Higher Total Fat Research Articles

Effect of a maternal cafeteria diet on the fatty acid composition of milk and offspring red blood cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet during the lactation period alone produces detrimental effects to offspring metabolic health comparable to exposure during the entire perinatal period. The present study used a rodent model to assess the effect of a maternal cafeteria diet on the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dams’ milk, and to determine the degree to which this was related to the fatty acid status of offspring on postnatal day 1 (PND1), weaning and 3 weeks post-weaning onto a standard rodent diet. As expected, omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) content of both the milk and pup red blood cells (RBCs) was lower in the cafeteria (CAF) group on PND1. At 2 weeks post-partum, milk produced by CAF dams had a higher total fat, saturated fat and n-6 PUFA content, however these differences were modest in comparison with the differences in maternal intake between groups. Offspring suckled by CAF dams had a lower n-3 LCPUFA and n-6 PUFA status at weaning and higher trans fatty acid levels at both weaning and 6 weeks of age. These findings indicate that the fat content and fatty acid composition of the dam’s milk is altered by exposure to a cafeteria diet. While it appears that the dam has a significant capacity to buffer the transfer of most dietary lipids into the milk, the trans fatty acids in particular appear to be readily transferred, resulting in persistent increases in trans fatty acid status of the offspring after weaning. The potential physiological implications of this warrants further examination.

Food consumption and the actual statistics of cardiovascular diseases: an epidemiological comparison of 42 European countries

BackgroundThe aim of this ecological study was to identify the main nutritional factors related to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Europe, based on a comparison of international statistics.DesignThe mean consumption of 62 food items from the FAOSTAT database (1993–2008) was compared with the actual statistics of five CVD indicators in 42 European countries. Several other exogenous factors (health expenditure, smoking, body mass index) and the historical stability of results were also examined.ResultsWe found exceptionally strong relationships between some of the examined factors, the highest being a correlation between raised cholesterol in men and the combined consumption of animal fat and animal protein (r=0.92, p<0.001). The most significant dietary correlate of low CVD risk was high total fat and animal protein consumption. Additional statistical analyses further highlighted citrus fruits, high-fat dairy (cheese) and tree nuts. Among other non-dietary factors, health expenditure showed by far the highest correlation coefficients. The major correlate of high CVD risk was the proportion of energy from carbohydrates and alcohol, or from potato and cereal carbohydrates. Similar patterns were observed between food consumption and CVD statistics from the period 1980–2000, which shows that these relationships are stable over time. However, we found striking discrepancies in men's CVD statistics from 1980 and 1990, which can probably explain the origin of the ‘saturated fat hypothesis’ that influenced public health policies in the following decades.ConclusionOur results do not support the association between CVDs and saturated fat, which is still contained in official dietary guidelines. Instead, they agree with data accumulated from recent studies that link CVD risk with the high glycaemic index/load of carbohydrate-based diets. In the absence of any scientific evidence connecting saturated fat with CVDs, these findings show that current dietary recommendations regarding CVDs should be seriously reconsidered.

Maternal dietary fat intake during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament.

Research with rodents and nonhuman primates suggests that maternal prenatal dietary fat intake is associated with offspring behavioral functioning indicative of risk for psychopathology. The extent to which these findings extend to humans remains unknown. The current study administered the Automated Self-Administered 24 hr Dietary Recall Questionnaire three times in pregnancy (n = 48) to examine women's dietary fat intake in relation to infant temperament assessed using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire at 4-months old. The amount of saturated fat that the mother consumed was considered as a moderator of the association between total fat intake and child temperament. Results from a series of multiple linear regressions indicate that greater total fat intake was associated with poorer infant regulation and lower surgency. However, this second effect was moderated by maternal saturated fat intake, such that total fat intake was only related to infant surgency when mothers consumed above the daily recommended allowance of saturated fat. Under conditions of high total fat and high saturated fat, infants were rated as lower on surgency; under conditions of low total fat yet high saturated fat, infants were rated as higher on surgency. There were no associations between maternal prenatal fat intake and infant negative reactivity. These findings provide preliminary evidence that pregnant women's dietary fat intake is associated with infants' behavioral development, though future research is needed to address this report's limitations: a relatively small sample size, the use of self-report measures, and a lack of consideration of maternal and infant postnatal diet.

