Highest Yield Of Seeds Research Articles

Интродукция и продуктивность масличных культур семейства Asteraceae в условиях Среднего Поволжья

The article presents an assessment of the productivity and quality of oilseeds of the Asteraceae family in the agro-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The object of the research: safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), guizotia (Guizotia abyssinica). Insufficient amount of precipitation was observed during the growing season of 2019 (Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) – 0.68). In 2020, a moderate precipitation deficiency was observed during the growing season (166.9 mm); year was characterized as arid (HTC 0.78). The growing season 2018 was severely arid (HTC 0.34). The length of the safflower growing season during the monitoring years was 108–121 days, guizotia — 111–130 days, milk thistle — from 111 to 117 days. The number of developed flower heads per one safflower plant was 15.3, guizotia – 112.5, milk thistle – 7.5. The productivity of one plant varied from 9.2 to 19.2 g; the coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.1–29.3 %.1000-seed weight did not vary significantly; CV ranged from 2.5 (guizotia) to 7.3 % (milk thistle). All crops in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region formed a high yield of oilseeds (0.88–1.68 t/ha) with oil content up to 24.51–40.62 % and were characterized as highly drought tolerant (62.1–71.3 %). Guizotia abyssinica provided a high yield of seeds (1.54–1.68 t/ha) and a significant content of oil in them (40.62 %). The drought-tolerant coefficient (DC) was 68.5 %. Carthamus tinctorius is an amazing drought tolerant plant; DC – 71.3 %. On average, its seed yield amounted to 1.37 t/ha; oil content – 24.51 %. Content of oleic acid in Silybum marianum oil was high (29.43 %), seed oil content – up to 29.31 %, seed productivity – 0.70–0.88 t/ha. In general, these crops combine high oilseeds’ productivity and quality and are of interest for introduction in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region.

Biological features pollination and formation of seeds of Medicago sativa L. their influence on the selection of high-performance origin material

On the basis of the processed scientific papers, information was summarized regarding the biological characteristics of pollination and the formation of full-fledged seeds of Medicago sativa L. as an important forage entomophilous-cross-pollinated crop. Despite the high potential due to the biological characteristics of alfalfa, it is problematic to obtain a high yield of seeds, depending on the structural features of the flower, pollination, the passage of the embryonic period of ontogenesis and weather conditions during the flowering period. The main reasons that affect the degeneration of seed buds are given. The ways of increasing the seed productivity of alfalfa varieties are proposed, in particular, a preliminary assessment, as well as selection, of the initial breeding material for the elements of seed productivity and the level of manifestation of autogamy

Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review

Fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation have prompted the search for alternatives from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is the most efficient alternative to fossil fuel substitution because it can be properly modified for current diesel engines. It is a vegetable oil-based fuel with similar properties to petroleum diesel. Generally, biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly efficient alternative for fossil fuel substitution. In Malaysia, oil palm is considered as the most valuable commodity crop and gives a high economic return to the country. However, the ethical challenge of food or fuel makes palm oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible feedstock like Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.). It is an inedible oil-bearing crop that can be processed into biodiesel. It has a high-seed yield that could be continually produced for up to 50 years. Furthermore, its utilization will have zero impact on food sources since the oil is poisonous for human and animal consumption. However, Jatropha biodiesel is still in its preliminary phase compared to palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia due to a lack of research and development. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the potential of Jatropha curcas as an eco-friendly biodiesel feedstock to promote socio-economic development and meet significantly growing energy demands even though the challenges for its implementation as a national biodiesel program might be longer.

Combinative breeding for large seeds in soybean

Technological qualities of the seeds, including their mass, play an important role in the purposeful use of soybean for food production. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of specific crosses and recombinant lines in the combinative breeding of high yielding large-seeded soybean varieties. During the period of 2018-2019 the F3 and F4 hybride generations of crosses with participation of the ultra-early mature and large-seeded cultivar Romantica were studied. Data were used to evaluate: presence and extent of positive transgressive forms by absolute seed mass in F3 family crosses; genotypic diversity and additive variance at specific crosses; the effectiveness of selection of the trait large seed in F3. According to the results, transgressive selection can be successfully used to reach the goal large seeds in soybean. The efficiency of selection of transgressive forms in F3 generation is high. The genetic potential to combine a high specific mass of seeds with a high yield of seeds per plant has been established for the Romantica cross with the Bulgarian standard variety Srebrina. Recombinant lines suitable for intensive selection for the trait lage seed were obtained from the ‘Romantica’ x ‘Oria’ combination. The ‘Saikai 20’ x ‘Romantica’ cross possess a very high degree of transgressive segregations.

The potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivation in Israel as a dual-purpose crop for grain production and livestock feed

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a seed-producing, environmental stress-resilient crop plant that originates in the Andean Plateau. Quinoa seeds exhibit high nutritional value as they have a high protein level, contain all the essential amino acids, are gluten-free and are also rich in bioactive compounds. Bolivia and Peru are the major producers of quinoa seeds and cultivation of the plant has been introduced to more than 95 countries. Quinoa is also evaluated worldwide for its potential use as a forage crop due the high nutritional value of the entire plant for livestock. In this study, we investigated quinoa cultivation for grain (seed) production and cattle feeding in Israel. Six quinoa accessions were sown in northern Israel at two different winter dates for two years using a scarce amount of irrigation. In plots sown in November 2016 and 2017 or January 2017 and 2018, hay dry matter (DM) yield ranged from 8,820−12,310, 5,270−8,850, 11,480−12,710 and 10,190−12,340 kg·ha−1, respectively; seed yield (SY) ranged from 3,220−4,730, 1,540−2,220, 4,010−5,630 and 4,280−6,360 kg·ha−1, respectively; straw yield ranged from 4,580−9,180, 550−1,000, 5,230−6,420 and 3,220−4,170 kg·ha−1, respectively. Quinoa hay and straw quality were high as crude protein concentration reached 19.9 % and 10.6 %, respectively with an in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of 75.8 % and 54.2 %, respectively. In conclusion, high quinoa hay biomass and SY, as well as high hay quality, suggest a high prospect for quinoa cultivation in Israel and other Mediterranean countries, as a dual-purpose crop for grain production and livestock feed. A novel whole-use approach may be the use of quinoa straw for cattle feed.

Structure of seed productivity of antocians containing broad beans and features of mycoflora soil under them

Relevance. A comprehensive study of broad beans, including seed productivity and soil mycocomplexes of their anthocyanin-containing varieties, is relevant, given the need to increase the growth of crop productivity and the special contribution of micromycetes to soil phytomelioration, which is an important link in organic farming. Methods. In small-scale experiments in the city of Belgorod, varieties of beans with anthocyanins in the seed coat were studied (Bobchinsky, Karmazin, Pink Flamingo, Russian Blacks, Tsarsky Harvest, Bel-1). The selection of soil fungi was carried out by the method of soil dilutions of Waxmann, followed by deep sowing in solid nutrient media. To assess the similarity of the complexes of soil micromycetes under varieties of beans, a similarity coefficient was used. Results. Field trials of varieties of beans Vicia faba L. (Bel-1, Bobchinsky, Karmazin, Pink flamingo, Russian black, Imperial crop) containing anthocyanins in seed coatings showed that the highest yield of seeds is characteristic of the Bel-1 hybrid (65 g from a plant) and varieties Pink Flamingo (64 g), Royal Harvest (64 g). All varieties studied were characterized by a high protein content in seeds (25-31%). The main contribution to the seed productivity of these varieties of beans was made by lateral shoots (r = +0.91). Varieties of beans Bobchinsky and Tsarist Harvest can be recommended as reducing the proportion of opportunistic, allergenic and toxigenic microscopic fungi in the soil. The plants of the variety specimens Karmazin and Bel-1 were characterized by a minimal (0-9%) loss of productivity from common mycoses - alternariosis and fusariosis.

Effects of simulated hail damage manifested by stem cutoff on seed yield and agronomic traits in Brassica napus L.

ABSTRACTA simulated hail-damage study was conducted in North Dakotaacross 2 years. The experiment was conducted in a randomizedcomplete block design with two factors, viz., five levels of stemcutoff and four growth stages; each combination was replicatedthree times. Data on seed yield plot-1 and other yield-contributingtraits were taken. A statistically significant seed yield reductioncompared with the control was observed at 75% and 90% levelof stem cutoff. Stem cutoff at 90% flowering stage caused higherseed yield reduction compared with 4th to 5th leaf rosette, bolting,and 50% flowering stages. A regression equation was developedto estimate the seed yield losses attributable to treatments at 90%flowering stage and different levels of stem cutoff. The estimatedeconomic losses were $52, $104, $156, and $188 hectare-1 for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% stem cutoff, respectively. The 1,000-seed weight was significantly increased as level of stem cutoffincreased and growth stage advanced. Seed oil content wasalso increased as growth stage advanced. Primary branches,pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, and harvest index plant-1 weresignificantly reduced by both growth stage and level of stem cutoff.The secondary branches and biomass plant-1 were significantlyreduced by growth stage and level of stem cutoff, respectively.Our findings of differential yield losses by stem cutoff with differentgrowth stages should assist (1) growers in taking a critical decisionon whether they will keep or replant the crop, and (2) crop adjustersin deciding on compensation.

