایت افزایش رگ‌زایی در موش‌هایی با رژیم غذایی پرچرب و عادی منجر شد. ازاین‌رو این تمرینات عامل مهم رگ‌زایی و سازوکاری در بافت چربی هستند که ممکن است طی این فرایند بتوانند تغییرات زیادی را در بافت چربی ایجاد کنند. هرچند به‌منظور تأیید این نکته و تعمیم آن به انسان به پژوهش‌های بیشتر به‌ویژه بر نمونه‌های انسانی نیاز است. همچنین با توجه به اینکه تأثیر تمرین مقاومتی بر miRNAها نسبت به تمرین تناوبی بیشتر بود، این تمرینات می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای تمرینات تناوبی باشد.

Physical Fitness Recovery of Athletes Based on High-Intensity Sports Intermittent Training.

Baseball itself is a new sport. In the process of training, teachers often use traditional training methods, which leads to unsatisfactory training results. High-intensity intermittent and intensive interval training can better improve the efficiency of athletes' oxidation and energy supply and ultimately play a positive role in improving athletes' performance. This paper takes the influence of high-intensity and intensive interval training on the special endurance of baseball players as the research object. A series of functional training programs are developed through adaptive training, testing, coordination training, and recovery training. Through the use of experimental means to understand the influence of high-intensity interval training and intensive interval training on the physical fitness of baseball players, the paper is aimed at providing ways and means to improve the physical fitness level of baseball players in the future. Based on the experimental test data, functional training is different from traditional training methods to make up for the lack of training research. It is to improve the competitive ability of our baseball players and promote the development of our baseball. It plays an active role in improving the specific endurance, speed, and intermittent endurance of baseball players.

Effects of High-Intensity Circuit Training vs. Interval Training on Body Composition and Oxygen Consumption in College Students

Objective: to identify the effects of High-Intensity Circuit Training versus Interval Training on body composition and oxygen consumption in overweight and obese young adults. Materials and Methods: quasi-experimental study. The population was made up of 106 university students, with a BMI Body Mass Index greater than 25 kg / m2. The members of the sample were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 students each: a control group (continuous training) and an experimental group (high-intensity functional training). Variables such as weight, height, body mass index, percentage of fat mass, muscle mass, bone mass, and oxygen consumption were measured. Results: the control group showed a significant decrease in body weight and BMI after the 20 training sessions; the experimental group did not show significant modifications in this variable. In relation to the percentage of body fat tissue, a statistically significant decrease in the post-test measurements was evident in the individuals of both groups. The median and interquartile ranges show better results in VO2 of the experimental group and less variability with respect to the control group in the pretest and posttest. Conclusions: High-Intensity Intermittent Training significantly reduces the percentage of body fat and oxygen consumption in people with obesity, after 20 training sessions.

Age-dependent impact of two exercise training regimens on genomic and metabolic remodeling in skeletal muscle and liver of male mice

Skeletal muscle adapts to different exercise training modalities with age; however, the impact of both variables at the systemic and tissue levels is not fully understood. Here, adult and old C57BL/6 male mice were assigned to one of three groups: sedentary, daily high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT), or moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) for 4 weeks, compatible with the older group’s exercise capacity. Improvements in body composition, fasting blood glucose, and muscle strength were mostly observed in the MICT old group, while effects of HIIT training in adult and old animals was less clear. Skeletal muscle exhibited structural and functional adaptations to exercise training, as revealed by electron microscopy, OXPHOS assays, respirometry, and muscle protein biomarkers. Transcriptomics analysis of gastrocnemius muscle combined with liver and serum metabolomics unveiled an age-dependent metabolic remodeling in response to exercise training. These results support a tailored exercise prescription approach aimed at improving health and ameliorating age-associated loss of muscle strength and function in the elderly.