Interaction of dietary fat intake with APOA2, APOA5 and LEPR polymorphisms and its relationship with obesity and dyslipidemia in young subjects.

BackgroundDiet is an important environmental factor that interacts with genes to modulate the likelihood of developing disorders in lipid metabolism and the relationship between diet and genes in the presence of other chronic diseases such as obesity. The objective of this study was to analyze the interaction of a high fat diet with the APOA2 (rs3813627 and rs5082), APOA5 (rs662799 and rs3135506) and LEPR (rs8179183 and rs1137101) polymorphisms and its relationship with obesity and dyslipidemia in young subjects.MethodsThe study included 200 young subjects aged 18 to 25 years (100 normal-weight and 100 obese subjects). Dietary fat intake was measured using the frequency food consumption questionnaire. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP.ResultsIndividuals carrying the APOA5 56 G/G genotype with a high saturated fatty acid consumption (OR = 2.7, p = 0.006) and/or total fat (OR = 2.4, p = 0.018), associated with an increased risk of obesity. We also found that A/G + G/G genotypes of the 668 A/G polymorphism in the LEPR gene with an intake ≥12 g/d of saturated fatty acids, have 2.9 times higher risk of obesity (p = 0.002), 3.8 times higher risk of hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.002) and 2.4 times higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.02), than those with an intake <12 g/d of saturated fatty acids. Similarly, LEPR 668 A/G + G/G carriers with a high fat total intake had 3.0 times higher risk of obesity (p = 0.002) and 4.1 times higher risk of hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.001).ConclusionOur results suggest that dietary fat intake modifies the effect of APOA5 and LEPR polymorphisms on serum triglycerides, cholesterol levels and obesity in young subjects.

Maternal intake of fat in pregnancy and offspring metabolic health – A prospective study with 20 years of follow-up

Maternal fat intake during pregnancy in relation to offspring metabolic outcomes has been studied primarily in animal models, yet little is known about the association in humans. The aim of this study was to examine the association of total and subtype of fat consumption in pregnancy with anthropometric measures and biomarkers of adiposity and glucose metabolism in the offspring. A source population was 965 Danish pregnant women recruited in 1988-1989 with offspring follow-up at 20 years. Information on fat intake was collected in the 30(th) week of gestation, and we subdivided fat according to saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat. Offspring body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were recorded at follow-up (n=670-678), and biomarkers were quantified in a subset (n=443) of participants. Multivariable linear and log-binomial regression were used to calculate effect estimates and 95% CI for a 1:1%energy substitution of carbohydrates for fat. The mean (standard deviation) BMI was 22.1 (3.3) and 22.8 (2.9) kg/m(2) in female and male offspring, respectively. The median (10th to 90th percentile) of maternal fat intake was 31% of energy [23,39]. We found no overall associations for maternal fat intake with female offspring anthropometry. However, for male offspring higher intake of MUFA during pregnancy was associated with higher insulin levels at 20 years (Q4 vs. Q1: %Δ: 37, 95% CI: 1, 86) accompanied by a non-significant 3.6 (95% CI:-1.1, 8.2) cm increase in WC. High maternal total fat intake (>=35% energy) was also associated with higher BMI (0.9, 95% CI: 0.2, 1.6) and WC (4.0, 95% CI: 1.6, 2.3) among male offspring. A high fat diet during pregnancy may increase adiposity in adult male offspring. We surmise that maternal MUFA intake during this time included both MUFA and trans fat misclassified as MUFA, and that the associations observed may be more reflective of the latter exposure.