Производство семян гибридов F1 рапса в сетчатых изоляторах при различных способах опыления

Spring rape is a valuable oil and fodder crop, a source of high-quality vegetable oil and feed protein. The basis for obtaining a high yield of seeds of rape, under the cover of mesh insulators is high-quality pollination of plants. In this regard, a comparison was made of the efficiency of pollination by forced ventilation, pollination by bumblebees and bees and open pollination at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Rapeseed from 2017 to 2018. In insulators where pollination was carried out by insects, the mass of seeds from one plant and the number of seeds in the pod were higher than in plants from insulators in which pollination was carried out by forced ventilation and open pollination. At the same time, in insulators where plants were pollinated by forced ventilation and open pollination, the plant height, the number of pods per plant, and the mass of 1000 seeds exceeded those of the insulators where pollination was carried out by bumblebees and bees. Thus, mesh isolators can maintain the genetic purity of the original parental forms, provide the production of hybrid seeds with high sowing and yield characteristics.

Effect of some Broomrape Control Treatments and Plant Densities on Productivity of Two Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.)

Experimental field was carried out in naturally infested field with broomrape at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during two growing seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 in order to study the effect of broomrape control treatments and planting density on faba bean productivity. In this study, we used two faba bean varieties (Misr 3 and Sakha 4), two plant densities (one side and two sides) and some broomrape control treatments (rhizobium at 20 g kg-1seeds, glyphosate twice at 36 g fed-1., rhizobium + glyphosate, hand pulling twice and untreated check). A split split plot design with four replicates was used. The results showed that the highest reduction in number of broomrape spikes plant-1, number of broomrape m-2 and dry weight of broomrape was recorded for Misr 3 variety with planting on one side and spraying glyphosate twice by (96.6, 97.9 and 98.0 %) in the first season, and by (96.2, 97.2 and 97.5 %) in the second season, respectively as compared to untreated Sakha 4 variety and planting on two sides. The highest yield of seeds (ardab fed-1) was obtained from Misr 3 variety with planting on two sides and spraying glyphosate twice + rhizobium treatment which surpassed by (84.8 and 88.5 %) in both sowing seasons, respectively as compared to untreated Sakha 4 variety and planting on one side. Thus, from the aforementioned results, could be recommended that the best control package for growing faba bean in soil infested with broomrape by planting Misr 3 variety with two sprays of glyphosate + rhizobium with planting on one side in kafr El-Sheikh area.

Morpho-physiological and yield traits of sesame (Sesame indicum L.) varieties under rainfed conditions

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 to evaluate the performance of 10 sesame varieties viz., RT-346, RT-351, RT-127, GT-10, TKG-22, SWETHA, JCSDT-26, DS-1, YLM-66 and KMS-4-322 for morphological, physiological and yield traits under rainfed conditions in randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that the varieties significantly differed for morphological parameters viz, plant height (PH), number of branches (NB), leaf area (LA), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, and for physiological parameters viz., SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), leaftemperature (LT), relative water content (RWC) andfor yield parameters viz., number of capsules per plant, single capsule dry weight, number of unfilled capsules per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, total dry matter and harvest index (HI).Variety JCSDT-26 recorded high seedyield, number of capsules per plant, single capsule dry weight along with maximum SCMR, RWC, minimum LT indicating the role of these physiological traits for better performance of this variety under rainfed conditions; followed by Swetha, RT-127, GT-10 and YLM-66. Based on the performance of the variety JCSDT-26, it could be concluded that the variety could be suitable for cultivation under rainfed conditions.