Effects of Different Intensity Exercise on the Patients of Oxidative Stress Factors and Glycemic Control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study’s major purpose was to examine the impact of two various exercise intensities on glucagon-like peptide-1 and endoplasmic reticulum stress in teenagers with type 2 diabetes. Twenty teenagers with T2DM were recruited in the trial and randomly assigned to one of two groups: HIT (n = 10) or LIT (n = 10). At a heart rate of less than 45 percent, the low-intensity intense exercise group participated in aerobic activity training. Interval training with a heart rate reserve of at least 80% was used by the high-intensity intermittent training group. Both groups had the same weekly energy expenditure (1,200 kcal/week). The nositol required enzyme 1 and X-box binding protein-1 improved in both groups, but the difference in improvement between the two groups was not statistically significant. High-intensity interval training led to a significant decrease in body fat percentage among participants. After 12 weeks, the C-peptide levels had risen and varied considerably between the two groups. According to the homeostasis model assessment, there were significant differences between the groups in fasting glucose and insulin resistance, and leptin levels reduced after 12 weeks. The 12-week rise in glucagon-like peptide-1 was different across the groups. In teenagers with type 2 diabetes mellitus, high-intensity intermittent exercise training may enhance glycemic management, physical body composition, glucagon-like peptide-1, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The Effect of Exercise Training on the Detection of Heart Rate and Body Temperature Sensors in Adolescents

The aim of this study is to study the effect of exercise training on heart rate and body temperature sensor detection in adolescents. For the methods of logical analysis, test, and mathematical statistics, this paper takes 60 students aged 13-15 in the experimental middle school as the research subjects to explore the characteristics of heart rate changes of middle school students under different high-intensity intermittent exercise schemes. Then, it analyzes the characteristics of heart rate change in exercise center and heart rate change in high-intensity intermittent exercise. The experimental results show that the high-intensity intermittent exercise of adolescents aged 13-15 presents the stage of rapid recovery and buffer recovery. Whether in the quiet heart rate buffer stage or the rapid heart rate increase stage, as well as the “extreme heart rate maintenance stage” and heart rate recovery stage, the heart rate change point of 15-year-old adolescents is 1-3 seconds later than that of 13-year-old and 14-year-old adolescents. In addition, in the heart rate maintenance stage of 15-year-old adolescents, the heart rate fluctuates greatly. The rapid recovery stage of boys is 1 minute, and the heart rate can reach the quiet heart rate after 4-5 minutes. The rapid recovery stage of girls is 1.5 minutes, and the heart rate can reach the quiet heart rate after 4-5 minutes. The older the age of high-intensity intermittent training of adolescents aged 13-15, the longer the rapid rise stage of heart rate change, and there was no significant change in quiet heart rate buffer stage and body temperature.

Effect of exercise training on arterial stiffness in obese and overweight children: a meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on arterial stiffness in obese and overweight children. Three databases were searched up to July 2021 for papers about exercise training and arterial stiffness in obese and overweight children. The quality of each identified study was evaluated. Effect sizes were estimated in terms of the standardized mean difference. Egger's test and sensitivity analysis were used to assess publication bias. In total, 26 studies by 19 researchers were included in the meta-analysis. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and intima-media thickness (IMT) were improved after exercise training in obese and overweight children. Subgroup analysis showed that exercise only reduced the PWV and IMT in individuals with a BMI < 30. FMD, PWV, and IMT were improved by exercise training in participants aged below 14years, but only FMD was increased by exercise in participants aged 14years and above. All types of training significantly improved FMD. Aerobic exercise (AE) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) reduced the PWV of the participants, but were less effective than resistance training (RT) and aerobic plus resistance training. Only HIIT significantly reduced the IMT. Conclusions: Exercise training improved vascular endothelial function and vascular sclerosis in overweight and obese children, especially in those with a BMI < 30 and younger than 14years. AE had a more favorable effect on arterial stiffness. What is Known: • Exercise training was a good way to lose weight and subsequently promoted vascular function in overweight and obese children. What is New: • Exercise training was more effective on the vascular endothelial function and vascular sclerosis in overweight and obese children with a BMI<30. • Aerobic exercise had a more favorable effect on arterial stiffness, while the improvement was not effective after resistance training and combined training mode.