Cardiovascular and Renal Calcification and Bone: A comparison of the effect of Dietary Fatty Acids

Cardiovascular (CV) and renal calcification is regularly found with osteoporosis and both are conditions of chronic&lt;br /&gt;inflammation and oxidative stress. Intake of dietary fatty acids is known to impact on the incidence of CV disease and bone&lt;br /&gt;loss but few studies have specifically looked at their impact on CV or renal calcification. This review found that although a&lt;br /&gt;very high total fat intake is likely to prove detrimental to both tissues and bone, particularly with low calcium intake, human&lt;br /&gt;studies often show mixed results, possibly because fatty acid intake shows a U-shaped dose/response curve, contrary to the&lt;br /&gt;expected linear relationship. Nevertheless, intake of fish and fish oil are generally found to protect against ectopic calcification&lt;br /&gt;and bone loss, with a low omega 6 to omega 3 ratio (preferably &amp;lt;5:1) proving critical. Fish intake of 3-4 servings a week was&lt;br /&gt;believed to be optimal. In arteries, the relationship between fish oil intake and other markers of sub-clinical atherosclerosis,&lt;br /&gt;such as intima-medial thickness, may be stronger than their relationship with arterial calcification. Any association with arterial&lt;br /&gt;calcification often lost significance after adjustment for CV risk factors, suggesting that fish oil may act principally by lowering&lt;br /&gt;risk factors and calling into question whether CV calcification is a condition of dyslipidaemia.

The Healthy Lifestyle Team is Central to the Success of Accountable Care Organizations

M r Smith is a 45-year-old man at substantial risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) because of the following laboratory findings: body mass index (BMI; calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared), 29.5; resting blood pressure (BP), 130/85 mmHg; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 130 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259); highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 38 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259); triglycerides, 180 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113); fasting blood glucose, 110 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555); hemoglobin A1c, 6.4% (to convert to a proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01); sedentary lifestyle; and poor dietary habits. However, Mr Smith has never smoked, and his family history does not indicate a genetic predisposition for hypertension, dyslipidemia, or CVD. Mr Smith is going to his primary care physician for a health assessment; he completes forms pertaining to general health information and insurance coverage and is brought to an examination room by a nurse, who measures his heart rate and BP. To this point, everything described is consistent with how health care in this setting has been conducted for decades. However, in the not too distant future, the following will take place next. The nurse then asks him to complete physical activity (PA)/ exercise training (ET) and dietary questionnaires, explaining that this is part of his vital signs assessment. The physician enters the room, exchanges some introductory dialogue, listens to heart sounds, and asks some standard questions pertaining to symptoms of CVD, of which there were none. The physician reviews Mr Smith’s questionnaire responses: (1) low daily PA (approximately 3000 steps per day), (2) not participating in regular ET, (3) high total fat intake (approximately 40%), and (4) high sodium intake (approximately 3000 mg/d). The conversation then quickly centers on PA, ET, and diet. Mr Smith shares more information regarding his predominantly sedentary lifestyle; the physician is acutely aware that this pattern is a significant health concern. He then provides more detail regarding his dietary habits, which the physician also recognizes to be rather poor and disconcerting. After Mr Smith answers all questions pertaining to these core lifestyle habits, the physician is ready to provide a diagnosis and care plan: “Mr Smith, you have poor lifestyle habits, which, if not treated immediately, will likely lead to the development of one or more noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).” The physician then explains to the patient that BP, cholesterol, and blood glucose medications may be unnecessary. To treat the patient’s condition, the healthy lifestyle team will prescribe the following medical interventions: (1) strategies to increase daily PA, (2) a regular ET program, (3) guidance on a healthy diet, and (4) behavioral strategies to optimize healthy lifestyle success. This programwill be individually tailored, and the patient will need to be an active participant in developing this plan. Mr Smith is then scheduled for appointments with 3 other members of the healthy lifestyle team, in this case an exercise physiologist, dietician, and behavioral counselor. Mr Smith has his appointments with the exercise physiologist, dietician, and behavioral counselor within the next week, all on the same day. The exercise physiologist performs an exercise test to assess aerobic capacity, which was 20% below the predicted norm. The exercise physiologist discusses the test results followed by a conversation regarding ways to increase daily PA and how to initiate an ET program with an ultimate goal of 150 minutes or more of moderate-intensity exercise per week. Mr Smith has a smartphone, and the exercise physiologist instructs him on how to use an application that allows for tracking of daily PA and the ET program. The dietician then meets with Mr Smith in the healthy lifestyle counseling From the Department of Physical Therapy and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois, Chicago (R.A.); and Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (C.J.L.).