WATER CONSUMPTION OF WINTER TRITICALE DURING SEED PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION DEPENDING ON THE APPLIED FERTILIZER TYPES AND RATES ON THE IRRIGATED LANDS OF THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine determine the level of total water consumption, the coefficient of water consumption, depending on the types and rates of applied fertilizers during the seed productivity formation of winter triticale.
 Actuality. Winter triticale as a crop is considered to be insufficiently studied under irrigation, and the Bogadarske variety for seed has not been cultivated before. In this regard, studying the water consumption of triticale when cultivated on seeds, as well as the influence of different rates and types of fertilizers on water consumption, is an important task under climate change on irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, which in future may serve as a starting point for improving the adaptability of the crops in this region.
 The purpose of the research was to establish the water consumption features of winter triticale crop, depending on the type and rates of fertilizers on irrigated lands in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. The research was conducted in 2013-2016 at the Institute of Irrigation Agriculture of the NAAS in the Ingulets Irrigation System. The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut medium loam, slightly saline with a humus content of 2.3 %, density - 1.3 g/cm3, withering point - 9.8 %, minimum moisture-holding capacity - 22.4 %. Soil moisture at the experimental sites was determined to a depth of 1.0 m by the thermostat-weighted method in two non-adjoining repetitions. Total water consumption for separate periods of vegetation was determined by the method of water balance, taking into account the initial and final moisture reserve and the amount of precipitation during the period of vegetation.
 The coefficient of water consumption was established by the ratio of total water consumption for the period of vegetation to the seed yield of winter triticale. Irrigation was performed using a sprinkler unit Dual Console Sprinkler, taking into account a meteorological index and maintaining the soil moisture in the layer of 0-50 cm at 70% of the minimum moisture-holding capacity.
 Results. Based on the study results the total water consumption, depending on the rates and types of fertilizers, ranged from 3121 to 3258 m3/ha. Despite the fact that water consumption increased as a result of applying fertilizers, but due to higher yields, water consumption for the formation of 1 t of seeds was smaller. Thus, the coefficient of water consumption on the control (reference site) was 867 m3/t. On the variants where nitrogen fertilizers were applied in the rates of N30 – 696-699 m3/t and N60– 686-689 m3/t in an early spring period the plants of winter triticale fed with ammonium nitrate or CAMs consumed moisture more efficiently. On average, from 2013 to 2016, at the background of applying N60P60 and other nitrogen fertilizers of various types and in different rates during the cultivation of winter triticale, about 3.86-5.24 t/ha of seed material were received.
 Conclusions. It was established that the total water consumption depended on fertilizer application rates and ranged from 3121 to 3258 m3/ha. The moisture was used the most effectively (686-689 m3/t) on the variants where against the background of applying N60P60 an early spring feeding with ammonium nitrate or a carbamide-ammonium mixture (UAM) in a dose of N60 was performed. At the same time, the highest yield of seeds was obtained - 5,19 and 5,24 t/ha, respectively.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ОБРАЗЦОВ ЛЮЦЕРНЫ ИЗМЕНЧИВОЙ (MEDICAGO VARIA MARTYN) В УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The aim of the research was to increased fodder and seed productivity of variable alfalfa (Medicago varia Martin) in the middle Volga region. The results of the researches made during the period 2012-2014 for incorporated 13 vari-ety samples of alfalfa changeable in the nursery of competitive trials are provided. The most promising population demonstrated economically valuable traits in previous years, from various nurseries of the study were used. Popu-lation was created by the polikross. Weather conditions analysis of the region allows us to conclude that over the 
 2012-2014 they met the requirements needed for the studied culture, providing a sufficiently high potential of productivity, but the limiting factor for the formation of the vegetative mass of alfalfa is the level of moisture. The data on the possibility of obtaining seeds in the year of sowing in the climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region un-der the condition of early sowing (until 10-12 may) are confirmed. Seed yields in 2012 ranged from 24.7 to 47.8 g/m2. It was found that in different years of moisture supply, taking into regard the conditions of the region, all the studied samples form 2 full-fledged mowing per season. All studied samples can be characterized as highly pro-ductive by vegetative mass and seeds. The dry matter accumulation in the estimated samples in the first mowing of 2013 was 
 0.65-0.68 kg/m2, in the second – 0.38-0.86 kg/m2. In arid 2013, the highest yield of seeds was obtained 
 337.5-494.7 g/m2. In 2014, the yield of dry matter both mowing was approximately equivalent 0,56-0,79 kg/m2 and 0.54-0.97 kg/m2 respectively, the average for the samples is 0.66 kg/m2 in the first mowing and 0.67 kg/m2 in the second. The yield of seed populations in 2014 ranged from 22.9 to 55.8 g/m2. All studied samples can be charac-terized as highly productive for the accumulation of dry matter and seed yield.

Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth, genomic DNA, production and the quality of common dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Abstract Zinc as an essential micronutrient for plant metabolism was prepared as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), where their structure and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. A suspension solution of ZnO-NPs was used as a foliar fertilizer for common bean with the concentration 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm, during two successive seasons 2016 and 2017, to study there on the production and the quality of common bean. Also, the Genotoxic effect of ZnO-NPs on genomic DNA of common bean by RAPD-PCR and on the expression of some genes encoding proteins by SDS-PAGE was studied. It was found that the best values of common bean plant criteria i.e. the number of branches and leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight of branches and leaves, as well as the highest yield of seeds (2.41 and 2.48 ton/ha during 2016 & 2017, respectively) were obtained with 30 ppm of ZnO-NPs. The RAPD analysis showed that the ZnO-NPs (20 and 30 ppm) effect on the plant genome and on the expression of some genes encoding proteins. Also, the SDS-PAG analysis represented those unique proteins at the molecular weight 78 KDa appeared in the plant treated by 30ppm ZnO-NPs these proteins may play an important role in enhancement the agro-morphological criteria of the plant.

Registration of an advance breeding line of Kewanch with early and high yield of seeds and L-DOPA: CIM-Sfurti

This communication intends to describe the development of an improved variety of Mucana Pruriens (CIM-Sfurti) for the purpose of its registration for commercial cultivation. The variety (CIM-Sfurti) was bred through mutation breeding approach. It performed consistently better over the check variety CIM-Ajar developed by us five years ago and recorded a higher seed yield of 21.5q¹/ha, LDOPA content OF 4.64-5.16% AND L-DOPA yield of 98.90kg/ha. The new variety is ideally suited for cultivation in fruit orchards as a climber crop and is easy to harvest due to non-stinging pods.

Cultivars of canola respond similarly to applied nitrogen in n-deficient soils of south Western Australia

ABSTRACTSix cultivars of canola (Brassica napus L.) were grown with six levels of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea 46% N) at six locations in south Western Australia (SWA) during 2010 and 2011. The aim of the experiment was to determine if the seed yield (SY) increase (response) of the canola and associated herbicide technologies were different to applied N. Open pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars of associated herbicide technologies (Triazine Tolerant, TT; Roundup Ready, RR; Clearfield, CL) were used. Varieties had large SY differences with no N applied. Generally, RR hybrid of 2011 tended to have the highest SY, except for Katanning 2011 where several varieties obtained the same SY. The average amount of N required for 90% of the maximum SY was 113 kg N ha−1 and economic breakeven N rates were less than or equal to 100 kg applied N ha−1. The average rate of return on investment in fertilizer N was $1.60.In four out of six experiments RR hybrids had the highest oil concentration with no applied N. N decreased the oil concentration in all canola types, except at Gibson 2010. At Gibson in 2010, N application increased the oil concentration to about 100 kg N ha−1 with further additions of N decreasing the oil concentration. There was a linear relationship where N application decreased the oil concentration and increased protein concentration of the seed. In this study, the summation of oil percentage and protein concentration in the seed was on average 65%, with RR hybrids producing 67%.In most aspects, RR hybrids outperformed RR, OP and other canola types; however, hybrid TT and hybrid CL canola did not consistently outperform their OP counterpart. We suggest that current N fertilizer recommendation models are useful for all canola types currently grown in SWA; however, adjustments should be made to take into account the higher SY and oil concentration potential of RR hybrids compared to TT canola at every rate of applied N.

Germplasm, chemical constituents, biological activities, utilization, and control of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small)

Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera, also known as Sapium sebiferum) is an important oil seed crop in its native China but has become a noxious invasive species in USA. This review covers 601 publications since 1946. To date, grape (var. conferticarpa), chicken claw (var. laxiarpa), long claw, and mixed types are recognized within the species with 77 compounds isolated from various tissues. Some of the known 13 tetracyclic diterpenoids or phorbols showed pro-inflammatory and skin irritant activities or antibacterial and antiviral activities. In contrast, leaf extracts of T. sebifera showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models. Tallow leaves have been used to treated bacterial infections in birds and fish in China and also showed molluscicidal activities. Seed fats and oils have a long history of uses in China. The seed aril has been used to produce Chinese tallow cocoa butter equivalent since the late 1980s, but product quality and cost need improvement. The kernel oil showed promising potential for biodiesel production. In USA, the plantings were well developed before the mid-1900s since it introduced in 1772. The tree spread quickly in the southeastern USA due to its high fertility, fast growth and broad adaptability, lack of natural enemies, increasing habitat fragmentation, disturbance events like hurricanes, and selection and development of superior high-seed yield cultivars/clones. It is now considered as one of the worst invasive species in the area. Its conventional herbicide, biological, and mechanical control methods are costly, and either largely ineffective or not environmental friendly.