Low-carbohydrate diet and type 2 diabetes risk in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study.

ObjectiveEvidence is sparse and contradictory regarding the association between low-carbohydrate diet score and type 2 diabetes risk, and no prospective study examined the association among Asians, who consume greater amount of carbohydrate. We prospectively investigated the association of low-carbohydrate diet score with type 2 diabetes risk.MethodsParticipants were 27,799 men and 36,875 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study and who had no history of diabetes. Dietary intake was ascertained by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and low-carbohydrate diet score was calculated from total carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake. The scores for high animal protein and fat or for high plant protein and fat were also calculated. Odds ratios of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5-year were estimated by using logistic regression.ResultsDuring the 5-year period, 1191 new cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Low-carbohydrate diet score for high total protein and fat was significantly associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in women (P for trend <0.001); the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest quintile of the score were 0.63 (95% confidence interval 0.46–0.84), compared with those for the lowest quintile. Additional adjustment for dietary glycemic load attenuated the association (odds ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.45–1.25). When the score separated for animal and for plant protein and fat, the score for high animal protein and fat was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in women, whereas the score for high plant protein and fat was not associated in both men and women.DiscussionLow-carbohydrate diet was associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese women and this association may be partly attributable to high intake of white rice. The association for animal-based and plant-based low-carbohydrate diet warrants further investigation.

Consequences of stage of lactation on yield and milk composition in sheep

The stage of lactation was an important source of variation on the contents of all milk components in most studies. A systematic studies on the influence of lactation stage on milk yield and milk composition is of foremost importance to evaluate the milk production ability of milking animals. However, it logical to note that the shape of the lactation curve that describes the level of milk yield in the course of lactation differs among the different species. The highest total solids and fat contents were observed in the late lactation stage, which might be due to low milk yield. There was no variation in solids non-fat content during the different lactation stages, which implies that the variation in total solids was actually influenced by the variation in milk fat. Therefore, the present discussion attempt to explore the influence of stage of lactation on milk yield and milk composition in sheep.

Habitual sleep duration is associated with BMI and macronutrient intake and may be modified by CLOCK genetic variants

Short sleep duration has been associated with greater risks of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Also, common genetic variants in the human Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) show associations with ghrelin and total energy intake. We examined associations between habitual sleep duration, body mass index (BMI), and macronutrient intake and assessed whether CLOCK variants modify these associations. We conducted inverse-variance weighted, fixed-effect meta-analyses of results of adjusted associations of sleep duration and BMI and macronutrient intake as percentages of total energy as well as interactions with CLOCK variants from 9 cohort studies including up to 14,906 participants of European descent from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium. We observed a significant association between sleep duration and lower BMI (β ± SE = 0.16 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001) in the overall sample; however, associations between sleep duration and relative macronutrient intake were evident in age- and sex-stratified analyses only. We observed a significant association between sleep duration and lower saturated fatty acid intake in younger (aged 20-64 y) adults (men: 0.11 ± 0.06%, P = 0.03; women: 0.10 ± 0.05%, P = 0.04) and with lower carbohydrate (-0.31 ± 0.12%, P < 0.01), higher total fat (0.18 ± 0.09%, P = 0.05), and higher PUFA (0.05 ± 0.02%, P = 0.02) intakes in older (aged 65-80 y) women. In addition, the following 2 nominally significant interactions were observed: between sleep duration and rs12649507 on PUFA intake and between sleep duration and rs6858749 on protein intake. Our results indicate that longer habitual sleep duration is associated with lower BMI and age- and sex-specific favorable dietary behaviors. Differences in the relative intake of specific macronutrients associated with short sleep duration could, at least in part, explain previously reported associations between short sleep duration and chronic metabolic abnormalities. In addition, the influence of obesity-associated CLOCK variants on the association between sleep duration and macronutrient intake suggests that longer habitual sleep duration could ameliorate the genetic predisposition to obesity via a favorable dietary profile.

A prospective study of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cardiometabolic health in midchildhood

PurposeTo examine the relations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring cardiometabolic health. DesignWe studied 1090 mother–child pairs in Project Viva, a Boston-area prebirth cohort. We measured overall (dual x-ray absorptiometry total fat; body mass index z-score) and central adiposity (dual x-ray absorptiometry trunk fat), and systolic blood pressure in offspring at 6 to 10 years. Fasting bloods (n = 687) were assayed for insulin and glucose (for calculation of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), triglycerides, leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined differences in offspring outcomes per 1 SD maternal ppBMI and GWG. ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders, each 5 kg/m2 higher ppBMI corresponded with 0.92 kg (95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.14) higher total fat, 0.27 BMI z-score (0.21–0.32), and 0.39 kg (0.29–0.49) trunk fat. ppBMI was also positively associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and systolic blood pressure; and lower adiponectin. Each 5 kg of GWG predicted greater adiposity (0.33 kg [0.11–0.54] total fat; 0.14 kg [0.04–0.23] trunk fat) and higher leptin (6% [0%–13%]) in offspring after accounting for confounders and ppBMI. ConclusionsChildren born to heavier mothers have more overall and central fat and greater cardiometabolic risk. Offspring of women with higher GWG had greater adiposity and higher leptin.

Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Specific Breast Cancer Subtypes

We prospectively evaluated fat intake as predictor of developing breast cancer (BC) subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2), in a large (n = 337327) heterogeneous cohort of women, with 10062 BC case patients after 11.5 years, estimating BC hazard ratios (HRs) by Cox proportional hazard modeling. High total and saturated fat were associated with greater risk of ER(+)PR(+) disease (HR = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.45; HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.52; highest vs lowest quintiles) but not ER(-)PR(-) disease. High saturated fat was statistically significantly associated with greater risk of HER2(-) disease. High saturated fat intake particularly increases risk of receptor-positive disease, suggesting saturated fat involvement in the etiology of this BC subtype.

Dietary fat and glucose control in Pregnancy Exercise &amp; Nutrition Feasibility Study participants (LB321)