Effect of Molybdenum and Boron on Yield Components and Yield of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

A field experiment has been conducted during the winter season 2014-2015 in Abu Gosrah in the district of Abu-Alkhaseeb which is located 14.5 km south of center of Basra province to study the effect of adding molybdenum (Mo) and boron (B) in the yield components and yield of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) var. Luz de Otono. A factorial experiment is carried out with the design of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates, and includ two factors the first includes macerating seeds with three concentrations of molybdenum (0, 5 and 10 mg l-1) , and the second factor is spraying boron which includes three concentrations ( 0, 25 and 50 mg l-1 ), which are added to the plant in the form of boric acid (17.4% B). The results show that macerating the seeds of broad bean with 10 mg l-1 molybdenum has led to a significant increase in the number of pods per plant , number of seeds in pod and the percentage of protein, also it gives the highest seed yield ( 3316 kg ha-1) and has reached up for the control by 36%. The spray of boron show significant superiority at the level of 50 mg l-1which give the highest number of pods per plant , number of seeds per pod and protein content of seeds, also it gives the highest value for seed yield (2921 kg ha- 1), which is not significantly different from the level of 25 mg B l-1 . The impact of the two nutrient is negative on the weight of 100 seeds and the highest weight has been obtained by control treatment. The overlap between the two factors show significant effect in the number of pods in plant ,the percentage of protein and the highest yield of seeds which reached is 3803 kg ha-1 by using 10 mg MoL-1+50 mgBL-1

Effect of irrigation on the relationships between leaf gas exchange related traits and yield in dwarf dry bean grown under Mediterranean conditions

Drought is a major yield constraint of crop productivity. Determining physiological traits involved in the response of common bean to drought stress could lead to improving drought tolerance. A two-year study (2008 and 2009) was carried out to determine the physiological traits that are associated with drought tolerance for maximum dry bean seed yield (SY), and water use efficiency (WUE) in northern Greece. Two cultivars (Borlotto and Green crop) were evaluated at five water levels based on crop evapotraspiration (ETm) (100% –I100, 75% –I75, 50% –I50, 25% –I25 and 0% –I0). Under higher irrigation regimes (I75, I100), higher seed yield (SY) was found due obviously to a denser canopy (higher LAI), with greener (higher SPAD), and more photosynthetically active leaves (higher net assimilation rate-A, transpiration rate-E and stomatal conductance-gs) compared with lower irrigation rates. In addition, under higher irrigation regimes (I75, I100), a higher partitioning of dry matter to seeds (higher HI) was evident. Instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) increased with increasing irrigation levels. On contrary to negative correlations in C3 species, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was positively correlated to A/E doubting its reliability as a long-term assessment of water use efficiency in bean. However, Δ was strongly correlated with SY indicating that higher water availability contributed to higher yields. The early flowering cultivar (Borlotto) had higher SY compared with the late flowering one (Green crop), however, no significant difference was found at the physiological traits between the two cultivars. Leaf-to-air temperature difference (ΔT) showed to be a good threshold indicator of non-stress water conditions in bean during the post-filling period since a value higher than 2.95°C indicated a severe water stress.

Effect of Storage Conditions on the Oil Quality of Chinese Tallow Tree Seeds

AbstractThe Chinese tallow tree (TT) has been widely considered to be an invasive species in the US without potential benefits. However, the literature on TT seeds is scarce and the effect of storage conditions on seed oil quality in particular has not been published to our knowledge. Prior research revealed that TT has a very high yield of seeds containing large percentages of long and short chain fatty acids (mainly palmitic fatty acid, along with some oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids), which can be base transesterified into biodiesel. This study aims to address the issue of the quality of the kernel oil of TT seeds stored at different temperatures (4 °C and room temperature) and under controlled atmosphere storage conditions (3% CO2, 6% CO2, vacuum, normal headspace). The total storage time was 3 months with the oil quality being analyzed weekly. Extracted oil was analyzed by titratable acidity, peroxide value, oxidative stability index and fatty acid composition. These experiments provided evidence that, after 12 weeks of storage, a controlled atmosphere did not produce any remarkable advantage over low cost air storage. The results validate the belief that no elaborate storage conditions are required to store this economically promising high oil content biofuel feedstock.

Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate

SUMMARYChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.