Background: Dietary fat intake influences glucose control during pregnancy.Methods: Fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) were measured, insulin resistance and sensitivity (HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, and QUICKI) were calculated and dietary total fat (TF), saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) were estimated each trimester (T1, T2, T3) in 26 women during pregnancy. Relationships between fat intake and glucose control were assessed using canonical correlations (CC).Results: Compared to sample means, during T1, higher MUFA, PUFA and lower SFA intakes are correlated with higher QUICKI and FI (r=0.72); higher TF, SFA, and MUFA intakes are correlated with higher FG (r=0.67). During T2, higher TF and SF intakes are correlated with higher FG, FI, HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β and lower QUICKI (r=0.66). During T3, higher TF, MUFA, and PUFA intakes are correlated with lower FI, HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, and high QUICKI (r=0.65). Fat Variables T1 CC1 T1 CC2 T2 CC1 T3 CC1 Correlation between Variables and Canonical Variate TF ‐0.05 0.98 0.62 0.74 SFA ‐0.43 0.82 0.63 0.12 MUFA 0.35 0.83 0.46 0.77 PUFA 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.46 Glucose Variables FG 0.06 0.54 0.66 0.01 FI 0.83 0.19 0.56 ‐0.25 HOMA‐IR 0.09 0.20 0.59 ‐0.24 HOMA‐β 0.08 0.15 0.50 ‐0.26 QUICKI 0.16 ‐0.13 ‐0.57 0.36 Fat &amp;amp; Glucose Correlations 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.65 Variable Mean ± SD T1 T2 T3 TF (%) 37 ± 8 31 ± 6 34 ± 7 SFA (%) 12 ± 4 10 ± 3 11 ± 4 MUFA (%) 13 ± 4 11 ± 3 12 ± 3 PUFA (%) 8 ± 3 7 ± 2 8 ± 3 FG (mg/dl) 84 ± 6.5 81 ± 7.3 79 ± 7.2 FI (µU/mL) 8.2 ± 4.3 9.4 ± 6.4 11.5 ± 5.5 HOMA‐IR 1.7 ± 1.0 1.9 ± 1.5 2.3 ± 1.1 HOMA‐β 2.0 ± 1.0 2.4 ± 1.4 3.0 ± 1.3 QUICKI 0.36 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03 Conclusion: Although patterns are different at each trimester, these results show that healthier fat intake during pregnancy corresponds with healthier glucose control.Grant Funding Source: Supported by The OHSU Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition &amp; Wellness and the Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, grant number UL1TR000128 from the NCATS of the NIH.

Dietary fat intake and plasma homocysteine in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients (810.3)

Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We assessed the relationship between diet and plasma homocysteine (Hcy) in HIV‐infection.Methods: After consenting, plasma Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12 were obtained from 291 HIV+ adults. HHcy was defined as Hcy&gt;12 µmol/L. 24‐hour food recalls were analyzed using Nutribase 9.0; ART use was collected. Linear and Logistic regressions were used.Results: Mean age was 44.92 years, 65% were men, 69.8% Black, and 81% were on ART; 22.7% had HHcy. Participants not on ART had higher saturated fat intake (33.64±28.42 vs. 25.41±20.54 g, P=0.045) and higher plasma Hcy levels (11.14±2.90 vs. 10.04±3.97 μmol/L, P= 0.053) than those on ART. Hcy levels were positively correlated with total fat (β=0.011, SE=0.004, p=0.020) and saturated fat intake (β=0.029, SE=0.013, p=0.036). Among those on ART, Hhcy was associated with high systolic blood pressure (OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.112, 4.251, p=0.023).Conclusion: HHcy is associated with higher total fat and saturated fat intake in HIV+ adults not ART. Among those on ART, Hcy was not associated with diet, but with hypertension. Interventions should be tailored to address increased fat intake and hypertension in the HIV+ population.Grant Funding Source: NIAAA

Protective Effect of Clove Oil and Eugenol Microemulsions on Fatty Liver and Dyslipidemia as Components of Metabolic Syndrome

In the present research, the effect of clove essential oil (CO) and its major constituent, eugenol, formulated in water-based microemulsions, was studied on fatty liver and dyslipidemia in high-fructose-fed rats. Plasma and liver lipids, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarker, and liver function were the assessed criteria. CO dispersed in water as conventional cloudy emulsion was also subjected to the same biological evaluations for comparison with the microemulsified form of this oil. Results showed that the particle size of CO microemulsion (COM) and eugenol microemulsion (EM) was 8.0 nm and 8.9 nm, respectively. Excess dilution and incubation of these microemulsions in 1.2 N HCl, that mimic stomach juice (without lipase), for 5 hours at 37 °C lead to the establishment of second population of larger particles with average diameter>100.0 nm. Biological evaluation revealed that rats of high fructose control group exhibited significant dyslipidemia, high plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, and elevated malondialdehyde. The same group of rats showed significant high liver total fat, triglycerides and cholesterol, and liver dysfunction compared to control normal rats fed balanced diet. Daily oral administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, and EM produced significant improvement of all studied parameters. No significant change in all biochemical parameters was noticed when the groups given the different formulations were compared with each other. The study concluded that administration of CO conventional emulsion, COM, or EM produced significant improvement in fatty liver and dyslipidemia with consequent expected protection from cardiovascular diseases and other complications of fatty liver. Formulation of CO in microemulsion having particle size ∼ 8.0 nm did not enhance the protective effect compared with the same dose of CO dispersed in water as conventional macroemulsion, probably due to the ease of absorption of these bioactives in their native states. However, formulation in microemulsion provides a delivery system for oral administration of CO or eugenol in homogeneous, water-based, and thermodynamically stable dosage form during storage.

High saturated-fat and low-fibre intake: a comparative analysis of nutrient intake in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes

Objective:The aim of dietary modification, as a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management, is to optimise metabolic control and overall health. This study describes food and nutrient intake in a sample of adults with T2DM, and compares this to recommendations, and to intake in age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and social-class matched adults without T2DM.Design:A cross-sectional analysis of food and nutrient intake in 124 T2DM individuals (64% male; age 57.4±5.6 years, BMI 32.5±5.8 kg m−2) and 124 adults (age 57.4±7.0 years, BMI 31.2±5.0 kg m−2) with no diabetes (ND) was undertaken using a 4-day semiweighed food diary. Biochemical and anthropometric variables were also measured.Results:While reported energy intake was similar in T2DM vs ND (1954 vs 2004 kcal per day, P=0.99), T2DM subjects consumed more total-fat (38.8% vs 35%, P⩽0.001), monounsaturated-fat (13.3% vs 12.2% P=0.004), polyunsaturated-fat (6.7% vs 5.9% P<0.001) and protein (18.6% vs 17.5%, P⩽0.01). Both groups exceeded saturated-fat recommendations (14.0% vs 13.8%). T2DM intakes of carbohydrate (39.5% vs 42.9%), non-milk sugar (10.4% vs 15.0%) and fibre (14.4 vs 18.9 g) were significantly lower (P<0.001). Dietary glycaemic load (GL) was also lower in T2DM (120.8 vs 129.2; P=0.02), despite a similar glycaemic index (59.7 vs 60.1; P=0.48). T2DM individuals reported consuming significantly more wholemeal/brown/wholegrain breads, eggs, oils, vegetables, meat/meat products, savoury snacks and soups/sauces and less white breads, breakfast cereals, cakes/buns, full-fat dairy, chocolate, fruit juices, oily fish and alcohol than ND controls.Conclusion:Adults with T2DM made different food choices to ND adults. This resulted in a high saturated-fat diet, with a higher total-fat, monounsaturated-fat, polyunsaturated-fat and protein content and a lower GL, carbohydrate, fibre and non-milk sugar content. Dietary education should emphasise and reinforce the importance of higher fibre, fruit, vegetable and wholegrain intake and the substitution of monounsaturated for saturated-fat sources, in energy balanced conditions.

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness in young Indian overweight and obese individuals

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been found to be an important reliable marker for future coronary events. Deposition of the EAT in young individuals is not well known. We studied EAT in 25 young overweight or obese individuals. In spite of the high visceral fat and total body fat, EAT thickness was not found to be high in the participants of our study.

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: the Japan public health center-based prospective study

BackgroundJapanese diets contain a relatively high amount of carbohydrates, and its high dietary glycemic index and glycemic load may raise the risk of diabetes in the Japanese population. The current study evaluated the associations between the dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in a population based cohort in Japan.MethodsWe observed 27,769 men and 36,864 women (45–75 y) who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. The dietary glycemic index and glycemic load were estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire. The development of diabetes was reported in a questionnaire administered five years later, and the associations were analyzed using logistic regression after controlling for age, area, total energy intake, smoking status, family history of diabetes, physical activity, hypertension, BMI, alcohol intake, magnesium, calcium, dietary fiber and coffee intake, and occupation.ResultsThe dietary glycemic load was positively associated with the risk of diabetes among women: the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio comparing the highest vs. the lowest quartile was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.13-2.04; P-trend = 0.01). The association was implied to be stronger among women with BMI < 25 than the women with BMI ≥ 25. The dietary glycemic index was positively associated with the risk of diabetes among men with a high intake of total fat: the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio comparing the highest vs. the lowest quartile was 1.46 (95% CI, 0.94-2.28; P-trend = 0.04). Among women with a high total fat intake, those in the first and second quartiles of the dietary glycemic index had a significant reduced risk of diabetes, compared with those in the first quartile who had a lower total fat level (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio = 0.59 with 95% CI, 0.37-0.94, and odds ratio = 0.63 with 95% CI, 0.40-0.998 respectively).ConclusionsThe population-based cohort study in Japan indicated that diets with a high dietary glycemic load increase the risk of type 2 diabetes among women. Total fat intake may modify the association between the dietary glycemic index and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men and women.

Changes in fat and skeletal muscle with exercise training in obese adolescents: Comparison of whole‐body MRI and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry

ObjectiveWe examined skeletal muscle (SM) and fat distribution using whole-body MRI in response to aerobic (AE) versus resistance exercise (RE) training in obese adolescents and whether DXA provides similar estimates of fat and SM change as MRI.Design and MethodsThirty-nine obese boys (12–18 yr) were randomly assigned to one of three 3-month interventions: AE (n=14), RE (n=14) or a control (n=11).ResultsAt baseline, MRI-measured total fat was significantly greater than DXA-measured total fat [Δ=3.1 kg (95% CI: −0.4 to 7.4 kg, P<0.05)], wherein underestimation by DXA was greatest in those with the highest total fat. Overall, the changes in total fat were not significantly different between MRI and DXA [Δ= −0.4 kg (95% CI: −3.5 to 2.6 kg, P>0.05)], but DXA tended to overestimate MRI fat losses in those with larger fat losses. MRI-measured SM and DXA-measured LBM (lean body mass) were significantly correlated, but as expected the absolute values were different at baseline [Δ= −28.4 kg (95% CI: −35.4 to −21.3 kg, P<0.05)]. Further, DXA overestimated MRI gains in SM in those with larger SM gains.ConclusionsAlthough DXA and MRI-measured total and regional measures tended to be correlated at baseline and changes with exercise, there were substantial differences in the absolute values derived using DXA versus MRI. Further, there were systemic biases in the estimation between the methods wherein DXA tended to overestimate fat losses and SM gains compared to MRI. Thus, the changes in body composition observed are influenced by the method employed.

Recomendaciones para la prevención del cáncer dadas por el Fondo Mundial para la Investigación sobre Cáncer (FMIC): análisis de la situación en Chile

The main diet-related cancers include colorectal, lung, breast in (postmenopausal) women, stomach, esophagus, prostate and pancreas. After tobacco, obesity is the leading cause of cancer; it accounts for one third of all cancers. Cancer is associated with high total body fat, abdominal fat and weight gain in adult life. These are all potentially modifiable risk factors. Consumption of a "healthy diet" and living an "active life" can significantly reduce the risk of cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the recommendations published by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) for the prevention of cancer in 2007. We compared the recommendations of Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a global perspective", with the national situation in Chile, analyzing the national report on the prevalence of risk factors. Our main finding was that the pattern of consumption and lifestyles differ markedly from the WCRF recommendations: we observed an over consumption of sugary drinks and high intake of processed foods high in sodium and total fat and low consumption of legumes, vegetables, fruits high in antioxidants and fiber that protect from cancer. Chile has an increased cancer prevalence which is associated with poor quality diets, rising mean body mass index and a sedentary behavior. We recommend the strengthening programs to promote healthy diets and active living, in order to reduce cancer risk.